ASPY 203 Exam 3

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles involves parents who hold high expectations for their children but are also responsive to their children's needs?

Authoritative.

Which of the following disorders involves delayed or lacking development of theory of mind?

Autism.

Which of the following is NOT a reason boys tend to report sexual abuse less often than girls?

Boys are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family.

Body dissatisfaction is associated with all of the following EXCEPT.

Dietary restrictions.

Leah, age 8, is teased at school for being overweight and she's self-conscious about her body image. How can Leah's parents best support her in losing weight?

Encouraging physical play and joining her in increasing physical activity.

Many adolescents go through family histories to discover their roots, or genealogy. What aspect of identity formation does this help an individual solidify?

Ethnic identity.

How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically treated?

It is treated with stimulants.

James is 14 and most of his peers have already started puberty, and he's feeling left behind, labeled as a "late bloomer." James may have an increased risk for what?

James has a higher risk of being bullied.

Dyslexia involves difficulty in which learning area?

Reading.

When is autism frequently diagnosed?

When a child reaches school-age.

About what percentage of children are obese in middle childhood?

20%.

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?

A token economy.

Approximately how many girls have been sexually abused in their lifetime?

About 1 in 4.

Priya, an 8-year old, is experiencing a major growth spurt. This past year, she has grown 3 inches in height. Which phase of puberty is Priya most likely experiencing?

Adrenarche.

Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what?

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).

Which of the following describes Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self?

After being told by many other individuals that she is an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the same way.

Sam is 3 years old, and his brother, Dan is 2 years old. What is Sam likely to have that Dan does not?

All of his primary teeth.

Which of the following is not one of the multiple intelligences proposed in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Analytical.

Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister?

Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes.

Michael is 3 years old, and while playing outside he falls and scrapes his knee. When his grandmother later asks him what happened, he tells her that the driveway was being mean and made him fall. Which limitation of childhood thinking does this belief reflect?

Animism.

When Michaeala looks in the mirror, she sees nothing but flaws. She continuously works on her image, limiting her food intake to the extreme and running to exhaustion every day. What disorder does Michaeala most likely suffer from?

Anorexia nervosa.

Jordan has always had issues sitting still in the classroom, because he has trouble filtering out all of the extra noises and sights and paying attention to the teacher above all the stimuli. What disorder does Jordan likely have?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

During high school, Maureen questioned her religious beliefs, moral values, and social attitudes. Her parents set limits and boundaries, but allowed her to explore her feelings without suppressing them. What type of parenting style did they use to help Maureen build a strong moral foundation of her own?

Authoritative.

Jill is 10 years old, but she's already a few inches taller than most of her classmates, she's had her first period, and she is beginning to develop breasts and hips. This early development places Jill at risk for all of the following psychosocial problems, EXCEPT?

Bipolar disorder.

Aiden just ate a whole box of cookies, and he's really mad at himself, because he keeps doing things like this. He forces himself to throw up because he doesn't want to gain weight. He can't seem to stop this behavior. What is Aiden's most likely diagnosis?

Bulimia nervosa.

Adam spends a lot of time indoors watching television and playing video games for fun. What does this primarily sedentary lifestyle put him at risk for?

Childhood obesity.

Melanie and Lucas are both 4 years old. Melanie comes from a family of high socioeconomic status (SES), while Lucas comes from a family of low SES. According to research by Hart and Risley, why is it likely that these two children will experience different academic outcomes in school?

Children from high SES families are exposed to more words than children from low SES families, and therefore have an advantage when starting school.

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister?

Children in early childhood tend to have smaller appetites than they did as infants.

Which of these has the greatest influence on adolescents concerning attitudes about sexual activity?

Close friends.

Christina is going through a period of major depression, and she feels the only person who she can talk to at this time is her friend Lauren, who knows exactly how she feels, because she feels it too. When they get together, they feel each other's pain. What dangerous thought pattern are they engaging in that is likely to increase their negative affect?

Co-rumination.

Rebecca has a crush on a girl in her class, and she but she is afraid of the social backlash that might come with admitting her feelings. Rebecca knows, deep down, her family will accept her for being gay, but it's hard to say it. Like most LGBT youth, what major challenge is Rebecca facing?

Coming out.

Ivan, an 8-year-old, no longer thinks a row of pennies in front of him contains more pennies than a row of the same number of pennies with less spacing between coins. What Piagetian concept does this demonstrate Ivan has mastered?

Conservation.

Young children tend to lack the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. What is this awareness called?

Conservation.

What stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory do children in middle childhood usually occupy?

Conventional.

