Assessment/Diagnosis Set 1

To diagnose Conduct Disorder, the person has to display ________ or more signs for at least ________ months, with at least one sign present in the past ________ months.

3; 12; 6

What is the frequency & duration for ODD among children younger than 5, and individuals 5 > ?

< 5 = sxs on most days for 6 > mos. > 5 = sxs least 1x/week for 6 > mos.

Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by major disturbances in perception, language and thought, emotion, and behavior

Mood Disorders

A group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

What types of seizures are similar to tonic-clonic seizures, but are very brief and not characterized by post-seizure deep sleep?

Generalized absence seizures (aka petit-mal)

What are sensory perceptions that seem real but occur without the presence of an external stimulus?

Hallucinations

Other Alcohol-Induced Disorders

May include the following disorders psychotic, bipolar, depressive, sleep-wake, neurocognitive, sexual dysfunction, as well as intoxication and withdrawal delirium.

Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder due to thiamine and other vitamin B deficiencies is know as ________.

Korsakoff's Syndrome

True all item

L & K (lower 50) F & clinical right side higher (6-9 high)

MMPI 2 Validity Scale

L = Lie F = Frequency K = Correction

brief psychotic disorder

LESS THEN ONE MONTH -various psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inapporiate affect adn catatonia

What are the subtypes of Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition?

Labile, Disinhibited, Aggressive, Apathetic, Paranoid, Other, Unspecified, and Combined

L scale (MMPI)

Lack insight Increase favorable light attempt Decrease treatment benefit

Economic problems

Lack of adequate food are safe drinking water, extreme poverty, low income, insufficient social insurance or welfare support, and unspecified housing or economic problem

A person experiencing depression often views negative events as stable over time rather than transient, global rather than specific, and internal rather than external. What is the term used to describe this attributional style?

Learned Helplessness (M. Seligman)

Other Phencyclidine-Induced/Hallucinogen-Induced Disorders

May include psychotic, bipolar, depression, anxiety disorders as well as an intoxication delirium

What is the only way to confirm with certainty that a person has Alzheimer's Disease?

Postmortem brain autopsy or biopsy

Tardive Dystonia/Akathisia

These symptoms are part of a tardive syndrome and involve additional movement problems such as restlessness and muscle spasm

True or False: Learning disorders cannot be caused by mental retardation, but mental retardation can be co-diagnosed with a learning disorder?

True

True or False: People diagnosed with OCD are of a disproportionately higher SES and higher intelligence?

True

True or False: Children classified as ADHD tend to become delinquent and antisocial young adults?

True- about 70% exhibit signs of ADHD throughout their lives

True or False: A person cannot receive diagnosed with both Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence?

True- if a person meets the criteria for Dependence, Abuse is not diagnosed

What are specifiers for hoarding disorder?

With good/fair insight, poor insight, absent/delusional With excessive acquisition: excessive collecting, buying or stealing of items that are not needed or no space

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

What is the age range w/the highest prevalence rate for MDD?

ages 18 to 29 are 3x the rate for ages 60 and older

What is typical onset of childhood onset fluency disorder?

ages 2-7 65-85% of children recover w/age 8 being good predictor of persistence of sxs

terminal insomnia

an individual doesn't have a problem falling asleep but wakes up after only a few hours and cannot go back to sleep at all (severe)

middle insomnia

an individual has no difficulty falling asleep but wakes up throughout the night and has significant difficulties falling back to sleep (moderate)

initial insomnia

an individual has significant difficulty falling asleep, but they stay asleep once they fall asleep (mild)

Cluster B Personality Disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic. dramatic, emotional, or erratic

dramatic behavior personality disorder

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissitic,

What personality disorders are cluster C?

anxiety, fearfulness avoidant dependent obsessive compulsive

What is social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?

anxious or avoidant of social interactions that involve the possibility of being scrutinized (eating, performing, new people), for 6 month -cognitive ideation is of being negatively evaluated by others, embarassed, humiliated, rejected, offending -specify if performance only

Avolition

apathy, or the inability to initiate or persist in important activities

clinical prediction

based on the decision maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge; classifications, diagnoses, and predictions about behavior rely on the clinician's judgment;

What is a grandiose delusion?

believes they have remarkable but unrecognized talent or wisdom or has made a meaningful discovery

aging and intelligence

crystallized intelligence increases until about age 60, but fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescence and thereafter declines

.58

fraternal twins reared together

psycho dynamic perspective for GAD

free association; transference, resistance, dreams.

Stermberg's Triarchic Theory

how we get to our answers rather than how much we know "successful intelligence" - ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and the goals of society 3 abilities: analytical, creative, and practical

normative scores

how you did compared to others

processed cocaine

hydrochloride powder. snorted, piped, injecting.

Cluster C PDs

involve anxiety or fearfulness & include avoidant, dependent & obsessive-compulsive PDs

Cluster A PDs

involve odd or eccentric bxs & include paranoid, schizoid, & schizotypal PDs

norepinephrine

linked to depression and panic disorder

serotonin

linked to depression, ocd, eating disprder

etiology of bulimia nervosa

linked to heredity, childhood obesity, early pubertal maturation, exposure to childhood abuse, low levels serotonin

sociocultural view about substance use disorder

live under stressful events, part of the family.

gender differences for eating disorder

males account for only 5 to 10 percent of all people. males use exercise while women diet. male jockeys, wrestlers, distance runners, body builders, and swimmers.

How does malingering differ from factitious disorder?

malingering is falsifying info for secondary/personal gain factitious engages on behavior even in absence of gain/reward to be in the patient role, cared for

biological casue of erectile disorder

vascular problems, damage to the nerves, medications, substance. nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), erections during sleep, rem sleep produces erections.

When would you use mild, moderate, severe, extreme specifiers for psychological factors affecting other medical conditions?

mild - increases medical risk (inconsistent w/treatment moderate - aggravates underlying medical sxs (anxiety aggravating asthma) severe - hospitalization extreme - life threatening risk

How are subtypes mild, moderate, severe used for ODD?

mild - sxs confined to one setting moderate - 2 > settings severe - 3 > settings

What is primary/essential hypertension?

most common diagnosed when cause is unknown linked to several risk factors - older age, obesity, chronic stress, family hx, cigarette, high sodium

Parameters of recurrent depressive episodes

must be two consecutive months without symptoms between episodes of major depression

What is sleep related hypoventilation?

polysomnography demonstrates episodes of decreased respiration associated w/elevated CO2 levels (carbon dioxide)

cocaine inntoxication

poor muscle coordination, grandioisty, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety, confusion.

learned helplessness theory ofdepression

the perception based on past experiences that on has no control over ones reinforcements

What is Shubo-kyofu?

variant of taijin kyofusho excessive fear of having body deformity

What is jikoshu-kyofu?

variant of taijin kyofusho fear of offensive body odor -olfactory reference syndrome

Factors associated with Cognitive Decline

-Decreases in processing speed - older people are able to better when provided with as much time as needed -Physical health, especially cardiovascular functioning -Some skills fall into disuse, and declines can be reversible with training and practice

Neuropsychological Assessments

-Designed to screen for and diagnose neurological disorders

General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)

-Developed by the US Employment Service to assess aptitudes relevant to a range of occupations for the purpose of vocational counseling and job placement for high school seniors and adults -Current version assesses 9 aptitudes with 8 paper-and-pencil tests and 4 performance tests -Test is high speed and may not be appropriate for individuals who are unable to work quickly

Other specified/unspecified elimination disorder

An example is low-frequency enuresis

Other specified/unspecified sexual dysfunction

An example is sexual aversion

Posttraumatic stress disorder

An individual has been exposed to a traumatic event (actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence) in one or more ways: directly experiencing the event, witnessing the event, learning that the event has occurred to a close family member, or experiencing repeated exposure to aversive details of traumatic events. Four characteristic symptoms include: intrusive symptoms, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and increased arousal. Children six years and younger, the three characteristic symptoms include: intrusive symptoms, avoidance and/or negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and increased arousal. Symptoms must last for more than one month. Specifiers: with dissociative symptoms and with delayed expression if the onset of symptoms was at least six months after the event

Vocabulary and Information

Best "hold tests", meaning that if a person sustains a brain injury, performance on these subtests tends to hold steady and not decline. Good indicators of premorbid intellectual functioning.

Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia

Bio sibling 10%, Fraternal sibling 17%, Identical Twin 48%, Child of two parents with Schizo 46%

According to Gottesman, what are the lifetime probabilities for developing Schizophrenia among biological siblings, dizygotic (fraternal) twins, and monozygotic (identical) twins, in percentages?

Biological = 10%; dizygotic twins = 16%; monozygotic twins = 48%

What is the etiology of somatic symptom disorder?

Biological vulnerability (increased sensitivity to pain), early traumatic experience and learning (attention obtained from illness, lack of reinforcement of nonsomatic expressions of distress), stigma of psychological suffering

________ involves the presence of at least 1 manic or mixed episode at some time, and the person may or may not have experienced 1 or more major depressive episodes; the diagnosis of ________ is given when 1 or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode are present.

Bipolar I; Bipolar II

Denver Developmental Screening Test (Denver II)

Birth - 6 years Brief assessment for development delay

Haptic Intelligence Scale for the Adult Blind

Blind or partially sighted

A preoccupation with non-existent physical flaws that interferes with one's functioning and is often dealt with via excessive plastic surgery is characteristic of what disorder?

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

This disorder is characterized by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, significant impulsivity (e.g., suicide threats, substance use), and fear of abandonment/domination.

Borderline Personality Disorder

What are the significant differences between a person with Autism and a person with Asperger's Disorder?

While both involve deficits in social interaction and behavior, people with Asperger's show no impairment in language development, self-help skills, cognitive development, or interest in the environment

Race, Ethnicity, and Intelligence

Whites tend to outperform African Americans by 1 SD on Stanford Binet and Wechsler tests; this gap has narrowed since the 1970s

.18

adoptive parent and child

predisposing factors for delirium

advanced age, pre-existing dementia or depression, male gender, visual & hearing impairments, dehydration & malnutrition, alcohol abuse, med use (esp psychoactive drug), functional dependence & severe illness

What is advanced sleep phase type circadian rhythm sleep disorder?

advanced sleep onset and awakening times, inability to stay awake until later sleep time go to sleep 2 or more hours earlier and rise 2 or more hours earlier as well more common in elderly also more risk of depression

treat disorder of desire

affectual awareness (patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerablitly). self instruction training- change their negative reactions to sex desire diary hormone treatments

What is the mean of first onset for bipolar disorder?

age 18 for first manic/hypomanic/depressive episode

wais iv

age range: 16:0-90:11 four indexes: working memory, verbal comprehension, processing speed, perceptual reasoning FSIQ and Index Scores for Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease or TBI: FSIQ: alzheimer's-81.2, TBI-83.9 index scores for Alzheimer's: WMI-84.3, VCI: 86.2, PSI: 76.6, PRI-85.8, index scores for TBI: WMI-85.3, VCI-92.1, PSI-80.5, PRI-86.1

stanford binet

age range: 2:0-85+ five cognitive factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual spatial processing, working memory routing subtests: object series/matrices, vocabulary; starting points based on subject's age or estimated ability level allows for evaluating examinees at extreme levels of ability and for tracking changes in performance over time (as with individuals with TBI)

ppvt 4

age range: 2:6-90:0+ purpose: measures receptive vocabulary and provides an estimate of verbal intelligence; useful for people with a motor or speech impairment and can be administered to any examinee who is able to hear the stimulus word, see the drawings, and in some way communicate a response;

kabc ii

age range: 3:0-18:11 purpose: measure of cognitive ability for children, scores on simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning, and knowledge scales

leiter 3

age range: 3:0-75:0+ purpose: measure of cognitive abilities; emphasize fluid intelligence, and evaluate four domains of cognitive functioning--visualization, reasoning, memory, and attention

itpa 3

age range: 5:0-12:11 purpose: evaluate a child's strengths and weaknesses in terms of linguistic abilities, assist in the diagnosis of dyslexia and problems related to phonological coding, and track a child's progress

ravens progressive matrices

age range: 6:0 and older (Standard Progressive Matrices); Colored Progressive Matrices for ages 5:0-11:0; Advanced Progressive Matrices for adolescents and adults with above average intelligence purpose: nonverbal measures of general intelligence

wisc iv

age range: 6:0-16:11 Score Patterns for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder or ADHD: highest subtest scores for individuals with ASD: block design, matrix reasoning, picture concepts lowest subtest scores for individuals with ASD: comprehension, symbol search, coding highest subtest scores for individuals with ADHD: picture concepts, picture completion, word reasoning, similarities lowest subtest scores for individuals with ADHD: cancellation, arithmetic, coding

Brain circuit for panic

amygdala (experiencing emotions), hippocampus (emotions, memory, ANS) ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (feeding fear, thermoregulation, sexual activity), central gray matter, locus coerules (physiological response to stress/panic).

cocaine

an additive stimulant obtained from teh coca plant. it is the most powerful natural stimulant known. brings euphoric rush; well being and confidence.

korsakoff's syndrome

an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion memory impairment and other neurological symptoms. cannot learn new info or remember the past,

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. Remember binging and purging

synergistic effect

an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time. combining alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates all depressants can affect teh CNS.

What does Mahler's object relations theory say about BPD?

attributes it to abnormalities in the separation-individuation process that lead to fixation at this stage and vacillation between a need for separation and a fear of abandonment

female to male dysphoria

born female but appear or behave masculine. attracted to females. other women to be attracted to them as males and not as females

male to female dysphoria: androphilic type

born male, but appear or behave female manner from birth. attracted to males, gay, want to be with heterosexual men who are attracted to them as women

What do the tension-reduction hypothesis and self-medication hypothesis have in common in terms of shared etiologies re to substance use disorders?

both contend that people use subs to alleviate stress and enhance mood repeated sub use eventually leads to addiction addiction is a result of negative reinforcement (alleviation of stress) and positive reinforcements (mood enhancement)

What is a common treatment approach for rumination disorder?

breathing exercises and habit reversal. taught to recognize the signs and situations when rumination is likely, and then they learn diaphragmatic breathing techniques to use after eating that prevent them from regurgitating their food. eventually learn to prevent the rumination habit by replacing it with deep breathing techniques.

mania

breathless euphoria or at least frenzied energy in which people may have an exaggeratedd belief that the world is theirs for that taking.

dyspareunia

do not have involuntary contractions of their vaginal muscles.

Rosa's Law

changed "mental retardation" to "intellectual disability"

Cluster B PDs

characterized by dramatic, emotional or erratic bxs & include antisocial, borderline, histrionic & narcissistic PDs

What is acetylcholine?

chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system - contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate

What and when are childhood-onset type, adolescent-onset type, unspecified onset used for CD?

childhood - onset prior to age 10 adolescent - no sxs before age 10 unspecified - unknown onset of sxs

brain chemicals related to natural appetite suppressants

chlectstokinin (cck) and glucagon like peptide-1 (glp-1).

negative affectivity

experince negative emotions frequently and intensely.

exhibitionistic disorder

expose yourself. repeated sexually arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their gentials to others adn either act on these urges with nonconsenting indivuduals or experinces clinically signficant distress or impairment. under stress or free time treatment- aversion therapy adn masturbatory satiation, orgasmic reorientation, social skills training, cbt.

Flooding

exposed to their fear, repeatedly and made to see that they are actually quite harmless.

exposure and response prevention

exposing people to situations that would ordinarily raise anxiety adn then prevent them from preforming their usual compulsive responses.

Behavioral Perspective of OCD

exposure and response prevention

What is posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD?

exposure to a traumatic event re-experiencing of the event (intrusion) avoidance of stimuli re to event negative alterations in cognition and mood marked alterations in arousal/reactivity duration > 1 mo

What is the definition of trauma under criteria for PTSD?

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence in 1 > ways: direct experience, witnessing, learning of events, repeated/extreme exposure * for children 6 or younger - repeated/extreme exposure is not included in criteria

What is acute stress disorder?

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence in 1 > ways: direct experience, witnessing, learning of events, repeated/extreme exposure 9 > sxs of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, arousal duration - 3 days to 1 mo

panic attacks

extreme and sudden explosion of fear

schizotypal personality disorder

extreme discomfort in close relationships very odd patterns of thiking and perceiving and behavioral eccentircities. anxoius around others, seek isolation, few close friends. - ideas o reference (beliefs of unrelated events pertain to them in some important way) -body illusions (sensing an extrenal force emotions are flat, inappropriate or humorless

psychodynamic view- ineffective parents

fail to attend to childs needs.

absentmindedness

fail to register information because our thoughts are focusing on other things.

downward drift theroy

fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor becuase they are unable to function effectivly.

MMPI-2 Validity Scales

scales designed to determine whether respondent is presenting self accurately tells about test taking approach Lie (L) - high means naive attempt to look overly good "I have never told a lie" Infrequent (F) - fake bad, high means cry for help or malingering; or means psychotic or "very disturbed" Guardedness (K) - fake good, also a correction scale for clinical scales; high means guarded, low means excessively open; a low K often goes with a high F

kuder occupational interest survey

scales: occupational scales--scores indicate the strength of the relationship between the examinee's interests and those of satisfied workers in different occupations; coefficient of less than 45 indicates a dissimilarity of interests college major scales--scores for 40 college majors vocational interest estimates--overview of examinee's interests in ten broad areas that are similar to Holland's occupational themes dependability indices--used to check the validity of an examinee's responses

What are differences between schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders?

schizotypal - detachment re to magical thinking/paranoia/inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy, and the fantasy worlds created feel more real than the real world; real world will be viewed as suspicious or uncertain. schizoid - no desire to form relationships, because they see no point in sharing their time with others

thematic apperception test

scoring/murray's needs: involves identifying the story's hero and evaluating the intensity, frequency, and duration of needs, environmental press, thema, and outcome expressed in each story; useful for gross diagnostic distinctions

What is secondary hypertension?

secondary to another condition/disorder causes - kidney disease, blocked artery, diabetes, endocrine disorders, pregnancy, sleep apnea

treatments for hsitrionic personality disorder

seek out treament cognitve- chagne their belief that they are helpless develop better way of thinking and solving proble,ms. psychodynamic- excessive dependency find inner satifications, become more self-reliant.

negative symptoms

seem to be defucuts in noormal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of violation, social withdrawal

endogenous depression

seems to be a response to internal factors

DID

two or more distinct personalities; called subpersonalities or alternate personalities.

What is schizophreniform disorder?

two or more: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech grossing disorganized or catatonic behavior negative sxs duration - 1 mo - 6 mos.

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others. Volatile, tense, sensitive to criticism

disorganized schizophrenia

type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion, more severe cases

treatments for narcisstic personalty disorder

unable to acknowledge weakness, incorporate feeedbac from others. psychodymanic- recongnize and work through thier basic insecurities adn defense cognitive- self-centered thinking. redirect the clints focus onto the opioins of other.

Late stage of Alzheimer's

unable to communicate or walk, urinary & fecal incontinence, bedridden, can die from opportunistic respiratory infection

Humanistic perspective for GAD

unconditional positive regard. conditions of worth. client-centered therapy.

schizoaffective dx

uninterrupted period of illness during which there are concurrent psychotic sxs & sxs of depressive or manic episodes with period of 2+ weeks in which psychotic sxs are present w/o mood sxs

persistent depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

unipolar depression is chronic recive this diagnosis

withdrawal

unpleasant sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug.

Which is generally considered the first-line treatment for nocturnal enuresis: biofeedback, habit reversal training, antidiuretic, urine alarm?

urine alarm; only urine alarm and antidiuretic used for tx; desmopressin (antidiuretic) has good short-term effect

Substance abuse

use in a way that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment and use despite problems occurring

Computer-Assisted Assessment

use of computers to administer and/or score and/or interpret results can provide adaptive testing

seattle longitudinal study

used a cross sequential design that combined cross sectional and longitudinal methodologies; investigators concluded that a cross sectional design is more likely to find early age related declines in IQ because it is more vulnerable to cohort effects, or the confounding effects of educational and other differences between age groups

What is mild neurocognitive disorder?

used to be cognitive disorder NOS evidence of modest decline from prior level of fx at least one cognitive domain does NOT interfere w/independence in ADLs (may require greater effort, compensatory strategies, accommodation)

What is major neurocognitive disorder?

used to be dementia evidence of significant decline from prior level of functioning at least one cognitive domain (complex attention, executive fx, learning/memory, language, perceptual-motor, social cognition) interferes w/independence in ADLs

standardization

used to describe two characteristics of a test; applies when "the testee's words and acts, the apparatus, and the scoring have been fixed so the scores collected at different times and placesa re fully comparable; the second qualification is that the test has been administered under standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of establishing norms

What is the definition of psychological stress?

when an individual perceives that environmental demands exceed their adaptive capacity

synesthesia

when different senses seem to cross.

Double Depression

when episodes of major depression occur in the duration of persistent depressive disorder

psychological view for unipolar depression

when one losses someone; they regress to the oral stage and take on the persona of the one that they lost.

cognitive view

when people attempt to understsand their unusal experience more features of thier disorder emerge. reject all feedback, develop belifs (delusions)

attribution-helplessness theory

when people view events as beyond thier control they ask themselves why is this so.

moral anxiety (psycho dynamic)

when they are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulse. (unconscious)

Neurotic anxiety (psycho dynamic)

when they are repeatedly prevented by parents or by circumstances form expressing id impulses.

biological-immune system

when you are depressed you become dysregulated, which then leads to lower functioning of white blood cells called lymphocytes and leads to c-reactive protein (protein that causes inflammation)

reactive (exogenous) depression

which follow clear cut stressful events

family social perspective

which looks at the role played by interpersonal factors in the development of depression

multicultural perspective

which ties depression factors such as gender, race, economic status.

methamphetamine

"Crank", form of crystals (ice, crystal meth).

Bayley scales of infant & Toddler development (Bayley III)

1-42 months Assess current developmental status

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

(Pain with sex or attempts at sex) Characterized by recurrent difficulties with one or more: penetration during intercourse; pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; fear or anxiety about pain before, during, or after intercourse; tensing or tightening of the pelvis during attempted penetration. Symptoms have persisted for minimum of six months

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

Global Developmental Delay

- Diagnosis for individuals under 5yo; clinical severity cannot be diagnosed d/t young age - Fails to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning - Reassessment required after a period of time

Bipolar Disorder II

- Does not have Manic Episode - Hypomanic Episode (4 days) - Major Depressive Episode (2 weeks)

How do you diagnose separation anxiety disorder?

- Fear or anxiety about separation from attachment figures to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate -persistent fear/anxiety about harm coming to attachment figures and events that could lead to loss of or seperation from attachment figures and reluctance to go away from attachment figures and nightmares and physical sx of distress -can be expressed throughout adulthood as well -at least 4 weeks in kids and 6 mo in adults

MMPI-2 clinical scales

- Hypochondriasis (Hs) - Depression (D) - Hysteria (Hy) - Psychopathic deviate (Pd) - Masculinity-femininity (Mf) - Paranoia (Pa) - Psychasthenia (Pt) - Schizophrenia (Sc) - Hypomania (Ma) - Social introversion (Si)

substance use disorder

- Individual displays a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress - presence of at least 2 of the following within 1-year period --substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended. --unsuccessful efforts or persistent desire to reduce or control substance use. -- much time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the efforts of substance --failure to fulfill major role obligation at work, school, or home as a result of repeated substance use. --continued use of substance despite persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by it. --cessation or reduction of important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use. --continuing to use substance in situations where use poses physical risks, --continuing to use substance despite awareness that is causing worsening a physical or psychological problem --craving the substance --tolerance effects --withdrawal reactions

What are common causes of pica?

- Iron-deficiency anemia and malnutrition are two of the most common causes of pica, followed by pregnancy. In these individuals, pica is a sign that the body is trying to correct a significant nutrient deficiency. Treating this deficiency with medication or vitamins often resolves the problems.

What brain structure is associated w/Alzheimer's?

- structural brain abnormalities - neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in medial temporal structures

What are subtypes of sexual dysfunction disorders?

- Lifelong: present from first sexual experience - Acquired: develop after a period of normal function - Generalized: difficulties not limited to certain types of stimulation, situation or partners - Situational: only occur with certain types of above Distress: - mild - moderate - severe

Bipolar Disorder I

- Needs to meet criteria for Manic Episode (1 week) - Hypomanic Episode (4 days) - Major Depressive Episode (2 weeks) - require hospitalization for suicidality

What are common risk factors for the development of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder?

- People with autism spectrum conditions, ADHD and intellectual disabilities. - Children who don't outgrow normal picky eating, or in whom picky eating is severe - Children often have co-occurring anxiety disorder, and they are also at high risk for other psychiatric disorders.

What is Patterson's Social Interaction Learning (SIL) model? How does it relate to disruptive/impulse control/conduct disorders?

- Poor parenting, inadequate parental supervision, discipline that is not consistent, and parental mental health status, stress or substance abuse all contribute to early-onset conduct problems - ineffective rearing practices have a direct detrimental influence on the behavior of the child, thereby hindering healthy social-emotional development. - family socio-economic disadvantage is a significant predictor of abusive parenting that impacts adolescent's psychological, behavioral and physical health outcomes. -persistent coercive parenting—which is characterized by hostility and holding power over children via punitive or psychologically controlling means—can promote overt forms of externalizing behavior problems, such as noncompliance, temper tantrums, and verbal and physical aggression, which in turn are maintained by negative reinforcement of the parents

What is sensate focus?

- Two of the principal goals of sensate focus are reducing performance anxiety and improving communication - Refocusing the couple on their own sensory perceptions and sensuality, instead of goal-oriented behavior focused on the genitals and penetrative sex - Start w/non genital touching and then it progresses to sex

What are genetic etiological factors associated w/ Alzheimer's?

- abnormal genes on chromosomes 1, 4, 21 associated w/early onset familial type; - abnormal ApoE4 gene on chrom 19 associated w/later onset

What neurotransmitter is associated w/Alzheimer's?