Bullying has always been an issue for vulnerable teens, but with the proliferation of technology, bullies have new ways to target others. What is the term for this new form of bullying, via technology?

Cyberbullying.

While young children tend to identify themselves by physical characteristics, such as hair color, adolescents describe a number of possible selves and ideal selves. What is the concept that describes an individual's understanding that their actions are situationally dependent and flexible?

Differentiation.

Mila's friends all seem to know what they want to do after they graduate high school, but she feels alone in not knowing. She doesn't know what she wants to do, and she's not ready to start thinking about it yet. According to Marcia, what is Mila's identity status?

Diffusion.

During adolescence, the increased production of this neurotransmitter is partially responsible for increased risk-taking behaviors.

Dopamine.

Cherise is very good at solving math problems through a deliberate analytical process, but she is also good at sensing when others are having a bad day and need to talk. Which theory gives Cherise credit for both intuitive intelligence and analytical intelligence, through different channels?

Dual-process theory.

Louis, who has developed earlier than most of his male peers is popular, confident and independent. It seems early on, the effects of developing early for boys is at least partially positive. However, to what potential risks might this early development predispose Louis?

Early sexual activity and substance abuse.

Karen is 4 years old, and she often assumes that everyone shares the same perspective as her. This limitation in early childhood thinking is known as:

Egocentrism.

What aspects of intimacy are vital to children's friendships in middle childhood that weren't as salient in early childhood?

Emotional disclosure, trust, and vulnerability.

Debbie, a 9-year-old has developed early, and older men make physical advances at her, expecting her to act as old as she looks. What are these older men doing to Debbie, mentally?

False self-training.

Both preschoolers and school-aged children experience a vast increase in vocabulary. What is the term used for the rapid association between related words, that school-aged children use with their new vocabulary explosion?

Fast-mapping.

Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called?

Fast-mapping.

The impact of divorce on children varies depending on a wide array of factors. Which of these short-term factors is among the strongest impacts on children of divorced parents?

Financial/ economic issues.

Information processing theory proposes three main levels of memory to compare human memory to computer processing Which of the following is NOT one of the components of memory introduced in information processing theory?

Flash Memory.

Luke is certain he will become a doctor because his mother is a doctor, and her father is a doctor, too. It runs in the family. Which of Marcia's four identity statuses does Luke's decision align with?

Foreclosure.

The use of metaphor and analogy is an indication of which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Formal operational.

Ariela is a dancer and gymnast. Which theory of intelligence, Gardner's or Sternberg's would most fully capture the kind of intelligence Ariela displays, and what is this type of intelligence called?

Gardner; bodily-kinesthetic.

Sadid is 2 years old and his older sister, Jenn, is 5 years old. While they're playing one day, Jenn puts a barrette in Sadid's hair. Sadid gets upset and states that he doesn't want to be a girl, and that he likes being a boy. Jenn laughs because she understands that putting the barrette in Sadid's hair did not make him a girl. What has Jenn achieved that Sadid has not?

Gender constancy.

Ria was born a biological female, but he has always felt and identified as masculine, and male. What construct does Ria's identification as male address?

Gender identity.

In a pre-k classroom, children are allowed time to play with toys throughout the day. The teacher encourages the girls to play with dolls, and the boys to play with toy trucks. Which of the following concepts does this reflect?

Gender role socialization.

Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he meets a woman firefighter who comes to his school. He tells her that he thought only men were firefighters. What does this reflect?

Gender stereotyping.

School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language?

Greater sophistication in vocabulary

Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of divorce on children?

Grief over losses suffered.

Sam is 3 years old, and many of the shows she watches provide opportunities for viewers to jump and dance. Which type of motor skill development does this promote?

Gross motor skills.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding physical growth in middle childhood?

Growth rates slow during middle childhood.

Ralph wants to drop out of high school so he can start making money in the real world. What is the main problem with this ambition?

He may have fewer job opportunities without a diploma.

Jessa feels increasing social pressure to look like the other girls in her class, wearing the same brands of clothing as they do. She feels like she will fit in and be well-liked if she wears similar clothing, but she just doesn't like it, so she doesn't conform. What is this brand-name pressure influencing within Jessa?

Her self-concept.

Cultural influences on students informally teach all of the following messages, EXCEPT:

Homework does not build greater responsibility.

As adolescents mature, their choices in friends shift from primarily those with shared interests to more relational-based friendships. What is the term for this adolescent preference for those who share similar behaviors and attitudes?

Homophily.

Like most parents and teenagers, Sal, who is 15, and his parents are likely to argue over all of the following issues, EXCEPT?

How much he owes them for rent this month.

A group discussion begins with "if you were trapped on a deserted island and you could only bring five book, what would they be?" This question engages what type of thinking?

Hypothetical thinking.

While children in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development are more logical thinkers, what type of thinking is still too challenging for them at this stage?

Hypothetical thinking.

Janet is the mother of a 6 year old. She is looking for a way to decrease his risk of obesity. Which of the following is likely to help her do this?

Increase his water consumption.

Lee has always enjoyed swimming. He is currently going through puberty. What kind of changes in his swimming abilities is he likely experiencing?

Increased lung capacity and endurance.

What physical change allows children in middle childhood to engage in longer, sustained periods of strenuous play?

Increased lung capacity.

According to Erikson, a successful resolution of the crisis in middle childhood will lead a child to a sense of what?

Industry.

Jenna is 4 years old, and is beginning to think of her own ideas and initiate action. Which of Erikson's stages of development is she in?

Initiative vs. guilt.

Sternberg's concern over what he perceived as an over-emphasis on aptitude testing led him to propose a triarchic theory of intelligence, which includes all of the following components, EXCEPT:

Interpersonal.

Dan is 5 years old, and progressing through Freud's phallic stage of development. When he uses proper manners, such as saying please and thank you, he notices that his parents are happy, so he uses proper manners more often. When he leaves his toys out after playing with them, he notices that his parents are not happy, so he avoids doing this in order to avoid loss of love. What did Freud call this process?

Introjection.

Jake is 4 years old, and learning to use language and think about the world symbolically. His older sister Jaimie is 13 years old, and progressing into puberty. Jake's younger sister, Taylor, just turned a year old. Which of these children - Jake, Jaimie, or Taylor - are considered to be in the preoperational stage of development according to Piaget's theory?

Jake.

Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna?

Jenna is likely to have a longer torso.

Which of the following statements regarding physical growth is most likely to be true of John and Judy, both six years old?

John and Judy have likely begun to lose their primary teeth.

Sam is 15 and his cousin, John, is 4. How are John's taste preferences likely to differ from those of his older cousin?

John's taste preferences are likely to be less established.

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?

Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage.

According to Patterson's aggression theory, if Kara is termed a "late starter," and she started acting out as a form of rebellion in high school, what is the most likely outcome for Kara as an adult?

Kara will likely grow out of aggressive behaviors as an adult when she finds another outlet for her energies.

Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience?

Meeting a new friend and forming a connection

According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theories were biased against women, based on all of the following observations, EXCEPT?

Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships.

Michael, who has an autism spectrum disorder, walks into his classroom and discovers that the teacher has rearranged the desks and he becomes highly agitated and uncomfortable. What is the best possible explanation for Michael's behavior?

Michael has difficulties adjusting to changes in routines and how things surrounding him are organized.

Teaching children languages in middle childhood involves a different process than children in early childhood. Why might teaching children languages in middle childhood be successful?

Middle childhood is a good time to learn grammatical rules.

The first of numerous, radical transitions during adolescence occur primarily in this environment.

Middle school.

Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?

Mike.

Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says, "Crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "Chalk." The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5 years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he thought was in the box at first, he says, "Crayons." Based on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has started to develop theory of mind?

Mitch.

Minor failures do not destroy a child's self-concept during middle childhood. Rather, learning from failure can give the child a healthy sense of what?

Modesty.

According to James Marcia's identity status theory, Regina, a high-school senior who is contemplating whether she wants to enlist in the Navy or attend her local community college then transfer to a larger school for ROTC, currently occupies which identity status?

Moratorium.

Teen movies often contain the trope of the nagging parent trying to wake up their sleepy teenager. Why is this so common?

Most teens get too little sleep.

Marcus lifts weights every day. He takes nutritional supplements and steroids, but he never seems satisfied with his muscular progress. Marcus is displaying signs of what disorder?

Muscle dysmorphia.

Mike slapped his brother, so his mother places him in "time out" to reconsider his actions. What operant conditioning principle does this use?

Negative punishment.

Chuck goes to a fairly small school, yet nobody seems to notice him, and most days he's alone. What category of child is Chuck?

Neglected child.

Danny is 5 years old. He has been taught in school that adding an "ed" to the end of a word means it's past tense, or something that's already happened. After learning this, Danny begins applying the rule to all words, even those that are supposed to be exceptions. What is this called?

Overregulation.

Will's parents set rules for how late he can stay out, where he's allowed to go without permission, and when he's allowed to drive. These rules act as what kind of normal parental control?

Parental monitoring.

Children raised with this parenting style may fail to learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward boundaries.

Permissive.

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior?

Positive reinforcement.