- abnormal levels of neurotransmitters, deficiency of acetylcholine (ACh)

Etiology of ADHD

- abnormalities in prefrontal cortex (mediates higher-order cognitive fxs), cerebellum (coordinates motor activity), caudate nucleus and putamen (control of movement, part of basal ganglia) - evidence for genetic basis d/t higher rates among biological family - possible evidence w/re to environmental settings that are lacking in reinforcement/inconsistent

What is a personality disorder?

- an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of culture - pattern is pervasive across situations - pattern causes stress, impairment - onset during or before adolescence or early adulthood - pattern in 2 or more in the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal fx, impulse control

What are common treatments for paraphilic disorders?

- cognitive interventions (modify distortions/rationalizations) - behavior management strategies (harm reduction, avoidance high risk situations) - behavioral techniques that directly target undesirable sexual desires (orgasmic conditions) - Depo provera and other meds that reduce sex drive can help but their effect will stop if med is d/c

Etiology of ASD?

- concordance rates higher for monozygotic twins than dizygotic (genetic factor) - brain irregularities in amygdala, cerebellum - abnormalities in serotonin, GABA

What is pseudodementia?

- condition usually in older people in which they exhibit symptoms consistent with dementia but the cause is actually depression - different than neurocognitive disorder bc onset is more rapid, less severe consistent sxs, consistent depressed mood, emphasis on cognitive problems (rather than onset being slow, more severe sxs, variable mood, minimizing cognitive problems)

What is Seligman's learned helplessness model of depression?

- depression is the result of repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative life events w/a tendency to attribute events to stable, internal, global factors

What is an adjustment disorder?

- development of emotional or behavioral sxs in response to one of more psychosocial stressors within 3 mos of the onset of the stressor(s) - once stressor is removed, sxs must remit within 6 mos

What circumstances yield best prognosis for ASD?

- development of functional language by age 5 - IQ over 70 - later onset of sxs - no other comorbid mental disorders

What is delirium?

- disturbance in attention and awareness - short period of time, change from baseline, fluctuates in severity during course of the day - an additional disturbance in cognition (memory deficit, disorientation, language, visuospatial, perception) - evidence from hx/psychical exam/lab findings that disturbance is direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, substance intoxication/withdrawal, exposure to toxin

What is avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder?

- eating/feeding disturbance - persistent failure to meet nutritional/energy needs - 1 > sxs: weight loos, nutritional deficiency, dependence on nutritional supplements, interference w/psychosocial fx

What are examples of assessments/sub-domains of language?

- expressive language - confrontation/identificational naming - grammar/syntax - receptive language - comprehension (word definition, performing based on instructions)

What are common etiologies for anorexia nervosa?

- family factors - upper and middle class; emphasis on weight; uninvolved father w/domineering/depressed mother - psychological factors - perfectionism, control - biological - heredity; high levels of serotonin contributing to anxiety, irritability, obsessional thinking and that food restriction creates sense of calm by lowering serotonin levels

female orgasmic disorder

- for at least 6 months individual displays a significant delay infreqauncy or absence of orgasm and or is unable to achieve past orgasmix intensity - - individual experiences significant distress.

What are examples of assessments/sub-domains of learning and memory?

- immediate memory - immediate repetition - recent memory - encoding new info (free recall, cued recall, recognition memory) - semantic memory - facts - autobiographical memory - personal events - implicit/procedural learning (unconscious learning of skills)

What is the difference between major and mild neurocognitive disorders?

- major has substantial impairment in cognitive performance & deficits interfere w/independence of ADLs - mild has modest impairment in cognitive performance & deficits do not fully interfere w/independence of ADLs (complex ADLs are preserved)

Gambling disorder criteria

- need to gamble with increasing amounts of money to achieve excitement - is restless or irritable when told to stop - made repeated efforts to cut back but unsuccessful - gambles when distressed - still returns to gamble even after losing money - relies on others to provide money to relieve financial situations

What is major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease?

- neurocognitive disorder criteria met - gradual onset and progression - dx of Huntington's or risk for it based on family hx/genetic testing

What is major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to parkinson's disease?

- neurocognitive disorder criteria met - gradual onset and progression - established Parkinson's disease dx

What is major or mild neurocognitive disoder due to prion disease?

- neurocognitive disorder criteria met - gradual onset and rapid progression - motor features of prion disease (myoclonus - twitches/jerks or lapses of muscle contraction; ataxia - incoordination of muscle movement)

What are examples of attachment trauma for RAD and DSED?

- social neglect or deprivation in the form of persistent lack of care for basic emotional needs such as comfort, stimulation, and affection; - repeated changes in primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments; - rearing in institutional or other unusual settings that severely limit opportunities to form close attachments figures - absence of adequate caregiving during childhood presumed to be responsible for the disturbed/disinhibited behavior RAD-internalizing with depressive sx and withdrawn DSED-disinhibition, avoidant or overly familiar behavior

bipolar 1 disorder (manic and major depressive eposidoes)

- occurrence of a manic episode - hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode.

What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

- pattern of angry/irritable mood (loses temper often; touchy/easily annoyed; angry and resentful) - argumentative/defiant behavior (argues w/authority, defies/refuses to comply, annoys deliberately, blaming) - vindictiveness (spiteful/vindictive 2x in past 6 mos) 4 > sxs duration 6 mos BUT see age range actions directed to last least one person not a sibling

What increases the risk for DID?

- physical and sexual abuse in childhood are at increased risk - majority of DID experienced repetitive, overwhelming trauma in childhood - Among people with DID, 90% victims of childhood abuse and neglect - 70% of people w/DID have attempted suicide

What are examples of assessments/sub-domains of executive functioning?

- planning - exit to a maze, interpret a sequential pattern - decision making - deciding on alternatives - working memory - hold info for brief period of time and manipulate it - feedback/error utilization - use feedback to infer rules for prob-solv - overriding habits/inhibition - choose effortful solution (e.g., say the color of font vs the word) - mental/cognitive flexibility - shift btwn two concepts (e.g., number to letter)

bipolar 2 disorder (hypomanic adn major depressive episoides)

- presence or history of major depressive episodes - presence or history of hypomanic episodes - no history of a manic episode

What is Rehm's self-control model of depression?

- problems related to self-monitoring, self-evaluation, self-reinforcement - depressed people attend more to negative than positive life events, strict standards of self-evaluation, make internal attributions for negative events, have insufficient reinforcement, excessive punishment

binge eating disorder

- reccurent binge-eating episoides - binge eating episodes include at least three of these features --unusally fast eating, absence of hunger, uncomfortable fullness, secret eating due to sense of shame, subsequent feelings of disgust, depression, or severe guilt - significant distress -binge eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months - absence of excessive compensatory behavior.

What is alcohol intoxication?

- recent ingestion of alcohol - problematic behavioral/psych changes re to sub use - 1 > : slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus (eye movement), impaired memory/attention, stupor/coma

What are examples of assessments/sub-domains of social cognition?

- recognition of emotions - identification of emotions in images/faces, both + and - - theory of mind - consider another's mental state or experience (story cards)

What does social impairment mean in terms of how this is a diagnostic group of substance use disorders?

- recurrent sub use w/failure in major roles at home/work/school - sub use despite social problems - prob in important ADLs/occupational roles

What does risky use mean in terms of how this is a diagnostic group of substance use disorders?

- recurrent use of sub when it is physically dangerous despite knowing it worsens physical/psych prob

What is pedophilic disorder?

- recurrent, intense sexual arousing fantasies/urges/behaviors involving sexual activity w/prepubescent child or children (13 < yo) - the person is at least 16yo and 5> years younger than the victim specify whether: exclusive type (attracted to only children) nonexclusive type specify: sexually attracted to males, females, both specify: limited to incest

bulimia nervosa (binge-purge syndrome)

- repeated binge eating episodes -repated performance of illadvised compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain - symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months, - inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself.

What is anorexia nervosa?

- restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight - intense fear of gaining weight/getting fat, interference w/weight gain - disturbance in body shape/weight, lack of recognition to seriousness of low weight

What is the difference between school refusal (school phobia) and separation anxiety disorder?

- school phobia can be a sx of separation anxiety disorder - school phobia is directly re to school only, not including the fear of separation/worry that something bad could happen, separation in general - school refusal usually begins at age 5-7 d/t separation anxiety, in adolescence it could be a sign of depression or something more serious

What is akathisia?

- severe restlessness, observed excessive movements (fidgeting of the legs, rocking from foot to foot, pacing) - subjective (feeling of inner restlessness and the urge to move) as well as objective components (rocking while standing or sitting, lifting feet as if marching on the spot and crossing and uncrossing the legs while sitting)

What are examples of assessments/sub-domains of complex attention?

- sustained attention - maintenance of attention over time - selective attention - maintenance of attention despite competing stimuli/distractors - divided attention - attending to two tasks within the same period of time

What does pharmacological criteria mean in terms of how this is a diagnostic group of substance use disorders?

- tolerance - need for increased amounts of sub for desired effect/marked diminished effect w/continued use of same amount - withdrawal - withdrawal sxs after cessation of use or cont use to avoid withdrawal sxs

Substance Use Disorders

- use enough of chosen substance to cause chronic or repeated problems in diff. areas of lives *personal and interpersonal life: neglect family life, favorite leisure activities to use substance, often fight with loved ones, continue to use even knowing it is causing problems *employment: putting effort to get substance, often absent at work or getting fired *control: unsuccessful to eliminate/reduce the usage, crave more instead *health and safety: engage in dangerous behavior, legal issue, hep C, continue to use despite problems. *psychological sequels: tolerance develops. must use more, when stopped they suffer from withdrawal

What does impaired control mean in terms of how this is a diagnostic group of substance use disorders?

- using the substance in larger amounts for longer periods of time than intended - persistent desire/unsuccessful attempts to control use - time spent in activities re to sub use - craving for sub

What are examples of assessments/sub-domains of perceptual-motor?

- visual perception - line bisection to determine visual defect or attentional neglect - visuoconstructional - assembly w/hand eye coordination - perceptual-motor - integrating perception w/purposeful movement (peg board) - praxis - integrity of learned movement, imitation of object movement (show me how to use a hammer) - gnosis - integrity of awareness and recognition (faces, colors)

What is the general criteria for diagnosing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

- when the criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met - clear evidence of decline in learning and memory (and more if applicable) - sxs had gradual onset & progression of impairment - no evidence of mixed etiology - major neurocognitive disorder - 2 > domains of impairment - mild neurocognitive disorder - 1 > domain

Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Scoring

-0-13: minimal depression -14-19: mild depression -20-28: moderate depression -29-63: severe depression

brief psychotic dx

-1+ characteristic sx -duration 1 day to < 1 month -followed by return to premorbid func -often follows exposure to stressful event

etiology of MDD

-1st degree bio relatives 2-4x higher than gen pop -catecholamine hypothesis: lo levels of norepinephrine -permissive theory: lo levels norepinephrine & serotonin -hi levels of cortisol -> degen of cells in hippocam

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - Cannot Say (?)

-30+ cannot say items may indicate invalid profile -High score: reading difficulties, indecisiveness, distractibility, or defensiveness

Alzheimer's

-60-90% of dementia cases, w/ prevalence inc w/ age -duration av 8-10 years up to 20 years -slow, gradual progression

prevalence of MDD

-7% 12-month prevalence rate w/ rate for 18-29 being 3x rate for 60+ years -equal male:female preadol; after adol rate of females is 1.5-3x males -initial episode often triggered by stress

Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA-3)

-Age Range: 5-12 -Theory: Osgood's communication model; distinguishes between channels of communication, psycholinguistic processes, and levels of organization -Purpose: designed to evaluate strengths and weaknesses in linguistic ability, assist in diagnosis of LD, and track progress -Scoring: 11 subtests that provide 3 Global Composite Scores (general language, spoken language, written language) and 8 Specific Composite Scores

Actuarial vs Clinical Predictions

-Actuarial: statistical; based on empirically validated relationship between test results and specific criteria -Clinical: based on the decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge; clinical judgement -Research has found that actuarial method alone is more accurate than clinical judgement alone

Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2)

-Age Range: 4-90+ -Purpose: brief screening test of verbal (crystallized) and nonverbal (fluid) ability

Multi-Informant Report

-Advantages include increased information about the client -Disadvantages can include inconsistency in reports across various informants

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III)

-Age Range: 1-42 months -Scoring: 5 subtests (cognitive, motor, language, social-emotional, adaptive behavior)

Kaufman Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT)

-Age Range: 11-85+ -Scoring: provides fluid, crystallized, and composite IQ scores

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

-Age Range: 15+ -Development: utilized both logical content methods and empirical criterion keying -General Occupational Scale (GOT): provides info on Holland's six occupational themes (RIASEC) -Basic Interest Scale (BIS): provides scores for 30 basic interest scales -Occupational Scales (OS): indicate degree to which examinee's interests are similar to those of satisfied workers of the same gender across 122 occupations -Personal Styles Scale: (PSS): scores are provided for work, learning, environment, leadership, risk-taking, and team styles -Administrative Indices: provide information on the types and consistency of responses

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (H-R)

-Age Range: 15+ -Purpose: used to detect the presence of brain damage and determine severity and possible locations -Interpretation: performance on individual subtests, as well as Halstead Impairment Index (HIII) -HIII ranges in value from 0-1 (0-.2: normal functioning; .3-.4: mild impairment; .5-.7: moderate impairment; .8-1: severe impairment)

Haptic Intelligence Scale for the Adult Blind

-Age Range: 16+ -Theory: for use with individuals who are blind or partially sighted by making use of tactile stimuli -Scoring: includes 6 subtests (digit symbol, object assembly, block design, object completion, pattern board, bead arithmetic)

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

-Age Range: 16-90 -Theory: intelligence as a global ability comprised of numerous interrelated functions -Administration: 10 core and 5 supplemental subtests; reverse rule used if examinee scores 0 on the first two items; discontinue rule depending on number of consecutive items scored incorrectly or within timeframe -Scoring: Subtest scores (M=10, SD=3) are converted to FSIQ and Index scores (M=100, SD=15); interpret with caution when there is a 1.5 SD difference between any two indices or any two subtests that make up an index; General Ability Index can be derived from VCI and PRI -Psychometric Properties: FSIQ(r=.97-.98); Factor Indexes(r=.90-.96); Subtests(r=.78-.94); evidence for testing gains on test-retest due to practice effects

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

-Age Range: 18+ -Theory: original scales developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying; newer content scales based on rational content analysis -Scoring: uses T-scores (M=50; SD=10); >=65 is clinically significant; begin with evaluating validity scales; conduct profile analysis using highest 2 (or more) scores -Psychometric Properties: majority of standardization sample had college education; validity of individual scales is questionable, as many scales are highly correlated; 2-3 point profile are more valid; African American examinees tend to score higher or lower on some scales than White examinees

Rorschach Inkblot Test

-Age Range: 2+ -Administration: examinee is presented with 10 inkblot cards; free association phase (examinee describes what they see on the card) and inquiry phase (examiner actively asks questions about the examinee's response) -Interpretation: number and ratio of responses falling into each category -reliability ~.80; validity ~.40

Beery-Buktencia Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Berry VMI)

-Age Range: 2+ -Purpose: used to assess visual-motor integration skills and identify deficits associated with neurological impairment -Administration: series of increasingly difficult geometric figures the examinee must copy

Slosson Intelligence Test Primary (SIT-P-1)

-Age Range: 2-7 -Purpose: designed as a method for obtaining a quick estimate of mental ability and for identifying children at risk for educational failure or who require more extensive testing -Appropriate for children with IQs between 10-170+

Woodcock-Johnson (WJ IV)

-Age Range: 2-80+ -Theory: based on contemporary CHC theory -Test of Cognitive Abilities: evaluates broad and narrow cognitive abilities -Test of Oral Language: assesses oral expression, listening, comprehension, etc -Test of Achievement: evaluates reading, writing, mathematics, and academic knowledge

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5)

-Age Range: 2-85+ years of age -Theory: Based on a hierarchical g model of intelligence that incorporates five cognitive factors from the CHC theory; divided into verbal and non-verbal subtests -Administration: tailored to examinee's level of cognitive functioning; routing subtests (object series/matrices and vocabulary) determine starting point on following functional subtests; testing continues until examinee reaches ceiling level -Scoring: Subtests scores (M=10, SD=3) are combined to create composite score (M=100, SD=15): Full Scale IQ, Factor Index, Domain, Abbreviated Battery, and Change Sensitive Scores -Psychometric Properties: Composite scores (r>.90); subtest scores (r=.84-.89)

Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)

-Age Range: 2:6 - 7:7 -Scoring Age >4: FSIQ, 3 Primary Index Scores (Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Working Memory), 3 Ancillary Index Scores (Vocabulary Acquisition, Nonverbal, General Ability) -Scoring Age >=4: FSIQ, 5 Primary Index Scores (Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning, Processing Speed), 4 Ancillary Index Scores (Vocabulary Acquisition, Nonverbal, General Ability, Cognitive Proficiency)

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-4)

-Age Range: 2:6-90+ -Theory: measures receptive vocabulary; useful for individuals with motor or speech impairments -Administration: 228 cards containing 4 pictures each; for each card, the examinee is provided with a stimulus word and must select the picture that matches the word

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

-Age Range: 3+ -Purpose: brief measure of visual-motor integration -Administration: examinee is shown 16 cards; copy phase (asked to copy each design as best they can) and recall phase (asked to draw as many of the designs as possible from memory) -Scoring: Global Scoring System, rating drawings from 0 (no resemblance) to 4 (nearly perfect)

Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)

-Age Range: 3-12 months -Theory: based on research indicating that measures of information processing administered during infancy are good predictors of childhood IQ -Scoring: assesses infant's selective attention to novel stimuli; score is determined by amount of time spent looking at pictures of new versus familiar faces

Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude

-Age Range: 3-17:6 -Theory: measure of learning ability for children who have hearing or language impairments -Administration: can be verbal or pantomime and consists of 12 nonverbal subtests

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)

-Age Range: 3-18 -Theory: measure of cognitive ability designed to be culture-fair by minimizing verbal instructions and responses -Scoring: 5 Scales (simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning, knowledge) -Interpretation: can be based on CHC model of cognitive abilities or Luria's neuropsychological processing model (which is recommended when the examinee's performance on measures of crystallized knowledge may be negatively impacted by cultural background, hearing or language impairment, autism, etc)

AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale

-Age Range: 3-18 for ABS-School and 18+ for ABS-Residential and Community -Purpose: used to assess adaptive functioning in five areas (personal self-sufficiency, community self-sufficiency, personal-social responsibility, social adjustment, personal adjustment)

Leiter International Performance Scale (Leiter-3)

-Age Range: 3-75+ -Theory: designed to be a culture-fair measure of cognitive ability; emphasizes fluid intelligence across 4 domains (visualization, reasoning, memory, attention) -Administration: can be administered without verbal instruction; examinees must match a set of response cards to corresponding illustrations

Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS)

-Age Range: 3:6 - 9:11 -Theory: designed to assess general reasoning ability in children with disabilities; does not require verbal responses or fine motor skills -Administration: consists of 92 cards that contain 3, 4, or 5 drawings; for each card, the examinee indicates which picture does not belong with the others

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III)

-Age Range: 4-50 -Purpose: assesses 8 areas of achievement identified by IDEA legislations as important for identifying LDs; designed to assist with IEPs

Slosson Intelligence Test for Children and Adults (SIT-R3-1)

-Age Range: 4-65 -Purpose: screening test for crystallized (verbal) intelligence -Appropriate for individuals with IQs between 36-164; can be used to assess individuals with visual impairments

Cognitive Assessment System (CAS2)

-Age Range: 5-17 -Theory: based on the PASS model of intelligence which distinguishes between 4 cognitive functions identified by Luria (planning, attention, simultaneous processing, sequential processing) -Scoring: provides full scale score, PASS scale index scores, and subtest scores

Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-4)

-Age Range: 5-94 -Purpose: rapid screening device for assessing reading, spelling, and math skills; used to assist in diagnosis of LDs -Administration: 4 subtests (sentence completion, word reading, spelling, math computation)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

-Age Range: 6-16 -Theory: based on contemporary structural theories of intelligence and development -Scoring: provides FSIQ, scores on 5 Primary Index Scales (Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed), and 7 subtest scores (similarities, vocabulary, block design, matrix reasoning, figure weights, digit span, coding)

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

-Age Range: 6:6-80:11 -Purpose: assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback; sensitive to frontal lobe damage; poor performance associated with alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, malingering -Administration: consists of 4 stimulus cards and 64 response cards; examinee is asked to sort response cards under the 4 stimulus cards using a sorting strategy not disclosed to them; the examiner provides feedback on whether the strategy is right or wrong; after 10 correct sorts, the examiner changes the sorting strategy without warning -Scoring: based on trials required to identify the correct sorting strategy

Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT)

-Age Range: 8+ -Purpose: used to assess visual memory, visual perception, and visual-motor skills -Administration: examinee is shown 10 cards with geometric figures which they must then reproduce from memory -Scoring: based on number of figures reproduced correctly and number of errors

Denver Developmental Screening Test (Denver II)

-Age Range: birth-6 years -Administration: child is evaluated based on direct observation of their responses to items designed to assess 4 developmental domains (personal-social, fine motor adaptive, language, gross motor) -Scoring: developmental delay is scored when the child fails an item that 90% . of children normally pass at a younger age -Can be administered by paraprofessionals and only requires a few hours of training

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland-II)

-Age Range: birth-90 -Purpose: used to evaluate personal and social skills and to assist in the development of educational and treatment plans -Scoring: provides an Adaptive Behavior Composite Score, scores for three domains of adaptive functioning (Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization), and scores for Motor Skills Domain and Maladaptive Behavior Index

Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)

-Age Range: grades K-12 -Purpose: group intelligence test that evaluates reasoning abilities in verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal domains; used to predict school grades and determine eligibility for placement in gifted/talented programs

Kuhlmann- Anderson Test- Eighth Edition

-Age Range: grades K-12 -Purpose: group intelligence test that evaluates school learning ability -Scoring: provides verbal, quantitative, and total score -Content is somewhat less dependent on language than other individual and group intelligence tests

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB)

-Age range: 8+ -Scoring: raw scores range from 0-2, with 0 indicating normal functioning and 2 indicating brain damage; item scores and summed and converted to T-scores -Compared to H-R, LNNB takes less time, is more highly standardized, provides more complete coverage of neurological deficits, and more precise identification of brain damage

Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)

-Age range: grades 11-12 and above -Development: empirical criterion keying -Occupational Scales: indicate strength of the relationship between examinee's interests and those of satisfied workers across 109 occupations -College Major Scales: scores are provided for 40 college majors -Vocational Interest Estimates (VIEs): provide overview of examinee's interests in 10 areas similar to Holland's occupational themes (RIASEC) -Dependability Indices: validity check

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

-Age range: high school students and above -Theory: based on Holland's theory of career choice; importance of matching individual characteristics to job characteristics -Scoring: provides three letter summary code based on RIASEC -Congruence score: degree of consistency between the examinee's expressed interests and summary code -Coherence score: degree to which the examinee's expressed interests belong to the same RIASEC categories -Consistency score: similarity of the examinee's two strongest measured interests -Differentiation score: degree of distinctiveness in the examinee's measured interests (high score on one theme but low score on all others) -Commonness score: frequency with which the examinee's summary code occurs in different normative groups

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV)

-Age range: older adolescents and adults -Scoring: provides scores for each subtest, as well as 5 index scores (auditory memory, visual memory, visual working memory, immediate memory, delayed memory); Interpretation: index scores can be compared to the WAIS-IV GAI to determine if memory is consistent with their general level of cognitive functioning

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

-All disabled people from infancy to 21 years must be evaluated by a team of specialists to determine their specific needs -An IEP must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in public education that provides education in the "least restrictive environment" and that has been approved by the child's parents -While reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological and educational tests may be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ test alone

Aptitude vs Achievement

-Aptitude: measures of innate capacity or potential for learning a specific skill; aptitude tests often have low differential and predictive validity -Achievement: measures of knowledge or behavior acquired in a classroom or other controlled setting

Mechanical Aptitude Tests

-Assess manual dexterity, perceptual and spatial skills, mechanical reasoning, mechanical information, etc -Females excel in dexterity and perceptual discrimination, while males excel in mechanical reasoning and information -Minnesota Paper Form Board; Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test

Projective Hypothesis

-Assumption that ambiguous and unstructured stimuli can elicit meaningful information about an examinee's personality and underlying conflicts -Projective tests are less susceptible to "faking" and tend to reveal more unconscious, global aspects of personality

Performance-Based Assessment (PBA)

-Authentic assessment; involves observing and judging a student's skill in actually carrying out an activity or producing a product -Provides an egalitarian method of evaluation making it useful for assessing students from culturally diverse groups -May reflect prior knowledge and experience rather than what was learned in the current class

Assessment Tools for Depression and Suicide

-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) -Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression -Geriatric Depression Scale -Children's Depression Inventory -Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) -Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI)

Concordance Rates for IQ

-Bouchard & McGue: concordance rates in IQ for identical twins reared together (.85), identical twins reared apart (.67), fraternal twins reared together (.58), bio siblings reared together (.45), bio siblings reared apart (.24), bio parent and child together (.39), bio parent and child apart (.22), adoptive parent and child (.18)

Assessment Tools for ADHD

-Broad-Band Scales: assess general behavioral and psychological functioning and help distinguish ADHD from other disorders; ex: BASC-2, CBCL -Narrow-Band Scales: used to obtain detailed information on symptoms to confirm diagnosis and facilitate treatment planning; ex: ADDES-III, Stroop, CPT-3

tx for ED

-CBT targeting performance anx, faulty expectations & erroneous beliefs -sildenafil citrate relaxes muscles & inc blood flow

tx for GAD

-CBT: psychoed, relax training, cog rest, esp, relapse prevention -meds alone or in combo with cbt: SSRI, SNRI, benzo, buspirone

Larry P. v. Riles (1979)

-Case brought to plaintiffs on behalf of African American children who were overrepresented in special education classes in San Francisco public school systems -Judge ruled that IQ tests are racially and culturally biased and could not be used to place Black children in special education classes

Assessment Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorder

-Child Autism Rating Scale-2 (CARS2) -Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) -Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Cognitive Abilities (McGrew)

-Combination of the Horn-Cattell and Carroll theories; serves as basis for the WoJo -Distinguishes between 10 broad-stratum abilities and over 70 narrow-stratum abilities -G is omitted from this theory because McGrew did not believe it to contribute to psychoeducational assessment

Computer-Assisted Assessment

-Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): computer tailors the test to an individual examinee by choosing subsequent items based on previous answers -Increases precision and efficacy, as all examinees are tested with the same degree of reliability and reduced testing time -Computer-based interpretations should not be used to replaced clinical judgement

Assessing Members of Culturally Diverse Populations

-Considerations include acculturation, identity, language proficiency, availability of appropriate norms, cultural equivalence of content measured by the test, and availability of more culturally appropriate alternatives -There are no truly culture-fair or culture-free tests -Research has found no consistent effect of match or mismatch between examiner and examinee in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - K (Correction)

-Considered to be a "suppressor variable" since scores correlate with defensiveness, education level, and SES, which are unrelated to what is measured by clinical scales but impacts scores on those scales -K Scale score is used to correct scores on certain clinical scales -High score: defensiveness or denial, desire to "fake good," or responding false to all items; associated with resistance and poor treatment prognosis -Low score: excessive frankness, self-criticism, or "faking bad"

Infant and Preschool Test of Intelligence

-Considered valid screening devices for developmental delays and neurological impairment -When administered to children <=2, limited validity in predicting later IQ scores -Most infant tests assess sensorimotor skills, while IQ tests emphasize verbal reasoning and visual-motor problem solving

IQ Differences related to Race/Ethnicity

-Consistent evidence that Whites tend to outperform African Americans by about 1 SD on IQ and achievement tests -Measures of cognitive ability have been developed by and for white middle-class populations, and therefore are biased against individuals from different backgrounds

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - Infrequency Pathology (Fp)

-Consists of items that were infrequently endorsed by psychiatric patients -High score: attempts to "fake bad" even if the examinee is a psychiatric patient

Instructional Assessments

-Directly linked to what examinees have learned in the classroom or other controlled setting -Include curriculum-based and performance-based assessment

Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

-Distinguishes between 8 types of cognitive ability: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic -Intelligences are not static and can be developed by exposure to appropriate learning environments

tx for social anxiety dx

-ERP which may be combined with cognitive restructuring and/or social skills training -may include antidepressant/SSRI, anti-anxiety or beta-blocker

tx for specific phobia

-ERP, in vivo most effective -claustrophobia: exp + applied relaxation -blood-infection-injury type: exposure + applied tension

Factor Analysis Method of Test Construction

-Entails administering a large pool of items to a group of examinees, factor analyzing the intercorrelations of items to identify underlying factors/traits, assigning labels to the identified factors, and including items in the test so that each factor is adequately assessed -Ex: Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, NEO Personality Inventory

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - L (Lie)

-High score: attempts to present self in a favorable light or lack of insight; associated with reduced ability to benefit from therapy -Low score: frankness, exaggeration, or independence

Behavioral Assessment

-Focuses on overt and covert behaviors that occur in specific circumstances -May utilize behavioral interviews, observation, cognitive assessment, or psychophysiological measures -Functional behavioral assessment (FBA): determines the purpose of a behavior by identifying antecedents and consequences

major depressive episode (unipolar depression)

-For a two week period person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and or a decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities for the majority of each day - for the same 2 weeks person also experience at least 3 or 4 of the following symptoms; --considerable weight change, daily insomina or hypersomnia, daily agitation or decrease in motor activity, daily fatigue or lethargy, daily feelins of worthlessness or excessive guilt, daily reduction in cncentration or decisivness, repeated focus on death or suicide, plan, or attempt. - significant distress or impairment

manic episode

-For one week or more a person displays a continually abnormal infalted, unrestrained or irritable mood as well as continually heightened energy or activity for most of the day - Person also experiences at least three of the following symptoms; -- grandiosity or overblown self-esteem, reduced sleep need, increased talkativenss or drive to continue talking, rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that ones thoughts are moving very fast, attention pulled in many directions, heightened activity or agitated movements, excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematice activites. - significant distress or impairment

substance use dxs

-Impaired control: use in larger amounts or for longer periods of time, unsuccessful in controlling use, great deal of time related to obtaining substance or recovering from effects, cravings -Social impairment: failure to fulfill major role obligations, recurrent use despite social problems, important activities given up or reduced -Risky use: recurrent use in dangerous situations despite knowing it worsens problems -Pharmacological criteria: tolerance & withdrawal

Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)

-Includes 5 tests that assess specific job-related abilities and 3 tests that assess broad intellectual abilities -Designed for use with students grades 7-12 for educational and career counseling, but also used with adults for purposes of vocational counseling and employee selection

Dynamic Assessment

-Interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized procedures to obtain additional information about the examinee -Associated with educational assessment -Testing the limits: involves providing examinees with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback; ordinarily done after standardized administration -Graduated prompting: giving the examinee a series of verbal prompts that are graduated in terms of difficulty level -Test-teach-retest: following the initial assessment with an intervention designed to modify the examinee's performance, then re-assessing

Assessing Children

-Interviews can be used to obtain reliable and valid data from children as young as 6 -Goals include establishing rapport and maintaining the child's cooperation, and can be accomplished by using descriptive statements, reflections, and open-ended questions; providing labeled praise; and avoiding critical statements and leading questions

Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)

-Involves periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized and validated measures of basic academic skill that reflect the current school curriculum -Diagnostic Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills (DIBELS): set of one-minute measures used to regularly monitor the development of early literacy and reading skills

Theoretical Method of Test Construction

-Items are chosen to measure the constructs identified by a specific personality theory -Construct validation procedures are used to ensure the test of consistent with the theory -Ex: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, based on Jung's personality theory

Rorschach Interpretations

-Large number of whole responses suggests integrated, organized thinking -Many color responses suggest emotionality and impulsivity -Use of white space suggests oppositional tendencies -Confabulation (overgeneralizing a part of the inkblot to the whole) suggests brain damage, emotional disturbance, or intellectual disability

Examiner Qualifications

-Level A: may be administered and interpreted by a non-psychologist -Level B: require some technical knowledge of test construction and use, as well as completion of supporting educational and psychological subjects -Level C: should be administered only by individuals with at least an MA in psychology and at least one year of supervised experience under a psychologist

Rorschach Scoring Categories

-Location: where in the inkblot the examinee's perception is located (whole, common detail, unusual detail) -Determinants: what in the inkblot determined the examinee's response (form, movement, color, shading) -Form Quality: how similar the examinee's perception is to the actual shape of the inkblot -Content: the category the perception falls into (human, animal, nature) -Popularity/Frequency of Occurrence: how often a certain inkblot elicits a particular response

etiology of BPD

-Mahler obj relations: abnormal separation-individuation process -> vacillation b/w need for separation & fear of abandonment -Kernberg: unpredictable parent bxs nurturing/gratifying v depriving/punitive -> weak ego & splitting -Linehan: pervasive emotion dysregulation caused by bio vulnerability to hi emotionality & inability to regulate intense emotional responses & exposure to invalidating env

neurocognitive dxs

-Major replaces dementia, appropriate dx for signif decline in func & 1+ cognitive domain interfering w/ indep in daily activities -Mild replaces cognitive dx NOS, appropriate dx for modest decline in func & 1+ cognitive domain that does not interfere w/ indep but may require accommodations

Assessment of Malingering

-Malingering is a conscious effort to fabricate or exaggerate psychological or physical symptoms for the purpose of obtaining an external reward -Should be suspected when there are inconsistencies between the individual's test or subtest scores, behavioral observations and test results, and/or information obtain from the individual and from collateral sources

narcolepsy

-Must experience cataplexy (brief loss of muscle tone), deficiency of hypocretin (hormone regulating sleep), REM latency (< or = to 15 min) -Often experience hypnogogic (falling asleep) or hypnopompic (waking up) hallucinations

MMPI-2 3-Point Codes

-Neurotic Triad or Conversion V: high scales 1 and 3 with lower scale 2; indicates somatization, lack of insight, chronic pain -Paranoid Valley or Psychotic V: high scales 6 and 8 with lower scale 7; indicates delusions, hallucinations, disordered thought

IQ Differences related to Gender

-No differences in average performance -Females do better on some measures of verbal ability -Males do better on some measures of spatial and mathematical skills -Evidence for both biological and environmental factors impacting performance

Types of Scoring

-Norm-Referenced: comparison between an examinee's scores and the scores of the norm group; percentile ranks, standard scores -Criterion-Referenced: domain or content referenced; scores based on what the examinee can do or knows with regard to clearly defined content; percent correct -Self-Referenced: ipsative; intra-individual comparison of scores; relative strengths or weaknesses

Direct Observation

-Observational study; method of collecting evaluative information in which the evaluator watches the participant in their usual environment to evaluate ongoing behavior processes; can be overt or covert -Structured: most appropriate when standardized information needs to be gathered and results in quantitative data -Unstructured: provides qualitative data -Disadvantages can include participant and observer bias

Self-Report

-One of the most common data collection methods -Advantages include quick production and scoring, and low cost -Disadvantages can include weaker reliability and validity

genito-pelvic pain/penetration dx

-Persistent or recurrent dif w/ vaginal penetration: pain during intercourse or attempts, anx about pain, tensing of pelvic floor muscles during attempts TXx may include relaxation training, manual stimulation to associate pleasure w/ activty, and/or progressive dilation of vagina w/ dilators

DID

-Person experiences a disruption to his or her identity as a reflected by at least two seperate personality states or experiences of possession. -Person repeatedly experiences memory gaps regarding daily events key personnel information or traumatic events beyond ordinary forgetting -Significant distress or impairment -The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

persistant depressive disorder

-Person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years - during the 2 year period symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time - no history of mania or hypomania - significant distress or impairment

tx for anorexia nervosa

-Potential hospitalization to return to normal weight -CBT to ensure maintenance of weight gain & healthy eating and alter faulty thinking -Family tx to identify & address underlying causes

Psychological Assessment

-Process of using psychological tests, clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and other assessment tools to gather data on an individual's cognitive, social, and behavioral functioning for the purpose of description, classification, prediction, and intervention

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence

-Proposed a general intellectual factor (g) -Argued that performance on any cognitive task depends on g plus one or more specific factors (s) unique to the task

Empirical Criterion Keying Method of Test Construction

-Proposed test items are administered to appropriate criterion groups, and items that distinguish between groups are included in the test -Ex: MMPI, MCMI

Stroop Color-Word Association Test

-Purpose: assesses the degree to which examinees can suppress a prepotent (habitual) response in favor of an unusual one' measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and response inhibition; sensitive to frontal lobe damage; poor performance associated with ADHD, mania, depression, schizophrenia -Administration: examinee presented with list of words; must say color of word instead of word

Rancho Scale of Cognitive Functioning Revised

-Purpose: developed as a measure of cognitive recovery during the first weeks to months following a head injury -Scoring: 10 levels of functioning that describe response and level of assistance required; lower levels indicate poorer functioning

Tower of London

-Purpose: measures attention, memory, and executive functioning; poor performance linked to frontal lobe damage, ADHD, autism, depression -Administration: requires examinee to move disks, one at a time, to end up at a particular goal configuration

Graduate Record Exam (GRE)

-Purpose: measures general scholastic ability to evaluate examinee's readiness for grad school -General Test: provides scores for analytical writing, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning -Subject Tests: available for 8 disciplines

Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)

-Purpose: screening test for cognitive impairment in older adults -Administration: assess 6 aspects of cognitive functioning (orientation, immediate recall, attention/calculation, delayed recall, language, visual construction) -Scoring: max score of 30; scores below 23/24 indicate cognitive impairment

Glasgow Coma Scale

-Purpose: used to assess level of consciousness following brain injury -Administration: rating of the patient in terms of visual response, best motor response, and best verbal response -Scoring: ranges from 3-15, with lower scores indicating more severe brain injury; scores of 3-8 indicate an unconscious state

Holland's Self-Directed Search Themes (RIASEC)

-Realistic (R): preferences are technical, physical, mechanical, and outdoor activity -Investigative (I): preferences are scientific, mathematical, analytical, and scholarly -Artistic (A): preferences are music, art, writing, drama, and other creative activities -Social (S): preferences are activities that involve working with and helping others -Enterprising (E): preferences are activities that include competition, management, sales, and public speaking -Conventional (C): preferences are structured, unambiguous activities that involve organizing data, attending to detail, and following through on instructions

Reliability vs Validity

-Reliability: degree to which test scores are free from the effects of measurement error Validity: degree to which a test measures what it was designed to measure

Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT)

-SAT Reasoning Test (SAT-I): used to predict college success of high school seniors; consists of critical reading, mathematics, and writing sections -SAT Subject Test (SAT-II): assesses knowledge in english, history, math, science, and languages -Scoring: scores range from 200-800, with 500 indicating examinee answered half of items correctly -Validity: writing section is best predictor of first-year college GPA; somewhat less accurate for predicting college GPA of examinees who scored in the mid-range than on extremes

Slope Bias vs Intercept Bias

-Slope bias: occurs when there is differential validity (different validity coefficients for different groups), making the predictor more accurate for one group than another -Intercept bias: occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ, resulting in the predictor under- or over-estimating performance on the criterion for one group

Carroll's Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence

-Stratum III: generalized intelligence (g) -Stratum II: 8 broad abilities including fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning -Stratum I: specific abilities each linked to one of the second stratum abilities

Guilford's Convergent and Divergent Thinking

-Structure-of-intellect model -Convergent: relies on rational, logical reasoning and involves the use of logical judgement and consideration of facts to derive the correct solution to a problem; focus of intelligence tests -Divergent: involves non-logical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions

Structured vs Unstructured Interview

-Structured: fixed set of close questions; easier to replicate and test for reliability; not as flexible and answers may lack detail -Unstructured: more flexible; questions can be adapted as needed; generate a lot of qualitative data; time consuming; interviewers need more training

Confluence Model

-Studies have found a relationship between family size, birth order, and IQ, with children's IQ scores decreasing from first born to last born -First borns may show an advantage because they do not initially have to share the parent's attention, are exposed to more adult language, and are more likely to act as "tutors" to the younger siblings

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

-Successful intelligence is the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and the goals of society -Composed of three abilities: analytical, creative, and practical -Intelligence tests focus on analytical ability

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - F (Frequency)

-T-score >=100 means invalid -High score: deviant or atypical response patterns; can signal attempts to "fake bad," significant pathology, or random responding -Low score: attempts to "fake good," social conformity, denial or problems, or absence of significant pathology

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)

-T-score >=80 suggests invalid profile -Additional measure of consistency; consists of paired items that are the opposite of each other

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)

-T-score >=80 suggests invalid profile -Measure of consistency in responding; consists of paired items that would be expected to be answered in the same direction

Logical Content Method of Test Construction

-Test items are derived on the basis of reason and deductive logic, which may or may not be guided by a theory of personality -Ex: Edwards Personal Preference Schedule

Standardization

-The examinee's responses, the apparatus, and the scoring have been fixed so the scores collected at different times and places are fully comparable; any deviations from standardized administration and scoring may result in invalid conclusions -The test has been administered under standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of establishing norms; the greater the discrepancy between the examinee and the norm group, the less likely the test results will be valid

Heritability Estimate

-The proportion of variability in intelligence due to inherited factors -Most range from .60-.80, which means 32%-64% of variability in intelligence is due to genetic factors -Can only be used to described heritability within groups, not within an individual or between groups

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3)

-Theory: assesses the Big Five Personality traits, as well as facets of each trait; original identification of these traits was based on an atheoretical lexical approach -Research has found the five-factor model is replicable across cultures, although some cultures differ in strength of certain traits

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)

-Theory: based on Murray's personality theory of 15 basic needs -Administration: forced choice format -Scoring: item pairing helps control for social desirability effects; creates ipsative scores that allow comparison of relative strength of the 15 basic needs within an individual examinee

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

-Theory: based on Murray's theory of need -Administration: examinee is asked to make up a story about each picture card -Scoring: Murray's system involves identifying the hero and evaluating the frequency, intensity, and duration of needs, environmental pressures, and outcomes -Research suggests it has low utility for specific diagnostic classification, but can be useful for gross diagnostic distinctions and as a "wide-band" measure of personality

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

-Theory: based on work of Jung; described personality in terms of 4 bipolar dimensions (Introversion-Extroversion; Sensing-Intuition; Thinking-Feeling; Judging-Perceiving) -Interpretation: examinee is classified in terms of 16 personality types that represent varying combinations of the dimensions -Often used in career counseling

Raven's Progressive Matrices

-Theory: designed to be a culture-fair, nonverbal measure of general intelligence (g) -Administration: requires examinee to solve problems involving abstract figures and designs by indicating which of several choices complete a given matrix -Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM): age 6+ -Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM): shorter and easier version designed for children age 5-11, older adults, and individuals with mental or physical impairments -Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM): designed for adolescence and adults with above-average intelligence

Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

-Theory: factor analysis identified 16 primary personality traits -Scoring: provides 16 primary scales, 5 global scales, and 3 validity scales -Interpretation: examinee's profile can be compared to profiles associated with specific groups (e.g., delinquents, neurotics)

Flynn Effect

-Until the 2000s, IQ test scores consistently increased by at least 3 points per decade in the US and other industrialized countries, seemingly due to increases in fluid intelligence -Believed to be the result of environmental factors and not genetics -Research conducted post-2000 suggests the Flynn effect has stopped or reversed (in US, it has continued for individuals with IQs ranging from 70-109, but reversed for individuals with IQs >110)

Seattle Longitudinal Study (Schaie)

-Used a cross-sequential design that combined cross-sectional and longitudinal methods -Demonstrated that cross-sectional studies are more likely to demonstrate age-related declines in IQ, due to confounding effects of educational effects between age cohorts (e.g., younger cohorts tend to be better educated than older cohorts) -Longitudinal methods found that for most people, only perceptual speed declines substantially prior to age 60, while other abilities remain relatively stable until 70-75

MMPI-2 Validity Scales - F Back (Fb)

-Used to identify attempts to "fake bad" on the last 197 items -Interpreted similarly to F

Psychophysiological Measures

-Used to observe physiological functions which can often describe the emotional state of an individual -Advantages include ability to analyze momentary experiences without intervening in the interaction while it occurs -Disadvantages can include monetary expense and that not every momentary experience may be important

Psychomotor Tests of Specific Aptitudes

-Usually designed to assess speed, coordination, and motor responses -Generally have low validity due to practice effects and high degree of specificity -Purdue Pegboard; Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test

MMPI-2 Validity Scales Patterns

-V-shaped LFK: suggest attempts to "fake good;" common pattern in child custody litigations -High F with high F-K: "faking bad," malingering -L and K ~50 with slightly elevated F and high/low scores on alternative scale: malingering -High F and high scores on all clinical scales: random responding to test items -L and K <50 with elevated F and right side clinical scales: examinee answered all items "true" -Elevated LFK and left side clinical scales: examinee answered all items "false"

Wonderlic Tests

-Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT-R): 12 minute, group test of cognitive ability for adults containing 50 verbal, numerical, and spatial items; primarily used by employers to assist with hiring decisions -Wonderlic Basic Skills Test (WBST): 40 minute, group test which assesses job-related verbal and math skills ; used by educational institutions and employers to evaluate employability for entry-level positions

Etiology of Alzheimer's

-abnormal genes on chromosomes -deficiency in ACh (memory impairment) structural brain abnormalities in neuritic plaques & neurofibrillary tangles in medial temporal structures (hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex)

hypertension

-affects 1/3 of adult pop -important risk factor for cardiovascular disease -"silent killer" often no sxs -primary: most common, cause unknown, linked to older age, obesity, chronic stress, fam hx, cig smoking, hi sodium intake -secondary: 2nday to other condition (kidney disease, blocked arteries, diabetes, endocrine dxs, pregnancy, sleep apnea)

MDD

-atypical: signif weight gain/inc appetite, hypersomnia, paralysis, pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity -peripartum onset: sxs began during pregnancy or w/in 4 weeks postpartum -seasonal: consistently occurs fall into winter & sxs include lack of energy, hypersomnia, inc appetite/ weight gain & carb cravings

loss of volition

-avolition (apathy adn an inability to start or complete a course of action) -ambuvalence (conflicting feelings, about most things)

tx for separation anxiety dx

-behavioral tx that incorporates systematic desensitization & contingency management -CBT for older children that focuses on identifying & replacing maladaptive beliefs & attitudes

resticted affect

-blunted affect (show less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people) -flat affect (show no emotions at all) anhedonia (lack of enjoynment)

Tx for Alzheimer's

-bx strategies dec prob bxs -antipsychotics dec agitation -antidep alleviate depression -env manipulation & meds inc cog functioning & reduce breakdown of ACh (donepezil, galantamine) -education, skills training & support for family -> better outcomes

etiology of OCD

-heredity, -low serotonin level -abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex & caudate nucleus

gender dysphoria

-children: strong pref for cross-gender roles during play, playmates of & toys & activities used by opp gender -adol & adults: strong desire to be treated as opp gender & conviction that has typical feelings & reactions of opp gender

tx for ptsd

-cognitive processing therapy: psychoed, exposure, cog restruct -EMDR also effective, likely due to exposure to feared stimuli

tx for mdd

-combo of meds (TCA, SSRI, MAOI) & tx (CBT, IPT) -ECT effective for severe depression resistant to antidepressants (side effects reduced when admin to right hemisphere)

disruptive mood dysregulation dx

-combo of severe & recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to sit re:intensity or duration AND persistently irritable/angry mood b/w bursts -sxs for 12+ months in 2/3 settings (home, school, peers) -outbursts 3+ times/week -dx after 6 years but before 18, sxs before 10

Intellectual Disability (ID)

-deficits in reasoning, problem solving, etc. -deficits in adaptive functioning that w/o support impair func across settings -onset during developmental period

persistent depressive dx

-depressed mood on most days for 2+ years in adults or 1+ years in youth -must not be w/o sxs for 2+ months

biological treatments for substance use disorder

-detoxification; systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug. -antagonist drug; drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug. (disulfiram (antabuse) for alcohol. narcotic antagonists )naloxone) for opioid use. methadone maintenance programs to treat heroin addictions.

Substance Disorders

-disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse that cause cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes.

disorganized thinking and speech

-do not think logically. -formal thought disorder (cause great confusion and make communication extremley difficult)take -form of postive symptoms. -loose assotications or derailment (most common form/ rapidly shift from one topic to another -beleiving that thier incoherent statements make sense) -neologism (made up words) -perseveration (repeat teh same words agian adn again) -clang (rhyme their words)

schizophreniform dx

-duration 1+ month but < 6 months -impaired func not required

relapse prevention tx

-essential tx substance use dx -describes addiction as overlearned habit pattern -proposes reduced risk for relapse when view lapse as result of specific, external & controllable factors; lapse = learning experience; teach CBT startegies to prevent lapses & cope more successfully -75% lapses: - emotional states, interpersonal conflict, social pressure

etiology of LD

-exposure to toxins (lead) -early malnutrition -food allergies -hemispheric abnormalities -cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction due to otitis media (for example)

etiology of bipolar I dx

-family hx is strongest predictor, w/ degree of risk inc w/ degree of kinship -life stressors can precipitate onset & may increase risk for relapse

etiology of anorexia nervosa

-family: upper & middle class; domineering, overprotective and/or depressed mother, uninvolved father, emphasis on weight & dieting in home, perfectionists who set hi standards & are preoccupied w/ orderliness & mental/ interpersonal control -heredity, endocrine & NT abnormalities: hi serotonin levels cause irritability, anx, & obsessional thinking

tx for bulimia nervosa

-goal: restore normal eating bxs, maintain those bxs, alleviate family & individual factors underlying dx -CBT, family/couple tx, nutritional counseling -antidepressants useful for reducing impulses, but less effective than CBT

etiology of antisocial PD

-heredity -family characteristics (highly negative parenting bx w/ low warmth & inconsistency) -personality lacks empathy -lower than normal autonomic response to threatening stimuli

ASD

-impairments in social comm in multiple settings -restricted, repetitive bx patterns, interests & activities -onset during early dev -impair func as result of sxs Level 1- requiring support Level 2- req sub support Level 3- req very sub support

etiology of schizophrenia

-inc volume in lateral & 3rd ventricles -reduced size of hippocampus & amygdala -hypofrontality (dec activity in prefrontal cortex) -dopamine hypothesis: elevated dopamine levels/oversensitive receptors -less than 1% of gen pop, higher among first-degree relatives

More than _% individuals who have a single manic episode go on to have recurrent mood episodes?