Peter believes in recycling because it's important to protect the environment. According to Kohlberg, at what stage of moral development is Peter?

Postconventional.

Richard has developed a set of ethics based on personal beliefs and universal values. What stage of Kohlberg's moral development is Richard displaying?

Postconventional.

Jane, a senior in high school, finds a diary she kept her freshman year. Reading through it, she laughs at an event she'd chronicled as "the most embarrassing moment in her life," an event she hardly remembers now. What part of her brain has developed more fully in the intervening time to change her perspective?

Prefrontal cortex.

Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with?

Preoperational.

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in?

Preoperational.

Quentin is quick with a witty retort every time his dad leaves an opening. His dad remarks, "I don't remember him being so sarcastic as a kid." Quentin's quick sarcasm is likely due to what cognitive improvement?

Processing speed.

Parent-child relationships shift during adolescence as teens become more independent. If parents strongly resist any change in roles and tighten control over teens, attempting to manipulate their child's thoughts and actions, what is this an example of?

Psychological control.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are frequently characterized by marked deficits in which of the following areas?

Reading social cues.

Jill, who is in third grade, is studying her multiplication times tables, repeating the information over and over again in an attempt to store these figures in her long term memory, quizzing herself regularly. What strategy is Jill using?

Rehearsal.

Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed to be the main influence on personality development?

Relationships with other individuals.

The development of pubic and underarm hair during puberty for both boys and girls are examples of what?

Secondary sex characteristics.

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's:

Self-concept.

Sam and Andy, both 18, have been dating for a year, and they have decided to have sex for the first time. In terms of physical health, what should their primary concern be, and how should they protect against this concern?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs); condoms.

Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn?

She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress.

Contemporary research indicates that children of divorced parents are more ________ their peers with non-divorced parents

Similar to than different from.

Before placing a child diagnosed with a learning disability into a special program, what additional esteem need should be considered for the child?

Social considerations

Kodi is 4 years old. Throughout potty training his parents have been harsh and ridiculed him often for mistakes. According to Freud's theory, which of the following is Kodi likely to be as an adult?

Stubborn, neat, and stingy.

The average day of third-grade students places them in what state, as described by Brofenbrenner's ecological systems model, for the majority of the time?

Student state.

Lane has felt lately like nothing in life can go right, and he expresses to a friend that he thinks maybe he should just end it all. What is Lane expressing?

Suicidal ideation.

Critics of the "participation trophy" effect in children's activities that praise all children's efforts oppose which parenting style posed by Lemasters and Defrain?

Teacher-counselor.

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?"

The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

Which of the following statements is representative of Piaget's stage concrete operational thought a child might perform in middle childhood?

The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance.

Jessica spilt milk on herself at the lunch table. For the rest of the school day, she walks around, mortified that everyone is staring at the stain on her shirt. What does this experience illustrate?

The imaginary audience.

Labeling a child as learning disabled can lead to the child lacking self-confidence and performing poorly in school. What is this phenomenon called?

The self-fulfilling prophecy.

What is "hidden curriculum?"

The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience.

The theory of mind is:

The understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

Ruben is a middle school teacher. He spend a great deal of energy thinking about how to get his budding scientists to work on challenging tasks that they can't easily do on their own, but they can do with the help of their peers. Ruben is relying on which psychological concept?

The zone of proximal development.

As children reach middle childhood, they adapt new strategies to meet goals. Which of these developments or strategies does NOT demonstrate this cognitive change?

They begin prioritizing every minute detail, trying to learn everything.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding learning difficulties?

They may change over time.

Amanda is a "jock" and Sophie is a "nerd." Robert plays the tuba, so of course, he's a "band kid." What function do these categories serve?

They serve as reputations or "images".

Contrary to popular culture that often depicts teenagers as individuals who only think of themselves, during the formal operational stage, thinking patterns change in what ways?

Thinking patterns become more abstract and less egocentric.

Steven's mom just lost her job and she's not sure how she's going to make ends meet. Lately, Steven hasn't had much reassurance he'll get enough food to eat on a daily basis. What type of stress is this most likely to be?

Toxic stress.

________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill.

Walking; coloring

In Kohlberg's moral reasoning test, what was his main question in the study?

Why people answered in the manner they did

These children are often targeted for bullying, as easy targets who do not fight back.

Withdrawn-rejected children.

The processes of myelination and synaptic pruning make neural processing ________ and ________ complex.

faster; more

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar

is in the zone of proximal development.

Gross motor skills involve ________, while fine motor skills involve ________.

large muscle groups; exact movements of fingers and hands

The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the ________.

prefrontal cortex