90%

anorexia nervosa

-individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very low and below that of other people of similar age and gender - individual is very fearful of gaining weight, or repeatedly seeks to prevent weight gain despite low body weight - individual has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in judgements of herself or himself or fails to appreciate the serious implications of her or his low weight.

tx for hypertension

-lifestyle changes: weight reduction, healthy diet, sodium restriction, regular phys activity, stress reduction, smoking cessation, moderation of alcohol use -meds: diuretics, anti-adrenergics, direct acting vasodilators, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, angiotensin-receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors

etiology & tx for insomnia dx

-major life events or chronic daily stress -benzo/antihistamine and CBT including: sleep restriction (time in bed), stimulus control (cues for sleep), sleep hygiene education, relaxation training or cognitive restructuring

conversion dx

1+ sx involving alteration in voluntary motor or sensory function and is incompatible w/ neurological & medical conditions, warranting med eval. AKA functional neurological sx dx

female orgasmic dx

-marked delay in, infrequency of, or absence of orgasm or markedly reduced intensity of sensations during all or almost all occasions -tx may include sensate focus, directed masturbation, & Kegel exercises

tx for ocd

-meds: clomipramine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, SSRI -ERP or CBT

psychomotor symptoms

-move slow -make awakward movements or repeated grimaces and odd gestures that seem to have private purpose -catatonia (extreme form of psychomotor symptoms/ catatonic stupor, rigidity, posturing) -catonic stupor (stop responding to their evnvironment and remain motionless and silent for long streches of time) - catatonic rigidity (maintain a rigid upright posture for hours an resist efforts to be moved) -catatonic posturing ( assuming awakard bizarre postitions for long periods of time) -catatonic excitement ( move excitedly sometimes wildy waving their arms and legs)

somatic sx dx

1+ sxs cause distress or signif disruption in daily life w/ disproportionate & persistent thoughts about sxs, hi level anx about health or sxs, excessive time & energy devoted to sxs or health concerns

cyclothymic dx

-multiple hypomanic episodes & multiple episodes of dep sxs that do not meet criteria for dep episodes -sxs 2+ years in adults or 1+ years in children -sxs present at least half time, person must not be w/o sxs for more than 2 months

bulimia nervosa

-onset commonly in adol or young adulthood & often follows episode of strict dieting or exposure to multiple stressful life events -physical consequences: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic alkalosis,/acidosis, esophageal damage, dental problems, menstrual irregularities

anorexia nervosa

-onset commonly in adol or young adulthood & often follows exposure to stressful life event -physical consequences: intolerance to cold, low white blood cell count, anemia, abdominal pain & constipation, hypotension, hypothermia, bradycardia, osteoporosis, dental prob, emenorrhea

tx for childhood-onset fluency dx

-reduce stress, disagreements & unrealistic demands for younger children -habit reversal training for older children: awareness training, competing response training (deep breathing), social support

depersonalization/derealization dx

-sense of unreality, detachment or being outside observer of one's own thoughts, feelings, actions -sense of unreality or detachment in one's surroundings

tx for premature ejaculation

-sex tx including: sensate focus (nondemand pleasuring) to reduce perf anx and start-stop or squeeze technique to inc control over reflex -sertraline, fluoxetine, other SSRI due to lo serotonin levels

What are sxs of alcohol withdrawal delirium? * note - this is the specifier w/perceptual disturbances

-significant disturbances in attention, awareness, cognition BUT intact reality testing -delirium tremens -may include hallucinations, delusions, autonomic hyperactivity, agitation

bipolar II dx

1+ hypomanic episode (not severe enough to cause marked impair or require hosp) plus 1 major dep episode

Integrated ASD treatments (preferred model: multidimensional & comprehensive)

-special education focusing on communication - Use of medication - Offer family support

depersonalization derealization disorder

-symptoms are persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization and deralization. - cause considerable distress -may impair social relationships and job performances.

bipolar I dx

1+ manic episode for 1+ week that causes impairment in functioning, requires hospitalization, or includes psychotic features

Delusional Dx

1+ months w/ false belief(s) that are maintained despite conflicting evidence. Overall functioning is not markedly impaired, though negative impact is directly related to false beliefs, which can be erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, or unspecified

prognosis of ASD

-usually apparent by 2 years of age w/ early sxs being delays in lang & lack of social interest -best prognosis: func lang by age 5, IQ>70, later onset of sxs, absence of comorbid dxs

prognosis of childhood-onset fluency dx

-usually begins b/w 2-7 -65-85% children recover w/ sxs severity at age 8 a good predictor of persistence of dx

According to the diagnostic criteria of substance use disorders, there needs to be at least 2 or > sxs for 12 > mos, w/sxs falling into four general groups of impairment. What are those four groups?

1) impaired control 2) social impairment 3) risky use 4) pharmacological criteria

What is sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic intoxication?

1 > of: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired cognition, stupor/coma

What is somatic symptom disorder?

1 > somatic sx causing distress or disruption in ADLs excessive thoughts, feelings, behaviors re to sx(s): 1. disproportionate/persistent thoughts, 2. high anxiety, 3. excessive time/energy

What is conversion disorder (functional neurological sx disorder)?

1 > sxs of alteration in voluntary motor or sensory function incompatible w/known neurological and medical conditions

MMPI CLINICAL SCALES

1 Hypochondriasis (Hs) 2 Depression (D) 3 Hysteria (Hy) 4 Psychopatic Deviate (Pd) 5 Masculinity Femenity (Mf) 6 Paranoia (Pa) 7 Psychastenia (Pf) 8 Schizophrenia (Sc) 9 Hypomania (Ma) 0 Social Introversion (Si)

What is erectile disorder?

1 of 3 sxs 75-100% of the time: difficulty in obtaining erection difficulty maintaining erection decrease in erectile rigidity

What are factors to consider for sexual disorders?

1) Partner factors 2) relationship factors 3) individual vulnerability factors, psychiatric comorbidity or stressors 4) cultural or religious factors 5) medical factors relevant to prognosis, course, treatment

What are the 10 classes of drugs that substance related and addictive disorders encompasses?

1) alcohol 2) caffeine 3) cannabis 4) hallucinogens 5) inhalants 6) opioids 7) sedatives 8) hypnotics and anxiolytics 9) stimulants 10) tobacco 11) other/unknown substances

Intellectual Disability

1. Deficits in intellectual functioning (reasoning, problem solving, academic learning, learning from experience) 2. Deficits in adaptive functioning across multiple areas of ADLs (communication, social participation, IDLs) 3. Onset in developmental period

Stanford-Binet Cognitive Factors

1. Fluid Reasoning (FR; object series-matrices, early reasoning, verbal absurdities, verbal analogies) 2. Knowledge (KN; procedural knowledge, picture absurdities, vocabulary) 3. Quantitative Reasoning (QR; quantitative reasoning verbal and non-verbal) 4. Visual-Spatial Processing (VS; form board, form patterns, position and direction) 5. Working Memory (WM; delayed response, block span, memory for sentences, last word)

MMPI-2 Clinical Scales

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs): preoccupation with physical symptoms 2. Depression (D): depression, hopelessness, dissatisfaction with self 3. Hysteria (Hy): repression, denial, immaturity, somatic complaints 4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): antisocial behavior, rebelliousness, social alienation 5. Masculinity-Femininity: stereotypic masculine or feminine interests 6. Paranoia (Pa): paranoia, cynicism, interpersonal sensitivity 7. Psychasthenia (Pt): anxiety, obsessions, compulsions 8. Schizophrenia (Sc): psychosis, unusual thought processes, social alienation 9. Hypomania (Ma): unstable mood, impulsivity, grandiosity, flight of ideas 0. Social Introversion (Si): shyness, social withdrawal or avoidance

Define obsessions

1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted, and cause marked anxiety/distress 2. Attempts to ignore/suppress them or neutralize through compulsion

Define Compulsions

1. Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly 2. Acts aimed to reduce anxiety/distress; excessive, not realistic

Substance Intoxication

1. Reversible, substance-specific symptoms or problematic behavioral or psychological changes caused by recent ingestion of or exposure to a substance. This symptom picture often involves disturbances in perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor behavior, and interpersonal behavior. 2. Substance specific, significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes caused by the effects of the substance on the central nervous system, including symptoms such as emotional lability, impaired judgment, and impaired motor control. * Substance intoxication is common in individuals with Substance Use Disorders, but also frequently occurs in individuals without a substance use disorder.

Substance Withdrawal

1. The presence of symptom-specific symptoms or problematic behavioral changes accompanied by cognitive and physiological features, caused by the cessation or reduction of substance use that previously was quite prolonged and/or intense. 2. These symptom-specific symptoms result in significant distress or impairment in functioning. (A diagnosis of withdrawal can be applied in the case of the following substances: alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics. Often the signs of withdrawal are in many ways the opposite of the signs of intoxication.)

WAIS-IV Indexes and Subtests

1. Working Memory Index (WMI): initial registration and mental manipulation of stimuli (digit span, arithmetic, letter-number sequencing) 2. Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI): retrieval of verbal information from long-term memory and reasoning with verbal information (vocabulary, similarities, information, comprehension) 3. Processing Speed Index (PSI): verbal, motor, and visual-motor processing speed (symbol search, coding, cancellation) 4. Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI): reasoning with nonverbal, visual stimuli (block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, figure weights, picture completion)

What is the first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) as it re to stress?

1. alarm hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis is activated by stressor -> adrenal medulla releases more catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) -> more blood glucose level, heart respiration, muscle tension -> energy needed to cope w/stress

What are the criteria for with seasonal pattern when using this specifier for major depressive episodes?

1. applied to recurrent major depressive mood episodes when onset occurs at particular time of the year 2. usually beginning of fall, continues into winter 3. full remission of sxs during time of year 4. pattern has been observed for 2 years

What does criterion A of substance use disorders cover?

1. impaired control: a) take substance in larger amounts or over longer period than intended b)persistent desire to cut down , multiple unsuccessful attempts c)spend a lot of time acquiring substance, using it or recovering d)craving-more in environment drug previously used-classical conditioning 2. social impairment: a) failure to fulfill role obligations at work/school/home b) continue using despite recurrent interpersonal problems c)social/occupational activities reduced due to substance -withdraw from family/hobbies 3. risky use: a)recurrent substance use in situations where it is physically hazardous b)continue using despite recurrent physical/psychological problem caused by use 4.pharmacological criteria: a)tolerance-see if high blood levels with little intoxication but also individual b)Withdrawal-consume substance to relieve symptoms

Autism Spectrum Disorder

1. impairments in social communication and interaction - lack of social-emotional reciprocity - deficit nonverbal communication - deficits in social communication - deficits in relationships 2. restricted, repetitive behavior patterns, interests, activities - stereotyped movements - sameness - hyper- or hypo-sensitivity to sensory input

What is obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea?

1. polysomnographic evidence of at least 5 obstructive apneas (total absence of airflow) or hypopneas (reduced airflow) per hr/sleep and either: nocturnal breathing disturbances OR daytime sleepiness/un-refreshing sleep OR 2. polysomnographic evidence of 15 or more apneas/hypoapneas

According to Lazarus and Folkman's transaction model of stress, what is the first type of cognitive appraisal to stress?

1. primary person's evaluation of the relevance of the event factors - values, beliefs, expectations 3 conclusions: 1) the event is irrelevant, 2) positive-benign, 3 ) challenging-harmful/threatening * if 1/2 - no stress reaction ** if 3 - secondary appraisal occurs

What is the essential feature of psychological factors affecting other medical conditions?

1. there is a medical sx/condition and 2. attitudes/behaviors have a negative effect on the medical disorder (i.e., increasing the risk, interfering w/treatment, exacerbating the medical sxs)

What is the M to F ratio of bipolar?

1.1 : 1

What is hypertension?

1/3 of adult population risk factor for cardiovascular disease silent killer, asymptomatic 2 types: primary/essential & secondary

What are the concordance rates for schizophrenia in biological siblings?

10%

What are the concordance rates for schizophrenia being a child of one parent w/the dx vs two parents w/the dx?

13% vs. 46%

According to the DSM, approximately what percentage of people with Major Depressive Disorder die by suicide?

15%

obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea

15+ obstructive apneas (abs of airflow) or hypopneas (reduc of airflow) per hour of sleep w/ disturb in noc breathing (snoring, snorting, breathing pauses) and/or sleepiness/ fatigue or unrefreshing sleep despite opportunities

What are the concordance rates for schizophrenia in dizygotic/fraternal vs. monozygotic/identical twins?

17% vs. 48%

What is sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic withdrawal?

2 > of: autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea, VH/AH, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, grand mal seizures

What are sxs of alcohol withdrawal?

2 > of: autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea, VH/AH/tactile H, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, tonic-clonic seizures

What is cannabis intoxication?

2 > of: conjunctival injection (red eyes), increased appetite, dry mouth, tachycardia

What is inhalant intoxication?

2 > of: dizziness, nystagmus, incoordination, slurred speech, unsteady gait, lethargy, depressed reflexes, psychomotor retardation, tremor, muscle weakness, blurred vision, stupor/coma, euphoria

What is stimulant intoxication?

2 > of: tachycardia/bradycardia, dilated pupils, BP changes, sweat, chills, nausea, weight loss, agitation/psychomotor retardation, respiratory depression, muscle weakness, confusion/seizures

What is phencyclidine/PCP (hallucinogen) intoxication?

2 > of: vertical/horizontal nystagmus (eye movements), hypertension/tachycardia, numbness, ataxia (loss of control of body move), dysarthria (unclear speech), muscle rigidity, seizures/coma, hyperacusis (hearing hyper-sensitivity)

What is gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults?

2 > sxs for 6 > mos: - marked incongruence between experienced gender and sex characteristics - strong desire to rid primary sex characteristic d/t incongruence - strong desire for sex character. of other gender - strong desire to be other gender - strong desire to be treated as other gender - strong conviction of having thoughts/feelings of the other gender

What are the criteria for with anxious distress specifier to bipolar/depressive disorders?

2 or > anxious distress sxs occurring during the majority of days during current mood episode: keyed up/tense, restless, concentration, fear of something bad, feeling loss of control

Schizophrenia

2+ characteristic sxs (1+ delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech) for 1+ month, but continuous sign of dx for 6+ months with impairment

What is the second stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) as it re to stress?

2. resistance if stress continues -> hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -> adrenal cortex releases cortisol -> maintenance of high blood glucose levels -> increase metabolism of fats and proteins -> continued response to stressor

According to Lazarus and Folkman's transaction model of stress, what is the second type of cognitive appraisal to stress?

2. secondary (primary appraisal suggested that person evaluated event as challenging-harmful/threatening_ person's evaluation of whether resources and abilities are sufficient to cope * if determined adequate - no stress resp ** if not adequate - stress resp

What percent of people over age 85 have dementia?

20%

What is the male to female gender ratio for ADHD in children?

2:1; more common in males than females

What are sxs of caffeine withdrawal?

3 > of: HAs, fatigue, dysphoric/irritable mood, concentration prob, flu-like sxs

What is cannabis withdrawal?

3 > of: irritability, nerves/anxiety, sleep prob, low appetite/weight loss, restless, depression, physical sxs (stomach pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, HA)

acute stress dx

3 days-1 month

Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)

3-12 months Assesses selective attention to stimuli Identify cognitive impairments

According to Lazarus and Folkman's transaction model of stress, what is the third type of cognitive appraisal to stress?

3. cognitive continuous monitoring of the situation use of new info to modify primary (is it a threat) and secondary (do I have adequate ability to cope) appraisals reappraisal can result in increase or decrease in stress response

What is the third stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) as it re to stress?

3. exhaustion prolonged stress -> pituitary gland & adrenal glands lose ability to maintain elevated hormone levels -> physical reserves deplete -> mental, physical exhaustion

etiology for ID

30% chromosome abnormal (Downs, toxins) 15-20% env factors or other MI (deprivation, ASD) 10% pregnancy or perinatal complications 5% heredity 5% med conditions during infancy or youth 30-40% unknown strongest predictor=lo birth weight

What is tobacco withdrawal?

4 > of: irritability, anxiety, concentration prob, more appetite, restless, depressed mood, insomnia

What is central sleep apnea?

5 > central apneas/hr of sleep periodically doesn't breathe at all, or breathes so shallowly that oxygen intake is ineffectual compared to obstructive where struggles to breathe but is unable to inhale effectively because airway has collapsed

What are sxs of caffeine intoxication?

5 > of: restless, nerves, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, GI, muscle twitching, rambling thoughts/speech, tachycardia, excessive energy, psychomotor agitation

prevalence of ADHD

5% children, 2.5% adults male female ratio -2:1 children -1.6:1 adults -15% of youth continue to meet dx in adulthood -60% experience sxs that impact other aspects of life

What are common comorbid problems experienced by children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD?

50% meet criteria for Conduct Disorder, 25% have emotional disorder, 20% have Learning Disorder, and others experience social maladjustment, motor incoordination, and visual/audio impairments

What is gender dysphoria in children?

6 > sxs for 6 > mos: - strong desire to be other gender - in boys - cross dressing/female attire; in girls - typical masculine clothing/resistance of female clothing - strong preference for cross-gender roles in plays - strong preference for toys, games, activities engaged by other gender - strong preference for playmates of other gender - in boys - rejection of masculine toys/rough house play; in girls - rejection of feminine toys/activities - strong dislike of sexual anatomy - strong desire for primary/secondary sex characteristics that match experienced gender

What are the sexual dysfunction disorders?

6 mo of: 1) Delayed ejaculation 75-100% of time 2) erectile disorder -obtaining, maintaining 3) female orgasmic disorder-infrequency or less intensity 4) female sexual interest/arousal disorder 5) Genito pelvic pain/penetration disorder 6)male hypoactive sexual desire disorder 7)premature ejaculation 8) substance/med induced sexual dysfunction 9)other specified/unspecified

How long must specific learning disorder problems persist for?

6+ months

Approximately _% of manic episodes occur immediately before a depressive episode?

60%

What is prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in cases of dementia?

60-90% of all dementia cases; prevalence increases w/age

Thurston

7 different mental abilities

Onset of symptoms must be before what age, and for what duration, in order to assign an ADHD diagnosis?

7 y/o and for a duration of at least 6 months; also, symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings

On average, what is the duration from onset to death for Alzheimer's disease?

8-10 years; some can live up to 20 years

Functional Behavioral Assessment

A behavioral strategy that seeks to determine the purpose or function that a particular behavior serves—what is occasioning and maintaining the behavior. identifies the antecedents and consequences of behavior

Substance Use Disorders (SUD)

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological sxs that indicate continued use despite adverse consequences. Can occur with all substances except caffeine. Criteria include a problematic pattern of use leading to significant impairment or distress, as manifest by least two within a 12 month period: the substance is consumed in larger amounts over longer period of time than was intended; a persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down use; significant time spent in trying to get, use or recover from effects of the substance; cravings; failing to meet major role obligations; continued use despite recurrent social or interpersonal problems; other important activities are cut down; use in situations that are physically dangerous; use is continued in spite of awareness of physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by the substance; tolerance (need more to get effects); or withdrawal (characteristic withdrawal sxs or taking the substance to relive or avoid withdrawal). Represent four groupings: impaired control with regard to the substance, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria. Current severity is specify based on the number of symptoms endorsed: mild (2-3 symptoms), moderate (4-5 symptoms), and severe (6+ symptoms). Specifiers: in early remission (only cravings present for at least 3 months but less than 12 months), in sustained remission (no symptoms except cravings for 12 months or longer), and in a controlled environment.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A depressed mood on most days for at least two years in adults or one year in children/adolescents as indicated by the presence of at least two of the following depressive symptoms

Panic attacks

A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort that come on abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes accompanied by four or more physical and/or cognitive symptoms. May be expected or unexpected. Limited-symptom panic attacks have fewer than four symptoms. Can be used as a specifier for anything Zaidi disorder as well as other mental disorders. Those that are co occur with another mental disorder are associated with increased symptom severity, higher rates of suicide, and poorer treatment response.

Hypomanic Episode

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy

Delirium

A disturbance in attention and awareness. Onset is a rapid and course tends to fluctuate. Includes a cognitive disturbance. Specifiers: substance intoxication delirium, substance withdrawal delirium, medication induced delirium, delirium due to another medical condition, and delirium due to multiple etiologies. Common causes include infections, metabolic disorders (low blood sugar, renal disease), post-operative states, and substance intoxication. The majority recover fully, with or without treatment; early intervention shortens the duration of the delirium. Untreated delirium may progress to coma, seizures, or death.

Test-Teach-Test (TTT)

A lesson design in which learners first perform a task, which the teacher uses to assess learners' specific needs. They are then taught whatever they need in order to re-do the task more effectively. a type of dynamic assessment

What is catatonic behavior?

A marked decrease in reactivity to the environment. Ranges from resistance to instructions (negativism), maintaining rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture to complete lack of verbal/motor responses (mutism/stupor), stereotyped movements, staring, grimacing, echoing speech or excessive motor without cause (excited type)

How do you diagnose schizoaffective disorder?

A mood episode and the active phase symptoms of schizophrenia occur together and were preceded or are followed by at least 2 weeks of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms. Symptoms that meet criteria for major mood episode are present for majority of total duration of the active and residual portions of illness

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams

Cluster A: schizoid personality disorder

A pattern of detachment from an indifference to social relationships and a restricted range of emotions as evidenced by: neither desires nor enjoys close relationships; usually chooses solitary activities; has minimal interest in sexual experiences; experiences little pleasure in activities; lacks close friends; appears indifferent to praise; is cold, detached or affectively flat. (Doesn't want relationships & has no emotion- impaired affect & interpersonal functioning)

Cluster B: BPD

A pattern of instability of mood, interpersonal relationships, and self image, as well as significant impulsivity as indicated by five or more: efforts to avoid abandonment; intense, unstable relationships characterized by idealization and evaluation; unstable self image; impulsivity in two areas that are potentially damaging (spending, sex, substance abuse); recurrent suicidal or self mutilating behavior; have affective instability; chronic feelings of emptiness; inappropriate anger; transient paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms (stress related)

Cluster C: avoidant personality disorder

A pattern of social inhibition, feelings inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation by four more: avoids occupational activities due to fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection; generally unwilling to get involved with others unless certain of being like; restrained in intimate relationship due to fear or shame you; preoccupied with concerns of rejection and criticism and social situations; inhibited in new situations due to a sense of inadequacy; views self as social inept or inferior; reluctant to take risks or trying to things because of potential embarrassment.

Hypomanic episode

A period of elevated, expensive, or irritable mood as well as increased activity or energy that lasts at least four days and is present most days nearly every day. Three or more of the following symptoms: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, distractibility, increased go directed activity or psycho motor agitation and involvement in activities that have a high likelihood of adverse consequences. Distinct from a manic episode in that it is not severe enough to impaired functioning or require hospitalization

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules are violated. At least three must be present in the past 12 months and at least one in the past six months: aggression to people and animals as evidenced by bullying and threatening others, initiating physical fights, use of a weapon, physical cruelty to people, physical cruelty to animals, stealing while confronting victim, or forced sexual activity; destruction of property as evidenced by deliberate fire setting, deliberate destruction of property; deceitfulness or theft as evidence by breaking into homes or cars, lying to obtain favors, stealing without confronting the victim; or serious violation of rules as evidenced by staying out late, running away, or being truant. If the person is 18 or older criteria are not met for ASPD. Specifiers: childhood onset type (prior to age 10), adolescent onset type (after age 10), or unspecified type. Severity: mild, moderate, or severe. Additionally with limited prosocial emotions is coded when 2 or more characteristics are present over 12 months: lack of guilt or remorse, callous (lack of empathy), unconcerned about performance, or shallow or deficient affect

Personality change due to another disorder

A persistent personality disturbance that represents a change from the person's previous personality with evidence that the disturbance is a direct physiological result of a general medical condition. The disorders coded in Longwood medical condition

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Non compliance with social norms, perceived as social predators

Cluster A: paranoid personality disorder

A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others and tendency to interpret actions of others as deliberately demeaning, threatening, and malevolent as evidence by four or more: suspects that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving them; is preoccupied with doubts about trustworthiness of others; reluctant to confide in othets because of concerns that information will be used against them; interprets benign comments/events as demeaning or threatening; hold grudges; perceives attacks on their character, and respond with anger or counterattacks; belief that partner is unfaithful (extreme distrust and suspicion of others - impaired cognition & interpersonal functioning)

Schizophrenia

A pervasive type of psychosis characterized by disturbed thought, emotion, behavior. Must have had symptoms for 6 months or longer

Emperical-Criterion Keying

A process for selecting items to be used in a test. Items are keyed to an external criterion, and are intended to differentiate between groups of people who have a particular trait and those who do not. -MMPI

Ipsative score

A score that provides information on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the person only, and does not compare the person to others.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

paranoid schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur. Best prognosis of schizophrenia. Had more insight to their hals/dels

MMPI-2

A widely used objective personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits. scored in T scores cutoff for significance is 65 (1.5 sd above mean) validity scales and clinical scales

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A) Expression of mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, & anxiety symptoms that occur repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle & remit around the time of onset of menses, or shortly after 5/11 present in the week before onset of menses, start to improve w/in a few days of menses, & become minimal or absent in the week post menses: B. One of the following: 1) Marked affective lability (mood swings, sad, sensitivity to rejection) 2) Marked irritability or anger, increased interpersonal conflicts 3) Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts 4) Marked anxiety, tension, &/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge C. One (or more) of the following: 1) Decreased interest in usual activities 2) Subjective difficulty in concentrating 3) Lethargy, easy fatigability, or lack of energy 4) Marked change in appetite, overeating, or specific food cravings 5) Hypersomnia or insomnia 6) A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control 7) Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness/swelling, joint/muscle pain, sensation of bloating/weight gain

Binge Eating Disorder

A) Recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating large amount in discrete and sense of lack of control and cannot stop eating) B) Binge-eating episodes are associated w/ 3+ of the following: 1) Eating much more rapidly than normal 2) Eating until feeling uncomfortably full 3) Eating large amounts of food when not hungry 4) Eating alone b/c of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating 5) Feeling disgusted by oneself, depressed, or guilty afterwards C) Distress regarding binge eating D) Binge-eating occurs about once a week for 3 months E) Not associated w/ compensatory behavior * Specify if in partial or full remission * Specify mild 1-3/week, moderate 4-7/week, severe 8-13/week, extreme 14+/week * Excessive food intake; feelings of lack of control; distress

Major Depressive Episode

A. 5 or more of the following symptoms have been present 1) depressed mood most of the day almost every day 2) diminished interest or pleasure in all or most of activities almost every day 3) sig. weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, decrease/increase in appetite 4) insomnia or hypersomnia almost everyday 5) psychomotor agitation or retardation almost every day 6) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day 7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt almost every day 8) diminished ability to think or concentrate 9) recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt

Major Depressive Disorder

A. 5 or more of the symptoms have been present during the same 2 week period (at least 1 is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure) 1) Depressed mood most of the day nearly every day as indicated by subjective report 2) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or most daily activities most of the day nearly every day 3) Significant weight loss or gain 4) Insomnia or hyper insomnia nearly every day 5) Psychomotor retardation or agitation nearly every day 6) Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day 7) Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt 8) Diminished ability to think or concentrate 9) Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide; suicide attempt; or suicide plan * Specify with... - Anxious distress- keyed up, tense, restless, difficulty concentrating, fear of something happening, fear of loss of control - Mixed features- manic/hypomanic symptoms; elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, talkative, decreased need for sleep - Melancholic features- loss of pleasure in activities, lack of reactivity, despair, empty mood, guilt, anorexia - Atypical features- mood reactivity, weight gain, impairment, leaden paralysis, etc. - Mood-congruent psychotic features- content matches typical/expected feelings - Mood-incongruent psychotic features- features are odd, bizarre, or not related to expected/typical feelings - Catatonia- odd movements, still, or rigid, etc. - Peripartum onset- during, before or after pregnancy - Seasonal- occurs around specific season annually * Specify if recurrent or single episode

Measures for people with physical disability

CMMS PPVT-4 Haptic intelligence scale for the adult blind Hiskey Nebraska test for learning Aptitude

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A. Depressed mood for most of the day for more days for at least 2 years B. 2/6 are present while depressed 1) Poor appetite or overeating 2) Insomnia or hypersomnia 3) Low energy or fatigue 4) low self-esteem 5) poor concentration or difficulty making decisions 6) Feelings of hopelessness C. symptoms present for 2 years * Specify with... - Anxious distress - Mixed features - Melancholic features - Atypical features - Mood-congruent psychotic features - Mood-incongruent psychotic features - Peripartum onset * Specify if in partial or full remission * Specify if early or late onset (before or after 21) *Specify- mild, moderate, severe

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A. Excessive anxiety and worry more days than not for at least 6 months B. Difficult to control worry C. 3/6 Symptoms present for 6+ months: 1) Restlessness/keyed up/on edge 2) Being easily fatigued 3) Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank 4) Irritability 5) Muscle tension 6) Sleep disturbance (falling/staying asleep)

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A. Fear or anxiety about one or more social situations. Examples include social interactions (having conversation, meeting unfamiliar people, being observed, performing in front of others) B. Fears that he/she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated C. Almost always provoke fear or anxiety D. avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety E. fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation F. Persistent and typically lasting for 6 months or more

Agoraphobia

A. Marked fear or anxiety about 2/5 Situations: 1) Using public transportation 2) Being in open spaces 3) Being in enclosed spaces 4) Standing in line or being in a crowd 5) Being outside of the home alone B. thinks that escape might be difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic like symptoms C. almost always provoke fear or anxiety D. actively avoided, require the presence of a companion E. fear/anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the agoraphobic situations F. typically last 6 months or more

Specific Phobia

A. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seen blood) B. The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety C. The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety D. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation and to the sociocultural context E. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent typically lasting for 6 months or more F. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning G. Disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another medical disorder including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating symptoms.

What are the criteria for atypical features as specifier for major depressive mood disorders?

A. Mood reactivity (improves in response to actual or potential positive events 2 or more: weight gain/increase in appetite, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis (heavy feeling in limbs), long-standing patter of interpersonal rejection sensitivity (not limited to mood episodes)

Bulimia Nervosa

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating 1) Rating in discrete period of time (within 2 hours), amount of food that is larger than most people would eat in similar period of time/circumstances 2) sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (cannot stop eating or control portion) B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain (vomiting, laxatives, etc) C. Binge eating & inappropriate compensatory behaviors occur on average once a week for three months D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape & weight E. Disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa * Specify if in partial or full remission * Specify mild 1-3/week, moderate 4-7/week, severe 8-13/week, extreme 14+/week

Panic Disorder

A. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. Abrupt surge or intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes. 4 or more symptoms: 1) Palpitations/accelerated heart rate 2) Sweating 3) Trembling/shaking 4) Sensations of shortness of breath 5) Feelings of choking 6) Chest pain/discomfort 7) Nausea/abdominal distress 8) Feeling dizzy/unsteady/light-headed/faint 9) Chills/heat sensations 10) Parasthesias (numbness/tingling) 11) Derealization/depersonalization 12) Fear of losing control or "going crazy" 13) Fear of dying

A person with --------- Personality Disorder exhibits extreme discomfort in close relationships, unusual ways of perceiving and thinking, and behavioral eccentricities. A. Schizotypal B. Schizoid C. Histrionic D. Avoidant

A. Schizotypal

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A. Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally/behaviorally B. Temper outbursts are inconsistent w/ developmental level C. 3 or more times a week D. Persistently irritable or angry most of the day nearly every day E. Present for 12 or more months F. 2/3 settings (home, school, peers); sever in at least 1 setting G. not before age 6 or after age 18 Not manic/hypomanic for more than a day Don't occur during episodes of major depression

Adjustment Disorder

A. The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressors occurring within 3 months of the onset of stressors B. symptoms/behaviors are clinically significant (one or both) 1. Marked stress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor (external context and cultural factors might influence symptom severity) 2. Sig. impairment in social, occupational, other important areas of functioning C. stress related disturbances does not meet the criteria for another disorder D. symptoms do not represent normal bereavement E. symptoms do not persist for more than additional 6 months when stressor is over.

What is the essential feature of substance induced mental disorder?

A. clinically significant symptomatic presentation of a relevant mental disorder B. Evidence of 1. disorder developed during or within 1 month of substance intoxication/withdrawal 2. the involved substance is capable of producing the mental disorder

What is reactive attachment disorder?

A. consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregivers (lack of responding to and seeking comfort) B. 2> minimal social/emotional responsiveness, limited positive affect, episodes of unexplained irritability/sad/fear C. insecure attachments, neglect, trauma Onset - before 5yo developmental age of at least 9mos.

Manic Episode

A. elevated, expansive, irritable mood, increased goal-directed activity or energy lasting at least 1 week B. 3 or more of the symptoms must be present 1) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity 2) decreased need for sleep (rested after 3 hrs) 3) more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking 4) flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing 5) distractibility (attention drawn to unimportant) 6) increase in goal-directed activity (socially, work, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation 7) excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential or painful consequences (ex. shopping sprees, sex, foolish business investments) *hospitalization (self-injurious) or jail

Hypomanic Episode

A. elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, increased activity level for 4 days B. 3 or more of the symptoms must be present 1) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity 2) decreased need for sleep (rested in 3 hours) 3) more talkative than usual or pressured to keep talking 4) flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing 5) distractibility 6) increase in goal-oriented activity (socially, work, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation 7) excessive involvement in activities that have a hight potential or painful consequences - manic episode writ small - no psychosis, no hospitalization, no impairment

What is factitious disorder?

A. falsifying physical or psychological sxs/inducing injury or disease w/sxs being associated w/identified deception (e.g., reporting fear/anxiety after being assaulted when assault did not occur) B. presenting as being ill, impaired, injured C. engaging in deceptive behavior even in absence of external reward

What is illness anxiety disorder?

A. preoccupation of having/acquiring illness B. absence of somatic sxs or mild sxs C. high level of anxiety about health D. performance of excessive health-re behaviors (care-seeking type) or maladaptive avoidance of medical care (care-avoidant type) E. duration - 6 mos >

What is intermittent explosive disorder?

A. recurrent behavioral outbursts d/t failure to control aggressive impulses either: 1. by verbal or physical aggression 2x/week 3 mos. (but not resulting in injury/property damage) 2. 3 behavioral outbursts w/damage of property and/or physical assault w/injury to animals/others in 12-mo period outbursts not premeditated for an outcome/objective 6 yo >

Anorexia Nervosa

A. restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight (weight that is less than minimally normal expected) in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, physical health. B. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain C. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight/shape on self-evaluation, persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight. Restricting type: In last 3 months, not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior. Weight loss through dieting, fasting, excessive exercise Binge-eating/purging type: In last 3 months, engaged in recurrent of binge eating or purging.

How do you diagnose disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A. severe recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to provocation B. inconsistent with developmental level C. 3 or more per week D. mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of day E. present for 12 mo with no more than 3 mo without sx F. in at least 2 settings G. dx should NOT be made for 1st time before age 6 or after 18 yo H: age of onset before 10 years -children with this pattern typically develop unipolar depressive disorders or anxiety rather than bipolar

According to cognitive-behavioral theories, a central factor in the maintenance of symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa is: A. the need to control eating. B. a fear of sexuality and sexual maturity. C. positive reinforcement from family and friends for weight loss. D. dysfunctional family relations.

A. the need to control eating.

Common comorbidities w/specific learning disorder?

ADHD most common - 20-30% Also ODD, CD, MDD

What is another term for what the DSM calls Dementia Due to HIV Disease?

AIDS Dementia Complex

Criterion-referenced score

AKA: domain-referenced; content-referenced performance scored based on what client knows about the defined domain or criterion based on external criterion

Ipsative scores

AKA: self-referenced scores comparing a testtaker's score on one scale within a test to another scale within that same test how you did compared to yourself, like vocational interest tests

What is the difference between acute stress disorder and PTSD?

ASD duration is 3 days to 1 mo PTSD is > 1 mo

fluid intelligence

Abilities culture free, independent from specific instruction Help to solve problems (peaks late adolescent and declines thereafter) Performance IQ

Successfull intelligence

Abily to adapt to, modify, choose environment that accomplish one's goals

etiology of ADHD

Abnormalities in: -prefrontal cortex -cerebellum (coordination) -caudate nucleus & putamen in basal ganglia (control of movement) behavioral disinhibition: inability to adjust activity levels to requirements of situation

tangentiality

Abrupt changing of focus to a loosely associated topic, going off on a tangent

What term is used to describe the phenomenon that a person's substance use relapse leads to feelings of guilt and failure, which in turn lead to more relapses?

Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE)

Educational problems

Academic or educational problem

specific learning disorder

Academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person's age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education.

crystallized intelligence

Acquired knowledge affected by educational & cultural experiences Dependent on school acquired learning Increase until age 60 Verbal IQ

A woman presents to a clinic reporting she was raped 5 days prior and has since been very fearful, helpless, and has had some flashbacks of the event. During the interview, it is determined she has also been experiencing depersonalization, sense of detachment, and reduced awareness of her surroundings. What's the most appropriate diagnosis?

Acute Stress Disorder (PTSD should be considered once symptoms persist beyond 1 month)

What is the difference between acute dystonia/akathisia & tardive dystonia/akathisia?

Acute reactions typically occur within days to weeks upon starting the offending drug Tardive ("late") occurs after a more prolonged (months - years) intake of the drugs.

PTSD can be either ________, which is when symptoms last less than 3 months, or ________, when the duration of symptoms is more than 3 months.

Acute; chronic

This is diagnosed when a person develops emotional or behavioral symptoms in reaction to an identifiable stressor/s within 3 months of the onset of the stressor/s; once the stressor is terminated, symptoms last less than 6 months.

Adjustment Disorder

Adult abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner

Adult physical abuse by nonspouse or non-partner, confirmed; adult physical abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, suspected; adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, confirmed; adult sexual abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, suspected; adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, confirmed; adult psychological abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner, suspected; and other circumstances related to adult abuse by nonspouse or nonpartner

False all item

All validity & clinical left side Higher 1-5

In sustained remission

After full criteria for substance use disorder were previously met, none of the criteria for substance use disorder have been met at any time during a period of 12 months or longer

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

Age range 16.0-90.0 / full scale IQ 40-160 Assess intellectual ability of older adolescent & adults Vie intelligence as global ability

Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Age range 2.0-85 Designed to measure: general cognitive ability, Dx developmental, assist psycho educational eval., forensic career, neuro, early child Based on hierarchical g model

Wechsler Primary & Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III)

Ages 2.6 -7.3 Verbal comprehension & perceptual organization,

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

Ages 6.0 to 16.11 Based on neuro cognitive model of information processing Measure 6 Cattell-Horn-Carroll Cognitive Abilities: fluid & crystalized intelligence, visual processing, short term memory, processing speed, quantitative knowledge

As defined by the DSM, this condition involves "anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be available in the event of having an unexpected or situationally predisposed panic attack or panic like symptoms."

Agoraphobia

How is Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention used for ASD treatment?

Aimed at young children (less than 5yo), used principles and procedures of applied behavioral analysis: contingency management, modeling, shaping, discrimination training Focus on improving communication, social, emotional, cognitive, self-help skills, ADLs/IDLs

The three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome are ________, in which the body's sympathetic arousal system is mobilized; with prolonged stress the ________ stage occurs, in which defenses are stabilized and symptoms disappear, but at a cost; the final stage, ________, results from prolonged resistance that leaves the body susceptible to organ failure or complete collapse.

Alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustion (remembered by acronym "ARE")

Criteria for NCDs

All based on six defined cognitive domains: complex attention (sustained attention, divided attention, processing speed); executive function (planning, decision-making, responding to feedback, mental flexibility); learning and memory (immediate memory, recent memory, remote memory); expressive and receptive language (naming, word finding, grammar, comprehension); perceptual motor (visual perception, visuo-constructional, perceptual-motor, praxis, gnosis); and social cognition (recognition of emotions, theory of mind)

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

All include the diagnostic criteria of exposure to a traumatic or stressful event. Symptoms of psychological distress following exposure vary and many manifest as anxiety or fear-based symptoms, anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms, externalizing and aggressive symptoms or dissociative symptoms

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

All involve problems regulating emotions and behavior, behaviors that violate the rights of others and/or that involve conflict with societal norms or persons of authority. Tend to be more common in males.

Depressive Disorders

All involve sad, empty, or irritable mood plus somatic & cognitive changes that significantly affect functioning

Benzodiazepines

Alprazolam (Xanax) Lorazepam (ativan) Diazepam (valium) Bromazepam (lectopam, lexton, bromaze) Chlordiazepoxide (librium) Clonazepam (klonopin) Clorazepate (tranxene) Estazolam (prosom) Flunitrazepam (rohypnol) Flurazepam (dalmadorm, dalmane) Halazepam (paxipam) Midazolam (versed) Nitrazepam (mogadon, alodorm, pacisyn, dumolid) Oxazepam (serax) Prazepam (lysanxia, centrax) Temazepam (restoril) Triazolam (halcion).

Bipolar II Disorder

Alteration of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes

Bipolar I disorder

Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

The initial stages of ________ involves forgetting tasks and repeating questions, which progresses to impaired ability to perform day-to-day tasks independently (e.g., cooking, driving, getting dressed). In the final stages, incontinence, severe language impairment, and the inability to walk or sit-up are typical.

Alzheimer's Disease

Specifiers for NCDs

Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, vascular disease, TBI, substance/medication use, HIV infection, prion disease (Creutzfeldt Jakob disease), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, another medical condition, multiple etiologies, or unspecified

When a person's amnesia is due to a medical condition, such as hypoxia, seizures, or head trauma, the correct diagnosis is:

Amnestic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (with specific condition indicated)

Manic episode

An abnormally elevated, expensive, or irritable mood with increased goal directed activity or energy that lasts at least one week and is present most of the day nearly every day. Three or more symptoms: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal directed activity, psychomotor agitation and excessive involvement in activities that have a high likelihood of adverse consequences. Either causes significant impairment in functioning or necessitates hospitalization (no minimum duration of symptoms required when hospitalization is necessary)

Empirical criterion keying

An approach to test development that emphasizes the selection of items that discriminate between normal individuals and members of different diagnostic groups, regardless of whether the items appear theoretically relevant to the diagnoses of interest. items keyed based on external criterion, like different groups an item is good if it differentiates between groups MMPI originally based on empirical criterion keying

Dissociative amnesia

And inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. Most commonly selective for a specific event or events, rather than generalized amnesia. Specifier with dissociative fugue is used when it includes purposeful travel or bewildered wandering with an inability to recall one's past.

This condition is characterized by a refusal to maintain age and height appropriate body weight, fear of losing control of one's weight, a distorted body image, and often amenorrhea; weight is usually controlled by restricting caloric intake or bingeing/purging.

Anorexia Nervosa

What drug produces severe nausea when taken in conjunction with alcohol and is used to assist in the treatment of alcoholism?

Antabuse

Significant impairment in one's ability to learn new information is referred to as ________ amnesia, while marked diminishment in one's ability to recall learned information or events is called ________ amnesia.

Anterograde; retrograde

A person with this condition must have had symptoms of Conduct Disorder before 15 y/o and demonstrate a pattern of disregard for and violation of others rights; some symptoms include lack remorse/empathy, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, and deceitfulness.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

People with Somatization Disorder frequently exhibit ________ and ________, which are often the reasons for their initial therapy visit.

Anxiety; depression

Other specified/unspecified mental disorder due to another medical condition

Applies to presentations in which symptom of disorder due to a medical condition predominate but the full criteria are not met for any specific mental disorder due to a medical condition. Dissociative symptoms due to complex partial seizures are an example

Other specified/unspecified mental disorder

Applies to presentations in which symptoms characteristic of a mental disorder predominate but the full criteria are not met for any mental disorder

Cognitive Assessment System CAS

Assess basic cognitive processes that are central to learning Based PASS model of Intelligence distinguishes between 4 cognitive functions (planning, attention, simultaneous processing and sequential processing)

Norm-referenced score

Assessment score that indicates how a student's performance on an assessment compares with the average performance of others. how well you did compared to peers Examples: z scores, t scores, percentiles, IQ, standard scores

What are the criteria for mixed features as specifier for major depressive mood episode?

At least 3 manic/hypomanic sxs present nearly every day during the majority of days during a major depressive episode

The DSM is ________ in nature and, as such, only addresses the etiology of disorders for which the cause is clearly known (e.g., PTSD).

Atheoretical

What disorder is characterized by delayed or abnormal functioning in: social interaction, language as used in social communication, or symbolic or imaginative play by age 3?

Autism Disorder

What would aspergers be diagnosed as now?

Autism spectrum disorder without language or intellectual impairment

This condition is characterized by a persistent pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, resulting in limited social contacts despite a longing for contact and relationships.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Regarding multiaxial assessment, identify and describe the 5 axes used with each individual diagnosis.

Axis I: Clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention; Axis II: Mental retardation and personality disorders; Axis III: General medical conditions; Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems; Axis V: GAF

psychodynamic Perspective for OCD

Battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety reducing defense mechanisms is not buried in the unconscious but is played out in overt-thoughts and actions.

The concordance rat for Schizophrenia for biological (non-twin) siblings is: A. 45% B. 10% C. 0.5% D. 60%

B. 10%

A PET scan of a patient who has received a diagnosis of Schizophrenia would be most useful for: A. assessing communication between the left and right hemispheres. B. assessing blood flow in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. C. obtaining a record of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. D. detecting a tumor or other structural abnormality in the brainstem.

B. assessing blood flow in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

The DSM-5 diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder requires the presence of chronic and severe irritability with: A. persistent dysthymia that does not meet the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder. B. frequent temper outbursts that are developmentally inappropriate. C. discrete episodes of excessive emotional expression that do not meet the criteria for Bipolar Disorder. D. frequent behavioral outbursts that are due to an inability to control aggressive impulses.

B. frequent temper outbursts that are developmentally inappropriate.

How is Patterson's parent management training (PMT) used for CD treatment?

Based on Patterson's Social Interaction Learning (SIL) model - altering coercive parent-child interactions, encourages parents to reinforce child's prosocial behaviors - use of positive reinforcement for positive behaviors

Big Five Personality Trait

Based on the Lexical Hypothesis - which predicts that all socially relevant traits have been incorporated into language

cognitive theory

Beck: emphasizes role of negative self-statements about oneself, world & future- the negative or depressive cognitive triad

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

Behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with adult strangers and exhibits at least two: lack of hesitation in approaching unfamiliar adults, overly familiar behavior with strangers that violate cultural social boundaries, lack of checking back with caregiver after venturing away, and willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult without hesitation. Mikell has also experienced extremely insufficient care and has a developmental age of at least nine months. Specifier of persistent is to be given when the disorder is present for more than 12 months and severe when all symptoms are present, with each symptom at a high-level.

This idea suggests that the core of ADHD is not attention deficits but rather a lack of ability to adjust activity levels to fit the requirements of different settings.

Behavioral disinhibition hypothesis (Barkley)

What form of therapy has been shown to be fairly successful in treating people with Autism?

Behavioral therapy, particularly techniques such as shaping and operant conditioning, has helped people with Autism replace abnormal behaviors with more desirable ones

A person experiences the sudden onset of at least one psychotic symptom (delusion, hallucination, etc) that lasts from several hours up to a month, and then returns to premorbid level of functioning, the most appropriate diagnosis is:

Brief Psychotic Disorder

If a Brief Psychotic Disorder is in response to a very stressful event, it is sometimes referred to a ________ and the diagnosis would include the specifier ________.

Brief Reactive Psychosis; With Marked Stressor(s)

bulima nervosa vs. anorxia .....

Bulima, tend to be more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to other, having intimate relationships, mood swings, trouble coping or controlling with impulses and strong emotions.

What condition is given when a person persistently binge eats and engages in inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (e.g., excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting) at an average rate of twice per week for 3 months?

Bulimia Nervosa

When do sxs of ASD start to surface?

By age 2 w/early sxs being delays in language development, lack of social interest, unusual social interactions, abnormal communication, unusual patterns of play

What is trichotillomania disorder?

Hair pulling disorder Recurrent hair pulling resulting in hair loss and repeated attempts to decrease or stop

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic withdrawal

Characterized by two or more: autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations or illusions, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, and seizures. Withdrawal can be fatal.

Hypnogogic hallucinations occur: A. during the transition from sleep to wakefulness. B. during REM sleep. C. during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. D. immediately before an episode of REM sleep.

C. during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

Which of the following is the most effective tx for anorexia or bulimia: CBT, multisystemic, solution-focused, person-centered?

CBT

tx for panic dx

CBT + meds: -panic control tx: psychoed, cog rest, relax, interocep exp, in vivo exp -imipramine/TCA, benzo

What are recommendations established by Gacono w/re to use of CBT strategies for antisocial personality people?

CBT in residential setting can be effective when... - clear rules and consequences are established and reinforced - cognitive and life skills are taught to the development level - lifestyle patterns and cognitive distortions re to PD are identified and modified - address ability to tolerate emotions and impact of behavior on others - treatment continuity at d/c

Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder

CBT with a similar format to bulimia, Interpersonal Psychotherapy (as effective as CBT with this population), and Prozac have all been used

Treatments for bulemia

CBT-E and Interpersonal Psychology are both used to treat this disorder. Sometimes antidepressants are used, but there is no reported long-term efficacy

culture fair tests

CMMS KABC-II Leiter 3 Raven's

A client complains presents to therapy as nervous, is speaking rapidly, appears nervous, and has a flushed face. He reports having a difficult time sleeping and mentions increased diarrhea. During the session, he coyly states he has started consuming copious quantities of "Red Bull" energy drinks. What is a possible diagnosis?

Caffeine Intoxication

Specifier w/catatonia

Can be coded for any of the disorders. Criteria involve a clinical picture that is dominated by 3 or more: stupor (no psychomotor activity), catalepsy (posture is held passively, against gravity), waxy flexibility (resistance to positioning by another), mutism (no verbal response), negativism (no response instructions or external stimuli), posturing (actively maintaining a posture against gravity), mannerism (caricature of normal actions), stereo to be repetitive non-goal directed movements, agitation, grimacing, echolalia (mimicking another's speech) or echopraxia (imitating another's movement)

Factitious disorder

Can be either imposed on self or imposed on another (factitious disorder by proxy). Characterized by intentional feigning of physical or psychological symptoms or by creation of injury or disease (for instance swallow bleach to get sick). Individual presents self or other as ill, impaired, or injured and there is an absence of external incentives for the behavior (attention seeking isn't considered an incentive). Specify: single episode or recurrent episode.

What substance does not lead to physical dependence, has no significant withdrawal symptoms, and has no evidence of causing any long-term negative or toxic effects to it's users (based on governmental studies)?

Cannabis (Marijuana)

What type of Schizophrenia is characterized by psychomotor motor disturbance, including posturing, mutism, rigidity, motoric immobility, extreme negativism, and/or extreme excitement?

Catatonic Type

The DSM-IV-TR takes a ________ approach to mental disorder diagnosis, classifying a person as either meeting or not meeting a disorder's given criteria. This differs from a ________ approach, which quantifies a persons symptoms rather than classifying them.

Categorical; dimensional

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (Bx is prominent)

Central feature is a recurring pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness, which persists for at least six months. At least four symptoms must be present: angry/irritable mood as evidenced by frequent loss of temper, easily annoyed and touchy, frequently angry and resentful; argumentative/defiant behavior as evidenced by frequent arguments with authority figures/adults, deliberate defiance of rules, deliberate annoyance of others, blaming others for one's mistakes; or vindictiveness as evidenced by being spiteful and vindictive at least twice within the past six months. Severity is specified as mild (symptoms in only one setting), moderate (sxs in at least 2 settings), severe (sxs in 3+ settings). More prevalent in families in which there is inconsistency in caregiving or in families exhibiting harsh, inconsistent, or neglectful childrearing. Two most common co-occurring disorders are ADHD and CD. Have an increased risk for anxiety disorders, MDD, and SUD (in adolescents and adults). Can have onset prior to 6

Cognitive therapies for GAD

Changing maladaptive assumptions: rational emotive therapy. Breaking down worrying: education, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (ACT).

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Characterized by a consistent pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed and a persistent social and emotional disturbance that includes at least two symptoms. Symptoms must be evident before five years of age

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by a developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning being away from home or away from the person(s) to whom the individual is attached. Need three or more: distress when separation occurs/anticipated, worry about harm befalling the major attachment figure, worry about getting lost or kidnapped, reluctance to go out because of fear of separation, reluctance/fear of being alone without the major attachment figure, reluctant/refusal to go to sleep without being near the major attachment figure, repeated nightmares about separation, repeated physical complaints when separation occurs/anticipated. duration must be at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents & 6 months+ in adults. Frequently develops after life stress, especially after a significant loss, the most common evidence-based treatment is CBT and family therapy is also used.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Characterized by a failure to eat adequately with one or more: significant weight loss or failure to achieve expected weight gain, significant nutritional deficiency, dependence on a feeding tube or nutritional supplements, or marked interference with psychosocial functioning. Only diagnosed when there is no medical condition that accounts for the symptoms. Is associated with failure to thrive syndrome.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Characterized by a pattern of behavior that involves inappropriate interactions with unfamiliar adults as evidenced by at least two symptoms: reduced or absence of reticence in approaching or interacting with unfamiliar adults; overly familiar behavior with unfamiliar adults, diminished or absence of checking with an adult caregiver after venturing away from him/her, willingness to accompany an unfamiliar adult with little or no hesitation

Cluster C: dependent personality disorder

Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that results in submissive and clinging behaviors, difficulty making decisions, and fears of separation as evidenced by five or more: difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance from others; needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas; have difficulty expressing disagreement due to fear of loss of approval; difficulty doing things on their own; excessive attempts to obtain support from others; Uncomfortable when alone due to not being self-sufficient; urgently seeks a new relationship when a close relationship ends; preoccupied with fears of being left alone

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Characterized by a preoccupation with a defect or flaw in appearance that appears minor or in unobservable to others. Person has at some point performed repetitive behaviors or mental acts because of the defect or flaw, and preoccupation causes impairment

Circadian rhythm sleep wake disorder

Characterized by a recurrent pattern of sleep disruption caused by an alteration of the circadian system, or a mismatch in the sleep wake schedule required by the person's environment and circadian sleep wake cycle. The mismatch results in insomnia or excessive sleepiness. Specifiers: delayed sleep phase type, advanced sleep phase type, irregular sleep wake type, non-24 hour sleep wake type, shiftwork type, and unspecified type. Also episodic, persistent, or recurrent

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by a restriction of food intake, leading to a significantly low body weight. Intense fear of gaining weight or behavior that interferes with weight gain. There must be distortions in self image, undue influence given to body weight or shape in self-evaluation, or a denial of the seriousness of the problem. Two subtypes: restricting type and binge eating/purging type. Additional specifiers: in partial remission or in full remission. Current severity also specified: mild (BMI of 17+), moderate (BMI 16-16.99), severe (BMI 15-15.99) or extreme (BMI <15). Typically begins during adolescence or down without her. Earlier age of onset is associated with shorter duration of illness. Find more common in females associate it with cultures, settings, occupations,etc. suicide risk is increased. Bipolar, depressive, and anxiety disorders commonly cooccur. Alcohol use and other substance use disorders may also be comorbid. Treatment generally requires a multidisciplinary approach, overall family treatment is the most well-established approach. Structural family therapy most well known. CBT has modest research support

Medication Induced Acute Dystonia (muscle spasms)

Characterized by abnormal & prolonged contractions (spasms) of the muscle of the eyes (oculogyric crisis), head, neck, limbs, or trunk

Schizophrenia Spectrum & Psychotic Other Disorders

Characterized by abnormalities of one or more: delusions,hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), disorganized or abnormal motor (including catatonia) & negative symptoms. Severity is rated by assessing the primary symptoms of psychosis on a 5point scale for each so based on presence & strength of the screen from 0 (not present) to 4 (present & severe). Disorders presented in order of severity.

PCP Intoxication

Characterized by behavior changes and two or more: nystagmus, hypertension or tachycardia, diminished response to pain, ataxia (difficulty coordinating voluntary movement), dysarthria (articulation difficulties), muscle rigidity, seizures or coma, and hyperacusis (oversensitivity to sound)

Alcohol Intoxication

Characterized by behavioral or physiological changes and one or more: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus rapid oscillation of eyes), impaired memory and concentration, & stupor or coma.

Cannabis Intoxication

Characterized by behavioral or psychological changes and 2 or more: conjunctival injection (redness of the eye), increased appetite, dry mouth, and tachycardia

Other Hallucinogen Intoxication

Characterized by behavioral or psychological changes and perceptual changes and two or more: sweating, cardio, palpitations, pupillary dilation, tremors, blurred vision, and incoordination.

Stimulant Intoxication

Characterized by behavioral or psychological changes and two or more: psychomotor agitation or retardation, tachycardia or bradycardia (slowed heart rate), changes in blood pressure, nausea or vomiting, muscular weakness or chest pain, pupillary dilation, perspiration or chills, respiratory problems, weight loss, seizures or coma

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic intoxication

Characterized by behavioral or psychological changes, and one or more: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired memory and concentration as well as possible stupor or coma

Opioid intoxication

Characterized by behavioral or psychological changes, pupillary constriction, and one or more: drowsiness or coma, slurred speech, and impairment and attention or memory

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Characterized by deficiency or absence of sexual thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity. Symptoms have persisted for minimum of six months

Persecutory type

Characterized by delusions in which the person is being persecuted or ill treated, which may trigger violent behavior

Grandiose type

Characterized by delusions of inflated self-worth, power, knowledge, or a special relationship to a deity or famous person

Stimulant withdrawal

Characterized by dysphoria and two or more: fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and insomnia or hypersomnia

Hypersomnolence disorder

Characterized by excessive sleepiness in spite of sleeping at least seven hours with at least one of the following: recurrent daytime sleep episodes, prolonged sleep for more than nine hours that is non-restorative, or difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening. Occurs at least three times a week for at least three months. Specifiers: with mental comorbidity, with medical condition, and with another sleep disorder. Additional specifiers: acute, subacute, and persistent. Severity is specified based on the frequency of difficulty maintaining daytime alertness: mild moderate and severe.

Pedophilic Disorder

Characterized by fantasies, urges, or behavior involving sexual contact with a prepubescent child (age 13 or under), over a period of at least six months. The individual must be at least 16 years old and at least five years older than the child being fantasized about. (Difference in child abuse is sex with a minor of any age under 18)

Caffeine Intoxication

Characterized by five or more: restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling speech, agitation, periods of inexhaustibility, and tachycardia. Differentiated from anxiety disorder by diuresis (excessive urination). There is no use disorder in caffeine-related disorders

Tobacco withdrawal

Characterized by four more: depressed mood, insomnia, irritability or anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and increased appetite.

Specific Phobia

Characterized by intense fear of or anxiety about a specific object or situation with individual either avoiding or enduring it with marked distress. Persistent for at least six months and causes distress

Gender Dysphoria in children

Characterized by marked incongruence between one's assigned gender and the gender experienced or expressed, of at least 6 months duration, manifested by a strong desire to be of the other gender or insistence that one is the other gender and at least 5: A strong preference for cross-dressing; a strong preference for cross gender roles in play; a strong preference for activities, toys, or games that are stereotypically of the other gender; a strong preference for playmates of the other gender; and rejection of toys games and activities that are stereotypically of the same gender; a strong dislike of one's sexual anatomy; and a strong desire for sex characteristics of the opposite gender

Gender Dysphoria in adolescents/adults

Characterized by marked incongruence between one's assigned gender and the gender experienced or expressed, of at least six months duration, manifested by at least two: a marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and sex characteristics; a strong desire to be rid of one's sex characteristics; strong desire for the sex characteristics of the other gender; a strong desire to be of the other gender; a strong desire to be treated as the other gender; a strong conviction that one has the feelings and reactions that are typical of the other gender. Specifier posttransition is coded if the person is living as the other gender and has undergone or is preparing to undergo at least one cross sex medical procedure or treatment regimen. More commonly in natal males. Onset among children is between 2-4 and typically persists into adolescence or adulthood. Late onset occurs around puberty or much later in life and is extremely rare in natal females

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Characterized by one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. Evidences excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms as manifest by at least one: persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one's symptoms, persistent high levels of anxiety about health or symptoms, or excessive time and energy devoted to symptoms or health concerns. (Nutshell: somatic sxs & significant attention the sxs). Somatic sxs may not be present continuously but the worries are persistent (typically more than 6 months). Specifiers: with predominant pain (when the somatic sxs predominantly involve pain), and persistent (severe sxs, marked impairment, & long duration). Also severity is coded mild, moderate, or severe. More prevalent in females. Comorbid anxiety & depression is common. When chronic pain is prominent, evidenced-based treatments include CBT & ACT

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Characterized by one or more: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. The episode lasts from one day to one month with eventual return to premorbid level of functioning. Specifiers: with Mark stressor, without marked stressor, or with postpartum onset. With catatonia is also used.

Non-Substance-Related Disorders: Gambling Disorder

Characterized by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior that is maladaptive and causes disruption in the person's life as indicated by four more: needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money to achieve the desired excitement, is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down our stop, has made repeated unsuccessful attempt to cut back or stop, is often preoccupied with gambling, often gambles when feeling distressed, returns another day in hopes of winning after losing money, lies to conceal the excitement of involvement, has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship or job because of gambling, or relies on others for money to relieve the desperate financial situation caused by gambling.

Feeding & Eating Disorders

Characterized by persistent disturbance of eating behavior, leading to altered consumption or absorption of food that significantly impairs physical health and/or psychosocial functioning

Premature (Early) Ejaculation

Characterized by recurrent ejaculation during partnered sexual activity within approximately one minute following penetration and before the person wishes it, occurs on almost all or all occasions. Symptoms have persisted for a minimum of six months. Treatments include the squeeze and stop-start techniques, the female superior position is recommended, SSRIs, and topical desensitizing agents

Bulimia Nervosa

Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain. Episodes occur at least once a week for three months. Binge eating is eating an amount definitely larger than most would within a discrete time period or a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode. The specifiers in partial remission or in full should be used. Current severity is based on the average number of episodes each week mild (1-3), moderate (4-7), severe (8-13), or extreme (14+). Commonly begins in adolescence or young adulthood far more common in females associated with childhood obesity and early pubertal maturation, low self-esteem, and childhood sexual or physical abuse. Suicide risk is increased. Bipolar, depressive, anxiety, and personality disorders (especially BPD) commonly cooccur. Alcohol use disorder and stimulant use disorder may also be comorbid. Treatment includes CBT and interpersonal therapy antidepressants are also highly effective as serotonin is believed to be the primary neurotransmitter involved.

OCD

Characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress/impaired functioning.

Panic Disorder

Characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks with at least one attack being followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having additional attacks or about their consequences and or a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attack

Panic Disorder

Characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks. At least one of the attacks has been followed by one month or more of a one or both of the following: persistent concern about having additional panic attacks or the consequences of the attacks or a significant change in behavior related to the attacks. Panic attacks and a diagnosis of panic disorder are related to higher rates of suicide. Prevalence is higher in individuals with other anxiety disorders especially Agoura phobia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and possible alcohol use disorder. Comorbid with a number of medical symptoms and conditions. Cognitive behavioral therapy is considered the evidence-based treatment of choice - includes psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, in vivo exposure, and interoceptive exposure to aversive psychological sensations. Relaxation training or breathing retraining is sometimes included as well.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder

Characterized by repeated episodes of arousal (moving) during sleep associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors that occur during REM sleep. Behavior may involve injury to self or bed partner.

Transvestic Disorder

Characterized by sexual fantasies, urges, or behavior that involves cross dressing for sexual arousal, over a period of at least six months. (If cross dressing is for gender identity then not dx, must be for sexual arousal)

Tourette's Disorder

Characterized by the presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneously or at different times that may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than one year and began prior to 18 years of age

Opioid withdrawal

Characterized by three or more of the following: dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, diarrhea, fever, yawning, insomnia, pupillary dilation or sweating, and weepiness or runny nose

Cannabis Withdrawal

Characterized by three or more: irritability or aggression, nervousness or anxiety, sleep difficulty, decreased appetite or weight loss, restlessness, depressed mood or physical symptoms.

Neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism/medication-induced Parkinsonism

Characterized by tremor, muscular rigidity, akinesia (difficulty initiating movement), or bradykinesia (slowed movement)

Alcohol Withdrawal

Characterized by two or more: automatic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations or illusions, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, and seizures. Can potentially be fatal

Major Feeding and Eating Disorders

Chief characteristic of this cluster of disorders is an overwhelming, all-encompassing drive to be thin

Child neglect

Child neglect, confirmed; child neglect, suspected; and other circumstances related to child neglect

Child physical abuse

Child physical abuse, confirmed; child physical abuse, suspected; and other circumstances related to child physical abuse

Child psychological abuse

Child psychological abuse, confirmed; child psychological abuse, suspected; and other circumstances related to child psychological abuse

Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse, confirmed; child sexual abuse, suspected; and other circumstances related to child sexual abuse

A child diagnosed with ________ may present similarly as depressed adults, though often mask their feelings with delinquency, phobias, underachievement, psychosomatic complaints, hyperactivity, or aggression; it is often associated with family abuse or neglect.

Childhood Depression

People with ________ experience a significant loss of developed skills (language, social, adaptive behavior, bowel/bladder control, play, and/or motor) after 2 or more years of seemingly normal development.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (similar social/communication and behavior to those with Autism)

Regarding Conduct Disorder, what differentiates "Childhood Onset" from "Adolescent Onset?"

Childhood Onset diagnosed when symptoms present prior to age 10; Adolescent Onset when symptoms occur at age 10 or later

In people diagnosed with Conduct Disorder, those with ________ Onset have a worse prognosis and are more likely to receive a later diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder, while problematic behavior of those with ________ Onset is usually a product of their relationships with delinquent peers.

Childhood; Adolescent

A person presenting with symptoms similar to Tourette's Disorder who experiences tics in only one domain (movements or vocal sounds) would be most appropriately diagnosed:

Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

What is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

Chronic major depression and dysthymia -depressed mood most of the time for 2years in adults, 1 year in children - 2 + sleep problems, low mood, fatigue, low self-esteem, concentration, hopeless, appetite - cannot be w/o sxs for more than 2 mos.

A person whose arousal increases at night but is very tired during the day, impairing work functionality, might be diagnosed with this disorder.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

This term refers to a style of speech that is less serious than loose associations and is characterized by excessive attention to irrelevant and digressive details; often the point is eventually reached.

Circumstantiality

What methods should be used to diagnose intellectual disability?

Clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing; need cognitive and adaptive measures

Antidepressents that reduce OCD

Clomipramine (anafranil), fluoxetine (prozac), fluvoxamine (luvox)

Withdrawal and Intoxication by what 2 substances share the same diagnostic criteria in the DSM?

Cocaine and amphetamine

Unspecified Disorder

Coded when the clinician does not want to indicate the reason why the client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis

Other Specified Disorder

Coded when the clinician wants to indicate the reason why the client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis

Typically, _______ refers to a person's deliberate or inadvertent support of another's addiction or dependence.

Codependency

Treatment for MDD

Cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, behavior therapy/behavior activation, self-management/self-control therapy. Behavior activation shown to be just as effective as medication and more effective than cognitive therapy when treating severe depression.

The 3 types of ADHD include ________, which is characterized by 6 or more symptoms of inattention and 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsiveness; ________, which is diagnoses when a person has 6 or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsiveness; and ________, which is characterized by 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsiveness but fewer than 6 symptoms of inattention.

Combined; Predominantly Inattentive; Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive

Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders

Common feature is the prominence of somatic symptoms associated with significant distress and impairment. These individuals are more commonly encountered in primary care and other medical settings. Highlights distressing somatic symptoms plus abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to symptoms.

two major characteristics of ASD

Communication and social interaction Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

How do you assess strength of paraphillia?

Compare paraphilic preferences in relation to person's normophilic sexual interests -psychophysiological measures of sexual interest: penile plethysmography in males or viewing times in males and females

prognosis of schizophrenia

Complete remission of sxs is rare. Better outcomes associated with late & acute onset, precipitating event, female gender, good premorbid adjustment, insight into illness, brief duration of active-phase sxs, family hx of mood dx, no family hx of this dx

A person undergoing this seizure appears confused and clumsy and is often mistakenly identified as intoxicated- the person may stare blankly, make chewing movements, and get up and walk around. They can occur in the temporal or frontal lobes.

Complex-partial seizures

The DSM identifies difficulties in these three domains

Conceptual, social, and practical

A child or adolescent who persistently violates social rules and norms, such as acting aggressively toward animals, destroying property, or stealing, is likely to receive what diagnosis?

Conduct Disorder

Disorder necessary to diagnose antisocial personality disorder

Conduct Disorder symptoms must be present before 15 y/o to diagnose

life course persistent path

Conduct sxs apparent by 3 or 4 involving inc serious transgressions & continuing into adulthood. Result of neuropsych deficits (esp cog), dif temp or hyperactivity, & adverse social env

adolescence limited path

Conduct sxs begin after puberty & are result of maturity gap b/w bio & social maturity. Acts are usually nonconfrontational (truancy, theft), sporadic/inconsistent across situations, committed w/ peers, & begin to decline in mid-adolescence

Disorganized symptoms

Confused or abnormal speech, behavior, and emotion

Woodcock Johnson III

Consist of two co-normed batteries Ages 2.0 - 90

How do you diagnose selective mutism?

Consistent failure to speak in social situations where there is an expectation to speak (school) even though individual speaks in other situations -significant consequences -duration at least 1 month, not just 1st month of school

Reactive attachment disorder

Consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward the caregiver, as manifested by the child rarely seeking nor responding to comfort when distressed. Exhibits at least two: minimally responsive to others, limited positive affect, or episodes of unexplained sadness, fear or irritation. Child has also experienced grossly insufficient care. Present before five and the child has a developmental age of at least nine months. Specifier of persistent is to be given when the disorder is present for more than 12 months and severe when all symptoms are present, with each symptom at a high-level.

Rorschach Test Scoring Dimension

Content - category Location - how much of inkblot did they use to respond Form Quality - how much response relates to actual form, perceptual accuracy Developmental Quality - degree of integration, using different pieces and integrating them Special scores suggest something off about thinking: confabulation - generalizing from one part of stimulus; associated with cognitive deficits or brain damage

As adults, children diagnosed with ADHD are most likely to exhibit...

Continued sxs of inattention but fewer sxs of hyperactivity-impulsivity

A client presents to therapy reporting he is blind and reveals his loss of sight occurred shortly after witnessing the suicide of a colleague. Medical records, however, suggest no physiological explanation for the blindness. What's the likely diagnosis?

Conversion Disorder (impaired voluntary motor or sensory function that has psychological cause)

What is a nihilistic delusion?

Conviction that a major catastrophe will occur.

Due to HIV infection

Criteria met for major or minor NCD and documented HIV infection; the NCD is not attributable to another medical condition

What is the essential feature of substance withdrawal?

Criterion A: The development of substance specific problematic behavioural change with physiological and cognitive commitants due to cessation or reduction in heavy and prolonged substance use

Horn and Cattell's Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Crystallized (Gc): acquired knowledge and skills; affected by educational and cultural experiences; includes reading, numerical skill, and factual knowledge Fluid (Gf): enables individuals to solve novel problems and perceive relations and similarities; does not depend on specific instruction; relatively culture-free -Crystalized intelligence increases until ~age 60, while fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescence and then declines (related to declines in working memory and processing speed)

________ retardation is often related to early deprivation of nurturance, deficiencies in health care, early deficiencies in social, cognitive, and other stimulation, and poverty.

Cultural-familial

Considered a Bipolar Disorder, ________ Disorder involves a mood disturbance of at least 2 years where the person alternates between hypomania and mild to moderate depressive states; functioning is often unimpaired.

Cyclothymic

Approximately what percent of women experience "baby blues" following childbirth? A. 15-40 B. 75-95 C. 25-50 D. 50-80

D. 50-80

A person repeatedly awakens from sleep with a panicky scream, a sense of fear, and autonomic arousal. The person is unresponsive to the efforts of his partner to calm him and, later, has no memory of the event. The most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for this person is: A. Nightmare Disorder. B. Narcolepsy. C. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. D. Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder, sleep-terror type.

D. Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder, sleep-terror type.

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involved which of the following? A. attention, accommodation, adaptation B. anticipation, defensiveness, exhaustion C. alarm, stimulation, resistance D. alarm resistance, exhaustion

D. alarm resistance, exhaustion

For pre-adolescents, Panic Disorder is: A. not diagnosed since pre-adolescents cannot exhibit any of the cognitive symptoms of Panic Disorder. B. impossible to distinguish from Separation Anxiety Disorder. C. most likely manifested as fear and a feeling of "going crazy." D. most likely manifested as chest pain, tachycardia, shortness of breath, and refusal to go to school.

D. most likely manifested as chest pain, tachycardia, shortness of breath, and refusal to go to school.

According to Marlatt and Gordon's theory of substance addiction: A. a relapse is more likely when the person attributes lapses (use of a drug after a period of abstinence) to non-dispositional factors. B. excessive substance use is related to an unresolved need for power. C. additions can be successfully treated with only with medication because they are largely due to biological factors. D. substance use is "over-learned" in that it is maintained by itself as well as by multiple cognitive mediators and external factors.

D. substance use is "over-learned" in that it is maintained by itself as well as by multiple cognitive mediators and external factors.

What is the evidence-based treatment for BPD?

DBT cognitive and behavioral strategies w/Eastern philosophy of balance between acceptance and commitment to change - group skills - individual outpatient - phone coaching

tx for BPD

DBT: CBT + Eastern philosophy of acceptance & change -group skills training for mindfulness, emotion regulation & interpersonal effectiveness -ind outpatient tx to maintain motivation & strengthen skills -phone coaching for b/w session support & skill generalization

categorical approach

DSM-5 views dxs as separate entities, describing dxs in terms of criteria that specifies defining & minimum features

nonaxial assessment system

DSM-5: all psych & medical dxs are listed together with principal dx listed first, other dxs listed in order of focus of tx, & psychosocial & environmental problems listed separately using ICD codes

Actuarial Prediction

Decisions are based on risk factors that are selected and combined based on their empirical or statistical association with a specific outcome AKA: statistical prediction based on empirically validated relationships between test results and specific criteria uses statistical techniques like multiple regression Research suggests that actuarial method alone is more accurate than clinical judgment alone

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Deficits in acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills Clumsiness Slowness, inaccuracy

Personality disorders

Defined as an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of an individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment. Symptoms are evident in at least two areas: cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. A diagnosis can be made in person under 18 if features of the disorder have been present for at least one year (except for ASPD which cannot be diagnosed in persons under 18). Three clusters: cluster A involves odd or eccentric presentation, cluster B involves dramatic, emotional, and erratic behavior, and cluster C involves an anxious or fearful presentation.

A person with ________ experiences a reduced level of awareness and understanding of the environment, impaired ability to focus, maintain, or switch attention (disturbances of consciousness), as well as memory impairment, disorientation, or language difficulties (cognitive disturbances); sometimes illusions or hallucinations (perceptual disturbance) occur instead of cognitive disturbances.

Delirium

Occurring during alcohol withdrawal, ________ involve typical signs of delirium, in addition to hallucinations, delusions, autonomic hyperactivity, and agitation; they are often associated with a co-occurring medical condition (e.g., liver failure).

Delirium tremens

A person who presents with delusions that are theoretically plausible (non-bizarre), appropriate behavior, and no marked impairment in functioning would receive what diagnosis?

Delusional Disorder

Unspecified type

Delusions who's themes are not characteristic of any of the types

A client is relatively alert, though her memory has significantly declined and she has been experiencing increased difficulty recognizing objects, organizing her thoughts, and understanding abstract concepts. These problems have seriously impeded her normal functioning. What is her most likely diagnosis?

Dementia

Antisocial PD

Disregard for & violation of rights of others since age 15. Chronic course, tho sxs (esp criminal bxs) may become less evident or remit by 40s

Infant & Preschool Tests

Denver Developmental Screening Test (DENVER II) Bayley Scales of Infant & Toddler Development (Bayley III) Fagan test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)

The DSM defines Substance _______ as a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems, while Substance ________ refers to less severe maladaptive substance use that leads to general problems in life (e.g., academic, relational, legal).

Dependence; Abuse

What diagnosis is given when there is a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to clinging and submissive behavior and fears of separation; people with this disorder often struggle to make decisions and take responsibility for their lives.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A person who repeatedly experiences a sense of estrangement from self, feelings of unreality, dreamlike states, and ego-dystonic bodily sensations, while reality testing remains intact, would best be diagnosed with what?

Depersonalization Disorder

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years (one year for children adolescents). While depressed two or more of the following: change in appetite, sleep difficulties, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or indecisiveness, & hopelessness. Functioning is impaired or significant distress. During the two-year timeframe the person has not been without symptoms for more than two months at a time. Criteria for major depressive episode may be continuously present for two years. There's never been a manic or hypomanic episode in criteria for cyclothymia have not been met. Specifiers: early-onset (before age 21) or late onset (age 21 or older). For the most recent 2 years of of the disorder must specify: with pure dysthymia (no MDE), with persistent major depressive episode (full criteria for MDE met during preceding two years), with intermittent major depressive episode, with current episode (current MDE with periods or eight weeks or more with symptoms below threshold for MDE), and with intermittent major depressive episodes, without current episode (no current MDE but one or more in the in the preceding two years). Early and insidious onset & chronic. early onset is associated with higher likelihood of comorbid personality & substance use disorders

Scale 2

Depression scale on mmpi

Sternberg Triarchic Theory

Describes intelligence as consisting of analytical, creative & practical components

The 4 stages of the Sexual Response Cycle are ________, characterized by sexual fantasies; ________, which entails feeling sexual pleasure and consequent physiological changes; ________, or the culmination of the sexual pleasure with release of sexual tension; and ________, consisting of general muscle relaxation and well-being.

Desire; excitement; orgasm; resolution

Schizoid PD

Detachment from interpersonal relationships & restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings. Seem introverted & preoccupied. Few friends due to lack of social skills & disinterest. Work perf may be impaired if requires social contact

What are the neurodevelopmental motor disorders?

Development coordination disorder Sterotypic movement disorder Tic disorders

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidence by at least three characteristic symptoms. Must last for at least four weeks in children/adolescents or six months in adults and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

PTSD

Develops after witnessing an extremely stressful event or threat that causes significant fear & helplessness. Exposure - Directly experiencing traumatic event - Witnessing another person experience event as it occurs to them - Learning event happened to a close family/friend member (ex. violent death) - Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event Symptoms (1+ Month) Acute Stress Disorder - At least one intrusion symptom: - Recurrent, involuntary, & intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event - Recurrent distressing dreams about/related to event - Dissociative reactions (ex. Flashbacks); reoccurring - Distress in response to cues resembling event - Psychological distress in reaction to cues - At least one avoidance symptom: - Avoiding distressing memories/thoughts/feelings associated w/ traumatic event - Avoiding external reminders (people/places/activities) that arouse distressing memories/thoughts/feelings associated w/ distress of event - Two or more negative alterations in cognitions & mood associated w/ traumatic event - Inability to remember important aspect(s) of the event (dissociative amnesia) - Negative/persistent & exaggerated expectations of self/others - Persistent distorted cognitions about cause or consequences of event; self-blame - Negative emotional state - Feelings of detachment/estrangement from others - Inability to experience positive emotions (happiness, love, etc.) - Two or more marked alterations in arousal/reactivity - Irritability/anger - Reckless/self-destructive behavior - Hyper vigilance - Exaggerated startle response - Problems w/ concentration - Sleep disturbance

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Diagnosed in the presence of severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally and/or behaviorally that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation. A chronic persistently irritable or angry mood bw temper outbursts on most days. Symptoms have persisted for at least 12 months and are exhibited in at least two of three settings and temper outbursts are inconsistent with the individuals developmental level and occur at least 3 times a week. Cannot be assigned before the individual is six years old or after 18 years old and the age of onset must be before age 10

Cyclothymic disorder

Diagnosed when the presence of numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms have occurred for at least two years (one year in children adolescents). During the 2 year period, symptoms have been present at least half the time and have never been absent for more than two months at a time. Criteria for mood episodes have never been. Symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment. The specifier with anxious distress is available for use

Bipolar II disorder

Diagnosed when there has been at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode and there has never been a manic episode. The average age of onset is in mid 20s and appears to be more common in women. The risk of the disorder is highest among relatives of people with the disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Diagnosed when there is excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities, occurring more days than not for at least six months. Requires three or more: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. Only one symptom is required in children. The median age of onset is 30 years, which is later then for all the other anxiety disorders. Disorders usually chronic, with the fluctuating course during which symptoms wax and wane. CBT or anxiety management training may be best treatment approaches. Anxiety management training is a combination of relaxation and cognitive restructuring.

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

Diagnosed when there is modest cognitive decline from prior level of functioning in one or more domains. The decline is noticed by the individual or others and documented by standardized testing or quantify clinical assessment. The deficits do not interfere with independent functioning and every day activities.

Enuresis

Diagnosed when there is repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes, whether intentionally or involuntarily. Considered clinically significant either when it occurs twice a week for at least three months or results in significant distress or impairment in functioning. Minimum chronological and mental age is five years. Not diagnosed if due to a medical disorder. subtypes: nocturnal only, diurnal only, or nocturnal and diurnal. Characterized as either primary, in which the child is age 5 and has never established continence, or secondary in which the disturbance develops after a period of continence. Usually remits by adulthood. Most effective treatment for primary is the urine alarm (aka bell & pad technique; based on principles of classical conditioning), medication (high relapse rate once stopped). Family and/or individual therapy is often used to treat secondary associated with the stressor

Major Neurocognitive Disorder

Diagnosed when there is significant cognitive decline from a prior level of function in one or more domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual motor, or social cognition). The decline is noticed by the individual or others and documented by standardized testing or quantified clinical assessment. Deficits interfere with independent functioning and every day activities.

Problems related to family upbringing

Diagnoses in this category: parent-child relational problem, sibling relational problem, upbringing away from parents, and child affected by parental relationship distress

Other problems related to primary support group

Diagnoses in this category: relationship distress with spouse or intimate partner, disruption of family by separation or divorce, high expressed emotion level within family, and uncomplicated bereavement

Specific Learning Disorders

Diagnoses when a person exhibits difficulties related to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one characteristic symptom that persists for at least six months despite the provision of interventions targeting those difficulties

Schizophrenia

Diagnostic criteria require the presence of two or more sx of psychosis each for a significant time during a 1 month period. At least one sx must be hallucinations, disorganized speech, or delusions. Since onset the person must be functioning at a level markedly below previous functioning for a significant portion of time in areas such as work, personal relations or self-care. Signs must persist for at least 6 months with at least 1 month of active sx. During prodromal or residual periods, the signs of disturbance May include only negative symptoms or two or more symptoms in attenuated (weakened) forms.

Developed for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder, ________emphasizes mindfulness, social skills training, and affect regulation.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

The theory (Mednick) that proposes Schizophrenia occurs in people physiologically predisposed to the condition who are confronted with an adverse and stressful environment is referred to as what?

Diathesis-stress (vulnerability) theory

Specific Learning Disorder

Difficulties learning and using academic skills Duration at least 6 mos despite targeted interventions Academic skills must be substantially below same aged peers, interfere w/tasks, have onset during school years Subtypes: impaired reading, written expression, mathematics

What are negative symptoms of psychosis?

Diminished emotional expression, avolition (extreme amotivation), alogia (flattened affect), anhedonia, asociality (lack of socialization)

What are dissociative disorders and which are included in this chapter?

Disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behaviour -dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, unspecified

Which disorders are included under depressive disorders?

Disruptive mood dysregulation disoder, major depressive disorder (and MDE), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/medication induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, other specified and unspecified depressive d/o

True or False: Bulimics are more likely than Anorexics to become engaged in treatment due to their awareness that their behavior is abnormal? True A person who presents with an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature, and too extensive to be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness, would receive what diagnosis?

Dissociative Amnesia

This condition is characterized by unanticipated travel away from home or work, an inability to remember some or all of one's past, and confusion about personal identity or the adoption of a new identity.

Dissociative Fugue

This diagnosis is given when a person develops at least 2 identifiable personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behavior, and the person is unable to recall important personal information to an extent greater than ordinary forgetfulness.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (previously Multiple Personality Disorder)

Which disorders are found in other specified dissociative disorder?

Dissociative states secondary to brainwashing or thought reform, cult/captive, 2 acute presentations of less than 1 month of mixed dissociative symptoms -one with psychosis, dissociative trance, dissociative stupor/coma and Ganser's syndrome =the giving of approximate and vague answers

Manic Episode

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal directed activity or energy

paranoid PD

Distrust & suspiciousness of others, interpreting motives as malevolent. May express distrust thru argumentativeness, recurrent complaining or hostile aloofness. Difficult to get along w/ & have trouble maintaining close relationships

delirium

Disturbance in attention & awareness (for hours to days) fluctuating in severity w/ sxs worsening in evening AND 1+ disturbance in cognition (mem deficit, disorientation, lang impairment, perceptual abnormalities)

Schizophrenia

Disturbance of attention, hallucinations, influenced thoughts, etc.; a thought disorder; low functioning A:* 2 or more of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period. At least 1 of these symptoms must be (1), (2), or (3). 1. Delusions (disorders of thought). This symptom is the purest form of illogical thought. Delusions are bizarre thoughts or beliefs, meaning that these beliefs are clearly implausible, and not understandable to same-culture peers, and do not derive from ordinary life experience. Delusions are fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in the light of contradictory evidence. 2. Hallucinations (disorders of perception)- perceptual experiences that are not caused by any real sensory stimulus. (ex. hearing voices or sounds, when in reality there is no source of these sounds.) Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of any external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations are usually experienced as voices, either familiar or unfamiliar. (Sense organs) 3. Disorganized Speech. Incoherent, peculiar speech. One of the most classic presentations of schizophrenic language involves loose associations- when the schizophrenic patient's speech wanders far away from the topic (derailment). If the schizophrenic patient's thoughts are irrelevant to the topic being discussed (tangentiality), she is engaging in loose associations. For example, asked what movie she would like to see on a field trip, a schizophrenic patient might respond that, "the movie screen that has a silk screen T shirt is just the right one." Or "the theater of the absurd, that's the one." 4. Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior. This category of symptoms may be expressed in a variety of ways, ranging from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation. Schizophrenic individuals may exhibit a wide array of aberrations in movement. 5. Negative symptoms- problems of omission/lack or loss of function. One example of negative symptoms is diminished emotional expression - reductions in facial cues associated with emotions, eye contact, intonation of speech (prosody), and hand movements that normally give emotional emphasis to speech. Another negative symptom, avolition, refers to a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful behavior. The avoilitional schizophrenic patient may sit for long periods of time showing little or no interest in participating in work or social activities. Additional negative symptoms include alogia, diminished speech output, and anhedonia, the decreased ability to experience pleasure previously experienced. Finally, most schizophrenics are socially withdrawn, emotionally detached from others. They withdraw from involvement with the interpersonal environment around them. This detachment is evidenced by avoidance of eye contact, not acknowledging others, not responding to others' attempts to connect with the patient, and retreating physically from others. Most schizophrenic individuals need greater than normal physical space between themselves and others. This apparent lack of interest in social interactions is sometimes referred to as asociality. B. Social/Occupational Dysfunction: Marked loss of functioning in one or more of the following areas: work, self-care, interpersonal relationships. C. Schizophrenic Symptoms continue for at least six months. This six month period must include one month of symptoms that meet criterion A (above). Periods of prodromal or residual symptoms may also occur, manifested by only negative symptoms, or two or more criterion A symptoms presented in an attenuated form. A note about symptom organization and treatment: the most straightforward, and possible most practical way of categorizing symptoms of schizophrenia is to see them as fitting into one of two groups: *Positive or Type I symptoms, and Negative or Type II symptoms. * Prodromal phase- odd behavior in teens; Active phase- prominent psychotic symptoms in early adulthood; Residual phase- day to day negative symptoms; Active phase my repeat again, followed by the residual phase

Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder/Stuttering

Disturbances of the normal fluency and motor production of speech, including: - repetitive sounds or syllables - prolongation of consonants/vowels - broken words - blocking - words produced with excess of physical tension - circumlocution - whole world repetitions

What is the essential feature of substance intoxication?

Does not apply to tobacco Criterion A: The development of a reversible substance specific syndrome due to the recent ingestion of a substance Criterion B: Problematic behavioural/psychological changes associated with intoxication after take a drug due to physiological effects of substance on CNS

What term refers to the idea that schizophrenia is associated with either an excess of the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate) or with increased sensitivity to the dopamine ordinarily present in the brain?

Dopamine hypothesis

A person who has both Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymic Disorder is best characterized by the condition known as what?

Double Depression

This biological cause of mental retardation occurs due to a faulty distribution of chromosomes when the egg or sperm is formed, leaving the person with 47 rather than 46 chromosomes.

Down's Syndrome (aka Trisomy-21)

PTSD course & treatment

Duration of symptoms varies widely with complete recovery within three months to longer than 12 months. Risk factors for development includes severity of the trauma, perceived life threat, interpersonal violence, prior mental disorders, dissociation during and after the trauma, lack of support, female gender, younger age, lower SES, lower education, lower intelligence, & minority racial/ethnic status. more prevalent among females and is associated with suicidal ideation and attempts. Interventions include CPT, PE, seeking safety (when comorbid with SUD) and EMDR (controversial as the mechanism of change may simply be exposure). Also SIT. Psychological debriefing wasn't at first thought to prevent the development of PTSD and other trauma related symptoms but the method has been found to be ineffective and some research has indicated that it makes recovery more difficult as compared to having no treatment at all.

What is the restricting type for anorexia nervosa?

During last 3 mos no engagement in binge eating or purging weight loss primarily through dieting, fasting, excessive exercise

What is the bing-eating/purging type for anorexia nervosa?

During last 3 mos, recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging

When do you use the rapid cycling specifier?

Dx of bipolar I or bipolar II who have at least 4 mood episodes that meet full criteria within one year

Encopresis

Dx when there is repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places, intentionally or involuntarily. Must occur at least once a month got a minimum of 3 months. Child must be chronologically & mentally age 4. Specifiers: with constipation and overflow incontinence and without constipation and overflow incontinence. Can be primary in which person has never established continence or secondary in which the problem develops after a period of continence. No evidence-based treatments. Medical management is often used successfully when constipation is the underlying problem. When clearly deliberate, features of ODD and/or CD may also be present. Treatment typically involves a behavioral approach in order to promote appropriate continent. Family therapy may be indicated especially if the symptoms are secondary to family conflict.

________ are characterized by disturbances in the amount, quality, and timing of sleep.

Dyssomnias

A 24 y/o client reports he has felt "pretty down" for most his life, stating he experiences difficulty falling asleep, low self-image, decreased energy, feelings of hopelessness, and difficulty concentrating and making decisions. He explains, however, that it rarely affected his functional capacities. What's the likely diagnosis?

Dysthymic Disorder

What is the difference between dyskinesia and dystonia?

Dystonia - small involuntary movements characterized by muscle cramps; twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. Dyskinesia - small involuntary movements that are like small ticks. Tardive dyskinesia (TD), estimated to occur in 30% of patients treated with neuroleptics, encompasses a broad spectrum of hyperkinesias associated with exposure to these drugs.

What is the most commonly used modality of biofeedback treatment for tension headaches?

EMG biofeedback

anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by "over success" in losing weight, being 15% or lower body fat. Mainly use self-starvation (restricting type) and/or may binge and purge

What is the term used to define a person's tendency to repeat the words or phrases of others?

Echolalia

tx for delirium

Education to pt & family about dx & env manipulation to minimize disorientation & overstimulation & maintain pt safety. Haloperidol or other antipsychotic drugs when agitated or experiencing hallucinations/delusions

What aspects of Type A behavior are more likely to increase the risk of heart attack?

Emotional and temperamental (anger, hostility), as opposed to behavioral (job involvement)

adjustment dx

Emotional or behavioral sxs in response to 1+ psychosocial stressors w/in 3 months of onset of stressors. Sxs must remit w/in 6 onths

histrionic PD

Emotionality & attention-seeking. Unable to achieve intimacy in romantic & sexual relationships & may have trouble maintaining same-sex relationships bc of constant demands for attn & seductive bx may threaten friend's other relationships

Regarding elimination disorders, ________ and ________ refer to repeated involuntary or intentional elimination of feces and urine, respectively.

Encopresis; enuresis

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Fantasies, urges, or behavior involving sexual excitement resulting from the physical or psychological suffering of another, for at least 6 months.(SS- Stuff done to Someone; man in 50 shades)

This is a nervous system disorder that involves recurring seizures with no identifiable cause; it effects about .5% of the population.

Epilepsy

This Delusional Disorder type is characterized by the delusion that a person, typically of higher status, is in love with the patient.

Erotomanic Type Delusional Disorder

Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions

Essential feature is a medical symptom or condition is present, and psychological or behavior factors adversely affect the medical condition in one or more ways: factors have influenced the course or pathophysiology of the medical condition (exacerbation or delayed recovery), the factors interfere with treatment (poor adherence), or the factors create an additional health risk. Specify: mild moderate severe or extreme.

Major Depressive Disorder

Essential features of this disorder are either depressed mood and/or loss of interest as well as four other depressive symptoms lasting at least two weeks

Bipolar I disorder

Essential features that occurrence of it one manic episode, other episodes may proceed or follow that are not necessary for the diagnosis. The current or most recent episode should specified as manic, hypomanic, depressed, or u specified. Equally common in males & females, more common in high-income than low-income countries. Has the highest concordance (heredity) rates of all the major mental disorders. Risk of suicide is at least 15 times that of the general population. Mean age of onset for first mood episode is 18. Typically recurrent, those who have one manic episode have future mood episodes. Research a shown the stressors play more of a role in precipitating the first and/or second episode of the disorder then subsequent episodes. Medication management is typically lifelong and commonly prescribed meds include lithium, Tegretol, or Depakene. Psychoeducation about the disorder with the goal of improving adherence to medication has strong research support.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Essential features: depressed mood plus at least two other depressive symptoms which have occurred for more days than not in 2 years (or longer). A chronic, low-grade depression

High blood pressure that has an unknown cause is referred to as ________, whereas if the high blood pressure is the result of a known disorder it is called ________.

Essential hypertension; secondary hypertension

incentive-sensitization theory

Etiology of substance use dx: repeated activation of dopaminergic reward sys in brain by substance & cues related to substance, sensitizing the system & resulting in cravings for & compulsions to use

tension-reduction & self-medication hypotheses

Etiology of substance use dx: use of alcohol & other drugs alleviates stress (- reinf), enhances mood (+ reinf) & enhances addition

Due to TBI

Evidence of TBI; one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, disorientation and confusion, neurological signs (seizures, hemiparesis); persists past the acute post injury period

Other specified/unspecified feeding or eating disorder

Examples include atypical anorexia (criteria for anorexia met but no significant weight loss or weight is within or above normal range), bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration, purging disorder (absence of binge eating), and night eating syndrome (recurrent episodes of night eating either after awakening from sleep or after the evening meal)

Other Specified/Unspecified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder

Examples include body dysmorphic like disorder without repetitive behaviors, obsessional jealousy, and koro (intense anxiety that the penis or vulva/nipples will recede into the body, possibly leading to death)

Other specified/unspecified somatic symptom and related disorder

Examples include brief somatic symptom disorder (duration of symptoms less than six months), pseudocyesis (false belief of being pregnant associated with objective signs and symptoms of pregnancy), malingering (intentional production of symptoms motivated by clear external incentives; not a mental disorder but is a diagnosis)

Other specified/unspecified dissociative disorder

Examples include identity disturbance due to prolonged and intense coercive persuasion, or acute dissociative reactions to stressful events (sometimes lasting only a few hours or days)

Other Specified/Unspecified Paraphilic Disorder

Examples include necrophilia (corpse), zoophilia (animals) and telephone scatologia (obscene phone calls)

Cluster B: histrionic personality disorder

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking as evidenced by five or more: uncomfortable when not the center of attention; sexually seductive/provocative behavior; rapidly shifting and shallow expressions of emotion; uses physical appearance to draw attention; speaks dramatically but without substance; exaggerates of motion; is easily influenced by others; considers relationship closer than they actually are.

Environment and Intelligence

Experiences that hinder: Poor prenatal care, Malnutrition, Exposure to toxins, Stressful family circumstances Experiences that help: Good health care and nutrition, Mental enrichment in home and child care or school IQ scores linked to SES, education, family environment, and nutrition

Big Five Personality Trait

Extroversion/ introversion Conscientiousness Openness to experience Emotional stability Agreeableness

What controversial PTSD treatment combines both CBT and client-centered approaches with lateral eye-movements, usually involving the client following the finger movements of the therapist?

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

What are the gender ratios in anxiety?

F:M is 2:1

schizophrenia

FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE for 1 month individual dusplays two or more of teh following symptoms much of the time --delusions (falses beleif) --hallucinations (false sensory perceptions --disorganized speech --very abnormal motor activity including catoatonia --negative symptoms at least on of the individuals symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disoganized speesch individual functions much more poorly in barious life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms beyond this 1 month if intense symptomology indiviudal countinues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least 5 addtiontional months.

The core feature of ________ Disorders are deliberately produced physical or psychological symptoms; people with this condition possess a desire to assume the role of a sick person.

Factitious

A physician at a hospital discovers that a child she has treated on numerous occasions for similar conditions is likely having symptoms fabricated by his mother. This being the case, the mother would most appropriately be diagnosed with what?

Factitious Disorder by Proxy (or Munchausen by Proxy)

Kleptomania

Failure to resist urge to steal unnecessary items Seems rare, but it is not well studied Highly comorbid with mood disorders Also co-occurs with substance-related problems

F scale (MMPI)

Fake bad / Malingering Increase deviant response

K scale (MMPI)

Fake good Increase defensiveness / denial

True or False: There is no genetic link regarding ADHD?

False- about 57% of children whose parents have ADHD are later diagnosed, while twin studies have revealed a .80 average heritability for hyperactivity/impulsivity

True or False: It is recommended that a child with school phobia be removed from the academic setting until his fear is appropriately resolved?

False- the consensus is that the child should be returned to school

facticious dx

Falsifying physical or psychological sxs on self or another, associated w/ an identified deception, presenting self/other as being ill, impaired or injured, and engaging in bx even in absence of external reward

Developed by Minuchin for the treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, the ________ refers to family members and the therapist eating a meal together.

Family lunch

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Fantasies, urges, or behavior involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or made to suffer, over a period of at least 6 months (SM - Stuff done to Me)

Voyeuristic Disorder

Fantasies, urges, or behavior that involves watching an unsuspecting person who is naked, undressing, or engaged in sexual activity. Must be for a period of at least 6 months and individual is at least 18. (Peeping Tom)

stimulant withdrawal

Fatigue, vivid & unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation. Acute sxs: intense & unpleasant feelings of lassitude & depression & increase in appetite

What disorder is diagnosed for a child who, before age 6, chronically fails to eat enough food for at least one month, which leads to weight loss or failure to gain weight? It is commonly referred to as ________.

Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood; failure to thrive

What three conditions are parts of the orgasm stage of the Sexual Response Cycle?

Female Orgasmic Disorder, Male Orgasmic Disorder, and Premature Ejaculation

Conditions of the Excitement stage of the Sexual Response Cycle include ________, involving inadequate lubrication/swelling of the genitals and/or subjective lack of excitement, and ________, characterized by recurrent failure to attain or maintain an erection.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder; Male Erectile Disorder

A child who has a short nose, narrow upper lip, small chin, and flat mid-face, and who experiences developmental delays, failure to thrive, and is usually mild to moderately mentally retarded characterizes what non-DSM condition?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (caused by chronic consumption of alcohol by mother during pregnancy)

What is a limited symptom panic attack?

Fewer than 4 symptoms other specified anxiety disorder

GAD

Finds diff to control worries. Must involve 3+ of: restless, easily fatigued, dif concentrat, irritab, muscle tension, sleep disturb

Schizophrenia & genes

First-degree relatives have a concordance rate of 10% and have a greater risk of developing schizophrenia than the general population. Identical twins have a 50% concordance rate, the risk of developing schizophrenia when both parents have the disorder is about 45%. Relatives of individuals with schizophrenia havoc increased risk of developing other schizophrenia spectrum disorders including schizotypal and paranoid personality disorders and delusional disorder

Delusions (thinking)

Fixed, false beliefs that are unchangeable. Content varies and can be bizarre or non-bizarre. Non-bizarre are situations that are possible and bizarre are those that are clearly implausible

1. Content - The specific category a response belongs (clothing, science, whole human) 2. Location - Area of blot that person used to develop response (whole blot, detail, small detail, white space) 3. Form Quality - Determined by how accurately the response relates to the form of the inkblot 4. Developmental quality - determined by evaluating each response in terms of its degree of integration.

Four scoring dimensions of the Rorschach are....

This French term often refers to when a person in close relation to another person who has a psychotic disorder begins experiencing similar delusions.

Folie a Deux (aka Shared Psychotic Disorder)

GAD

For 6 months or more, person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters. The symptoms include at least three of the following: edginess fatigue, poor concentration, irratibility, muscle tension, sleep problems Significant distress or impairment.

Intellectual Disability

Four degrees of severity, mild, moderate, severe, profound. based on adaptive functioning on conceptual, social, and practical domains

These benzodizepines recive which neurotransmitter?

GABA

Biological therapies for GAD

GABA-enhancing benzodiazepines; antianxiety drugs; lift moods of depressed people. antipsychotic drugs; drugs who lose touch with reality. Relaxation training Biofeedback

alcohol (ethyl) binds to what

GABA; carries inhibitory messages

Often diagnosed as Dissociative Disorder NOS, ________ is characterized by a person providing answers to questions that are close to the truth but not completely true.

Ganser's Syndrome (aka syndrome of approximate answers)

A person whose experience of discomfort with their actual gender role and intense identification with the opposite gender causes functional impairment would receive what diagnosis?

Gender Identity Disorder

Selye, who studied reactions to stress, has described the ________, which is a set of characteristic responses over time under conditions of stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Spearman's g

General intelligence: if skilled in one area, skilled in others as well. Idea that skills cluster one general factor

Columbia Mental Maturity scale (CMMS)

General reasoning ability Cerebral Palsy, Brain Damage, Intellectual Dx, Speech, Hearing loss, Limited english

A person with ________ experiences excessive anxiety and worry about numerous life circumstances and feels incapable of controlling their worry; symptoms, lasting at least 6 months, include restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, etc.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Once referred to as grand-mal seizures, ________ involve episodes of violent shaking, during which the person becomes blue and stiff, and can last up to an hour. After a seizure of this type, the person usually falls into a deep sleep.

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

In any substance abuse treatment, the first and most important step involves what?

Getting the person to acknowledge that they have a problem, as denial is common

Gender and Intelligence

Girls better than boys on some measures of verbal ability, less likely to have a reading disability Boys perform better than girls on measures of spatial and math skills Environmental factors play a role Gender differences seem to have declined in recent years

________ Type is characterized by the delusion that one has made a truly meaningful discovery and/or has a remarkable talent.

Grandiose Type

K scale

Guardedness scale - High scores = fake good - Low scores excessively open, poor ego strength, tends to openly reveal his or her negative aspects

A client who discloses a history of extensive LSD use, though no longer uses, reports that he occasionally re-experiences hallucinations similar to those he experienced when using the LSD. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

Have severe persistent and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which they may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embarrassment. Pronounced, disproportionate and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to possible scrutiny by others, typically lasting 6 months or more. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others. Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety. Avoidance of feared situations Significant distress or impairment

What is the etiology of bipolar?

Heredity viewed as the primary contributor - ten fold increase of risk

Sexual Dysfunction

Heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by disturbance in sexual response or sexual experience of pleasure. Specifiers: lifelong (the disturbance has been present since the individual became sexually active) or acquired (the disturbance began after a period of normal sexual functioning; and generalized (occurs with all types of stimulation, situations, or partners) or specific (occurs only with certain types of stimulation, situations, or partners). Current severity coded based on distress over the symptoms: mild moderate or severe

Random answer test

High F scale & high score scales

Fake bad - Malingering

High F scale with F-K more than 9

Bouchard & Mc Gue Study

Higher genetic similarity = higher correlation IQ Score

Concordance rates IQ SCORES

Higher identical twins reared together .85 Lower adoptive parent & child .18

People with this disorder often act sexually seductive, have exaggerated though shallow emotions that shift rapidly, are easily influenced by others, seek constant reassurance/praise, and may consider relationships to be more close than they really are.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Housing problems

Homelessness, in adequate housing, discord with neighbor or landlord, and problems related to living in a residential institution

Elimination disorders

Involve inappropriate elimination of urine or feces; usually first diagnosed in childhood.

What is the diagnosis when functioning is impaired due to extreme sleepiness for at least 1 month, which has manifested as either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleepiness, not due to lack of sleep?

Hypersomnia

Affecting the Desire stage of the Sexual Response Cycle, ________ refers to absent/deficient sexual desires and ________ refers to extreme aversion to and avoidance of sexual contact.

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder; Sexual Aversion Disorder

What condition is characterized by a preoccupation with fears one has a serious disease based on a misunderstanding of normal bodily functions, despite medical evidence and reassurance that nothing is wrong?

Hypochondriasis (no delusions; person is aware of exaggerated fears)

Scale 1

Hypochondriasis - physical complaints, commonly immature, egocentric, complaining, pessimistic.

Scale 9

Hypomania scale on MMPI - overactivity, poor impulse control, excessive speech, flight of ideas, agitation, grandiosity, restlessness, irritability

Scale 3

Hysteria scale on mmpi - physical complains and defensive denial of emotional or interpersonal problems

A client who reports that certain external events have a particular personal meaning would be demonstrating what type of symptom (e.g., belief that newscasters are talking directly to the client)?

Ideas of reference

In a controlled environment

If in environment where the substance is restricted

general adaptation syndrome: resistance

If stress continues, hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to release ACTH -> signals release of cortisol & other stress hormones. Elevated levels maintain hi blood glucose levels & inc metabolism of fats & proteins, allowing ind to continue responding to stressor

The difference between ________ and ________ is the former refers to the misperception or misinterpretation of an actual stimulus, whereas the latter refers to false beliefs that are firmly held despite contradictory evidence (and do not represent beliefs widely accepted by one's culture).

Illusions; delusions

covert desensitization

Imagined; person imagines the frightening event while the therapist describes it.

Substance/medication induced

Impairment persist beyond intoxication and withdrawal; can produce neurocognitive impairment; for alcohol, the subtype amnestic - confabulatory is coded if appropriate

What is Lazarus and Folkman's transaction model of stress?

In contrast to Selye, concluded that people respond differently to stress; how people respond depends on their cognitive appraisal of the event - TMS distinguishes between 3 types of cognitive appraisal: 1. primary 2. secondary 3. cognitive

This behavioral approach to treating Specific Phobias involves directly exposing the client to the object of fear until they recognizes there is nothing to fear, which leads to the fear being extinguished.

In-vivo exposure

What is dissociative amnesia characterized by?

Inability to recall autobiographical information -usually of traumatic or stressful nature -can be localized to time period or selective (one aspect of event) or generalized (identity and life history) -inconsistent with normal forgetting -may or may not involve purposeful travel or bewildered wandering (fugue) -most people are unaware of amnesia "amnesia of amnesia"

dissociative amnesia

Inability to recall imp autobio info. Inc risk for dx assoc w/ exp to 1+ traumatic events (esp childhood phys/sex abuse or interpersonal violence) -fugue: includes travel or wandering away from home -localized: unable to recall all events in period of time -selective: unable to recall some events in period of time -generalized: uncommon loss of mem for personal identity & semantic/skill knowledge

Other specified/unspecified trauma and stressor related disorder

Include adjustment-like disorders with late onset of symptoms that occur more than three months after the stressor, persistent complex bereavement disorder, or ataque de nervios

Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)

Include delirium, as well as major NCDs, mild in NCDs, and their subtypes. The primary clinical deficit is in cognitive functioning, and the disorders are acquired rather than developmental. The impaired cognition has not been present since birth nor in early life, and represents a decline from a prior level of functioning. For many NCDs the underlying pathology & etiology can be determined. The term dementia is assumed under major neurocognitive disorder. Dementia is still use for disorders involving degenerative processes typically in order adults, neurocognitive disorder is preferred for conditions affecting younger persons. Individuals with a decline in a single domain can receive the diagnosis.

Negative Symptoms

Include diminished emotional expression and avolition (decrease in self-initiated purposeful activities), alogia (reduced speech output), anhedonia (diminished pleasure) & asociality (lack of interest in social interactions)

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Include substance-related disorders as well as gambling disorder. All drugs taken in excess activate the brain's reward system, involved in reinforcement of behaviors and production of memories. Gambling found to activate reward systems too. Normal activities may be neglected and individuals with lower levels of self-control (possibly reflecting impairment in the brain's inhibitory mechanisms) may be predisposed to develop a disorder. Divided into two groups: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders

Breathing related sleep disorders

Include three distinct disorders: obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea (characterized by snoring, snorting/gasping, or breathing pauses during sleep); central sleep apnea (no evidence of obstruction); sleep related hypoventilation (decreased respiration associated with elevated carbon dioxide levels). Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea is the most common. Apnea refers to a temporary cessation of breathing; hypopnea is abnormally slow or shallow breathing.

Good prognostic features

Include two or more: onset of prominent psychotic symptoms within four weeks of the first noticeable change in behavior (acute onset), confusion or perplexity, good premorbid social and occupational functioning, and absence of flat or blunted affect.

ASPD

Included in this section because it is closely connected to the spectrum of externalizing disorders of conduct

Stimulant related disorders

Includes amphetamines, cocaine, or other stimulants (narcotics too)

Gender Dysphoria

Includes one diagnosis for gender dysphoria with separate criteria sets for children & adolescents/adults

Flyn Effect

Increase 3 IQ points per decade

trichotillomania

Individuals repeatedly pull out their hair Despite attempts to stop individuals are unable to stop this practice Significant distress or impairment

heritability estimates

Industrialized countries .60-.80 32 & 64% variability in IQ due ti genetic factors

F Scale

Infrequency (Fake bad) scale. Includes items that were endorsed by less than 10% of people in the standardization sample. High scores suggest psychotic process, high distress, or a cry for help. Over 100 suggestive of malingering and would invalidate the profile.

Other Caffeine-Induced Disorders

May include an anxiety disorder or sleep-wake disorder

Due to frontotemporal disorder

Insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment; either behavioral variant with decline in social cognition and/executive functioning, or language variant; relative sparing of learning, memory, and perceptual-motor function. (Gradual steady and apparent onset and progression with behavior problems AND decline in social cognition and/or executive functioning OR language problems)

Due to Alzheimer's Disease

Insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment; either evidence of a causative Alzheimer's disease genetic mutation or clear evidence of a decline in memory & learning and at least one other cognitive domain; no extended plateaus; no evidence of mixed etiology (gradual steady & apparent onset and progression)

Due to Huntington's disease

Insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment; occurs in the context of a diagnosed Huntington's disease, or risk for the disease (abnormaloties can predate motor symptoms by 15 years)

Due to Parkinson's disease

Insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment; occurs in the context of a diagnosed Parkinson's disease

With Lewy bodies

Insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment; several of the following: fluctuating technician with variations and attention/alertness, visual hallucinations, parkinsonian is him, REM sleep behavior disorder, and severe neuroleptic sensitivity.

Due to prion (mad cow) disease

Insidious onset and rapid progression of impairment; there are motor features such as myoclonus (jerky muscle contractions) or ataxia, or biomarker evidence. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is the most common typically progresses very rapidly to major impairment over several months

A person experiencing ________ has trouble falling or staying asleep, or does not feel rested after a sufficient period of sleep, leading to marked distress of impaired functioning.

Insomnia

borderline PD

Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image & affect plus marked impulsivity. Impairment from sxs & risk of suicide are greatest during young adulthood, w/ improvement in sxs over time (75% by 40, 90% by 50)

What is ataque de nervios?

Intense fear and an inability to move Uncontrollable screaming or crying Fainting or seizure Sensation of heat rising from chest to head Verbal attacks and physical aggression Chest tightness or heart palpitations

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others. Fears will exhibit symptoms in these situations that will be negatively evaluated, avoids situations or endures with distress. Symptoms present for at least six months

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Involves either marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, or reduced intensity of sensations of orgasm, occurring on almost all or all occasions for a minimum of six months.

Agoraphobia

Intense fear or anxiety about two or more situations: using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line or being in a crowd, or being outside the home. Situations are avoided because of thoughts that escape might be difficult or that help might not be available when incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms occur. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent and typically last six months or more. Individuals also have comorbid mental disorders most common co occurring diagnoses include other anxiety disorders, depressive disorders,PTSD, and alcohol use disorder. Usually treated with CBT very similar to the treatment of panic disorder

transvestic dx

Intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing. Almost exclusively male. Majority identify as heterosexual tho some engage in occasional sexual activity w/ other males, esp when cross-dressed

Practitioners of ________ contend depression is caused by difficulties in relationships stemming from early life, particularly those related to the development of attachment, and serve to maintain depression later in life; this approach embraces the medical model and views depression as a an illness to be treated with both medication and concurrent therapy.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic related disorders

Intoxication and withdrawal results in symptoms identical to alcohol intoxication and withdrawal

Dissociative Disorders

Involve a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of consciousness, identity, memory, perception, emotion, body representation, motor control, and behavior. May be experienced as intrusions into awareness and behavior (positive sxs such as derealization) and/or as an inability to access information (negative sxs such as amnesia). Frequently occur following a trauma

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep Arousal Disorders

Involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually during the first third of the night accompanied by either sleepwalking or sleep terrors. There's total amnesia for the event and no dream recollection.

Adjustment Disorder

Involve the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to one of more identifiable psychosocial stressors within three months of onset, must remit within six months after termination of the stressor

What are elimination disorders?

Involve the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence 2x/week for 3 mo, at least 5 years

With mood congruent or mood incongruent psychotic features

Involve the presence of delusions or hallucinations at any time in the episode. Mood congruent features delusions and hallucinations consistent with the mood. Mood incongruent features delusions and hallucinations that are not consistent with the mood.

Adjustment disorders

Involve the presence of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable psychosocial stressor. The disorder develops within three months of the onset of the stressor and remits within six months of the stressors termination. Person experiences marked distress in excess of what would be expected or there is significant impairment in functioning. Only diagnosed if the stress related disturbance does not qualify for another mental disorder nor is it an exacerbation of a pre-existing mental disorder. Specifiers: with depressed mood, with anxiety, with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, with disturbance of conduct, with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct, and unspecified

Somatic type

Involved illusion relating to body functions and sensations

Selective mutism

Involves a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations when speaking is expected, in spite of speaking in other situations. A minimum of one month duration is required for the diagnosis. Onset is usually before age 5. In children it is related to fear and anxiety not disobedience. Treatment includes combination of behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy- desensitization, relaxation protocols to include guided imagery.

Medication induced postural tremor

Involves a fine tremor occurring while trying to maintain posture

Specific Phobia

Involves a marked fear or anxiety caused by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation. Exposure provokes an immediate anxiety response and the phobic situation is either avoided or endured with intense distress. Fear and anxiety is out of the proportion to the actual danger and typically last for six months or more. Specifiers: animal, natural environment (heights, storms, etc.), blood injection injury, situational (planes, elevators, etc) or other (loud sounds, costumed characters, etc.). Common to have multiple specific phobias in which case multiple diagnoses are given. Expose your-based therapies are the treatment of choice. In vivo exposure usually yields the strongest results; massed exposure May result in more robust clinical improvement. Therapist assisted exposure based procedures are highly effective. Virtual-reality exposure is useful for phobias that may be difficult to treat in vivo. Systematic desensitization, which involves pairing exposure with relaxation maybe preferred by patients. However it is effective but requires more time and is less successful at decreasing avoidance. Many exposure therapies include a cognitive component which can be particularly helpful for certain phobias.

Other medication induced movement disorder

Involves a medication induced movement disorder not captured by any other specific disorder

Cluster B: narcissistic personality disorder

Involves a pattern grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy as indicated by five or more: grandiose sense of self importance; preoccupied with fantasies of greatness; believes they are special; needs excessive admiration; has a sense of entitlement; is interpersonally exploitative; lacks empathy; is envious of others, or thinks others are envious of them; is arrogant and haughty

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Involves a preoccupation with having or developing a serious illness. Somatic sxs or mild or not present and there is significant anxiety about health. Either performs excessive health-related behaviors or demonstrates maladaptive avoidance. Illness preoccupation lasts at least 6 months.prevalence is similar in both men and women (nutshell: anxiety about developing an illness)

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome

Involves a set of symptoms that can occur after abrupt cessation of antidepressants, and may include sensory and somatic symptoms, as well as nonspecific anxiety and feelings of dread

Tardive dyskinesia

Involves athetoid (writhing) or choreiform (jerky) movements of the tongue, jaw, and extremities

Inhalant intoxication

Involves behavioral or psychological changes as well as two or more: dizziness, and coordination, nystagmus, slurred speech, unsteady gait, depressed reflexes, lethargy, muscle weakness, blurred vision, tremor, cycle motor retardation, euphoria, and stupor or coma

Mixed type

Involves characteristics of more than one of the types of without any single theme predominating

Medication induced acute akathisia (restlessness)

Involves complaints of restlessness accompanied by excessive movement (fidgeting, rocking, pacing, inability to sit still)

Pyromania

Involves deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion. Tension or affective of arousal is experience before the act, fascination with or attraction to fire, and pleasure or relief on setting fires or witnessing their aftermath.

Erotomanic type

Involves delusions and which another person, usually of higher status, is in love with the individual

Jealous type

Involves delusions in which the person believes that a sexual partner is being unfaithful

Delayed ejaculation

Involves either marked delay in ejaculation or marked infrequency or absence of ejaculation, occurring on almost all or all occasions. Symptoms present for a minimum of six months

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Involves either obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and cause distress or anxiety. The person attempts to either ignore or suppress the thoughts or to neutralize them with some other thought or action. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts the person feels driven to perform as an attempt to prevent or reduce distress or prevent some dreaded situation. Obsessions or compulsions take more than one hour per day or cause significant distress or impairment. Specifiers: with good or fair insight, with poor insight, and with absent insight/delusional beliefs. Tic-related it's coded if the individual has a current or past history of a tic disorder.

Erectile disorder

Involves either the inability to achieve an erection, difficulty maintaining erection, or decrease erectile rigidity, occurring on almost all or all occasions for a minimum of six months.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Involves excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events of activities that are relatively constant for at least six months, the person finds difficult to control, and cause clinical significant impairment.

Kleptomania

Involves failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value. Their is tension immediately before committing the theft and pleasure or relief at the time of the theft

Frotteuristic Disorder

Involves fantasies, urges, or behavior that involve rubbing or touching an unconsenting person, over a period of at least 6 months. (Crowd in Vegas on NYE or molestation)

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Involves fantasies, urges, or behavior that involves exposing one's genitals to a stranger, over a period of 6 months (flashers)

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

Involves fear of one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to potential scrutiny by others, for example social interactions, being observed, and performing. Person fears their behavior will be embarrassing, humiliating, or lead to rejection. Fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasts six months or more. If the fear is restricted to speaking or performing in public the specifier performance only should be used. Strong support for treating with cognitive therapy and with behavioral approaches (including exposure & relaxation). Combining cognitive and behavioral therapy seems to yield the best results.

Conversion Disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)

Involves one or more symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function. Symptoms are not intentionally produced but are incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions (nutshell: have sxs but don't match any known neuro or med condition). Specifiers: with weakness or paralysis, with abnormal movement, with swallowing symptoms, with speech symptoms, with attacks of seizures, and with anesthesia or sensory loss, with special sensory symptom, or with mixed symptoms. Must also specify if: acute episode (sxs present less than 6 months), or persistent (sxs present more than six months), and with psychological stressor (stressor needs to be specified) or without psychological stressor. Occurs 2 to 3 times more frequently in women.

Hoarding Disorder

Involves persistent difficulty throwing out or giving up possessions, regardless of actual value. There is a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding items, which results in a cluttered living space. Specifiers: with good or fair insight, with poor insight, and with absent insight/delusional beliefs. With excessive accusation is coded if in addition to difficultly discarding there is an excessive acquisition of items that are not needed or for which there is no space.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Involves recurrent temper outbursts (verbal or physical) three or more times a week for over one year in at least two settings. Between outbursts the mood is persistently irritable or angry most of the day nearly every day. Diagnosis must be made between ages 6-18 but sxs must have been present before age 10. There has never been a period of more than one day in which the symptoms of a manic or hypomanic episode have been present.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Involves severe muscle rigidity, elevated temperature, and other symptoms, such as labile blood pressure and changes in consciousness

Fetishistic Disorder

Involves sexual fantasies, urges, or behavior involving either the use of nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on a non genital body part, over a period of at least six months (foot fetish)

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Involves the lack of or reduced sexual interest/arousal as evidenced by at least three: absent/reduced sexual interests, absent/reduced sexual thoughts or fantasies, lack of or reduced initiation of sexual activity and lack of receptivity to partner's initiation, absent/reduced sexual pleasure (most often), absent/reduced interest/arousal in response to internal or external sexual cues, and absent/reduced sensations during sexual activity (most often). Sxs have persisted for at least 6 months

Rumination disorder

Involves the repeated regurgitation of food for at least one month. Food maybe re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. Not attributable to a medical disorder. Age of onset is usually between 3-12 months. Neglect, stressful life situations, and parent-child problem may be predisposing factors.

Caffeine Withdrawal

Involves three or more: headache, fatigue/drowsiness, dysphoric mood or irritability, difficulty concentrating, and flulike symptoms.

Friedman believes what four components comprise the pathogenic core of Type A behavior patterns?

Irritation, impatience, aggravation, and anger

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Is considered part of the schizophrenia spectrum and is also in the personality disorders.

What is taijin kyofusho?

Japanese cultural bound syndrome of social anxiety Western social phobia based in sufferer's individual reactions, while Japanese people with taijin kyofusho are afraid of embarrassing others by being in their presence; focus is more on the sufferer's perception of the reactions of the group vs the sufferer as individual

What Delusional Disorder type does a man who is convinced his wife is cheating, based on the fact she came home from work with a wrinkled shirt, best fit?

Jealous Type

What exercise involves women tightening pelvic floor muscles, as if to stop urinating, and is used to strengthen the perineum to prepare for pregnancy, treat incontinence, and enhance sexual pleasure?

Kegel exercise

three levels of severity for ASD

Level 1: requiring support Level 2: requiring substantial support Level 3: requiring very substantial support

behavioral theory

Lewinsohn: depression is result of low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for adaptive bxs, causing extinction of those bxs & pessimism, low self-esteem, social isolation & dysphoria- which are reinforced by sympathy & concern of others

L Scale

Lie scale on MMPI. High score indicates naive attempt to present in overly favorable light

Which personality dimensions are disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders linked to?

Linked to common externalizing spectrum associated with personality dimensions labeled as disinhibiton and (inversely) constraint and to a lesser extent negative emotionality therefore high comorbidity with substance use disorders and antisocial personality

What type of speech is a common symptom of psychosis characterized by responses that do not relate to questions asked, or one paragraph, sentence, or phrase is not logically connected to those that occur before or after?

Loosening of Associations (Loose Associations)

Biological perspective on OCD

Low activity of serotonin, and abnormal functioning in key regions of the brain

Schizophrenia & brain

MRI of the brain the persons with schizophrenia showing enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles, a smaller cerebral cortex, and a smaller thalamus (the filter for sensory input). PET scans indicate decreased frontal lobe activity which have been associated with the negative symptoms

This is characterized by a change in prior functioning due to the experience of depressed mood or loss of pleasure, in addition to at least 5 other symptoms of depression, during a two-week period.

Major Depressive Episode

OCD course & treatment

Males have an earlier age of onset than females, usually before age 10 as a result males are more commonly affected in childhood and also more likely to have a comorbid tic disorder. In adulthood females are slightly more commonly Fectig. Suicide risk is high. Evidenced based treatments include exposure with response prevention and cognitive therapy. The two approaches are often combined.

This term refers to one's deliberate production of either fraudulent or exaggerated symptoms motivated by external incentives (secondary gain).

Malingering

With mixed features specifier

Manic or hypomanic includes at least three: dysphoria or depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, psychomotor retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, or recurrent bouts of death or suicidality Depressive includes at least three: elevated or expansive mood, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, pressured speech, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, increased energy or goal directed activity, involvement in activities that have a high likelihood of adverse consequences, or decreased need for sleep.

A ________ Episode involves impaired functionality as a result of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for a period of at least 1 week, in addition to symptoms such as grandiosity, flight of ideas, and increased verbosity; a ________ Episode is similar, however the duration must be 4 days, no psychotic features or functional impairment is present, and hospitalization is not needed.

Manic; Hypomanic

sexual dysfunctions

Marked disturbance or ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure. Must rule out nonsexual mental dxs, relationship distress, & med conditions. Includes ED, premature ejaculation, genito-pelvic pain/penetration dx, female orgasmic dx

Specific Phobias

Marked, persistent ,and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation, usually lasting at least 6 months. Exposure to the object produces immediate fear Avoidance of the feared situation Significant distress or impairment

Scale 5

Masculinity-Feminity Scale on MMPI

Substance dependence

May be defined by tolerance and withdrawal Sometimes defined by drug-seeking behavior (e.g., spending too much money on substance)

Substance-Induced Disorders - Substance/Medication-Induced Mental Disorders

May be induced by any of the 10 classes of substances that produce SUD or by medication used in medical treatment.

Provisional

May be used when the clinician does not currently have sufficient info for a firm diagnosis

Other opiate induced disorders

May include a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, sleep - wake disorder, sexual dysfunction, as well as intoxication and withdrawal delirium

Other Cannabis-Induced Disorders

May include a psychotic disorder, anxiety disorder, sleep-wake disorder as well as intoxication delirium

Other stimulant induced disorders

May include a psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, OCD, sleep wake disorder, sexual dysfunction, neurocognitive disorder, as well as an intoxication delirium

Other Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic induced disorders

May include a psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, sleep wake disorder, sexual dysfunction, neurocognitive disorder, as well as an intoxication delirium

Other inhalant induced disorders

May include a psychotic disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, neurocognitive disorder, as well as an intoxication delirium

Other tobacco induced disorders

May include a sleep-wake disorder

Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (including catatonia)

May range from childlike silliness to unexpected agitation, typically interfering with goal-directed behaviors and activities of daily living. Catatonia is a marked decrease I reactivity that ranges from resistance to instructions (negativism), to maintaining odd posture,to lack of verbal or motor response (mutism and stupor). Can also involve excessive motor activity (catatonic excitement) repeated stereotype movement, grimacing, and echoing of speech.

Hiskey Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude

Measure learning ability Hearing or language impairments

Kaufman Test - KABC-II

Measure of cognitive ability (ages 3.0-18.11) Culture fair test (less verbal) Base on Cattell Horn Carroll model of cognitive abilities & Luria's neuropsychological processing model

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-4)

Measure receptive vocabulary Estimate verbal intelligence Motor speech impairment

Behavioral Assessment

Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context. may involve behavioral interviews, observation, cognitive assessment, and/or psychophysiological measures

Catatonic disorder due to another medical condition

Medical conditions that are known to manifest with catatonia including neurological conditions and metabolic conditions

Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition

Medical conditions that are known to manifest with delusions or hallucinations include neurological conditions, in the kindest orders, and metabolic condition. Specifiers include with delusions or with hallucinations

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder due to Another Medical Condition

Medical conditions that are known to manifest with symptoms include Sydenham's chorea and pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS)

Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition

Medical conditions that are known to manifest with symptoms of anxiety include endocrine disorders, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory illness, metabolic disturbances, and neurological illness

Depressive disorder due to another medical condition

Medical conditions that are known to manifest with symptoms of depression include stroke, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, & TBI. The neuroendocrine conditions of hypothyroidism and Cushing's disease are also associated with depression

Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition

Medical conditions that may cause a bipolar manic or hypomanic condition include Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, TBI

Treatment for Schizophrenia

Medication management is a key component and typically life long. Most common are antipsychotics. Psychosocial interventions such as CBT and family psychoeducation. Expressed emotion by family members has been shown to predict relapse many family approaches work to decrease expressed emotion and focus on strength and resiliency. Social skills training teach skills related to communication, service, disease management and independent living.

treatment of tourette's dx

Medication: antipsychotics haloperidol & pimozide found to be beneficial, but clonidine is rec due to -fewer & less severe side effects -psychostimulants' exacerbation of tics COmprehensive treatment for tics (CBIT) = habit reversal training + education + relaxation

It has been proposed that Seasonal Affective Disorder is related to abnormal regulation of ________ secretions by the pineal gland, hence the benefit of light therapy for people with this condition.

Melatonin

Research has shown that women appear to experience depression at a higher rate than men. What are some of the possible reasons for this?

Men are likely underrepresented due to underreporting; coping styles differ- men employ action and mastery strategies, women tend to brood and dwell on problems; women tend to express more extreme levels of well-being than men

This diagnosis requires the following three criteria: (1) Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, (2) concurrent impairments or deficits in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning, and (3) onset before age 18.

Mental Retardation

The DSM-IV-TR defines ________ as a "clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress... disability... or with a significant increased risk of suffering death, pain disability, or important loss of freedom..."

Mental disorder

Thought to be caused by dilation and spasms of the cerebral blood vessels, ________ are experienced as intense throbbing, usually on one side of the head, and often accompanied by nausea and/or other gastrointestinal problems.

Migraine headaches

What are specifiers for substance use disorders?

Mild (2-3 sx), moderate (4-5 sx), severe (6 or more) -in early remission, in sustained remission, on maintenance therapy, in a controlled environment

What are the 4 degrees of mental retardation and their corresponding IQ scores, as defined by the DSM?

Mild (IQ = 50-55 to 70); Moderate (IQ = 35-40 to 50-55); Severe (IQ = 20-25 to 35-40); Profound (IQ = 20-25 or below)

People with this degree of mental retardation are able to develop social and communication skills during childhood, acquire about a 6th grade level of academic skills, and are able to work and live independently as adults.

Mild Retardation (85% of all mentally retarded people)

A person who reports experiencing both mania and major depression in a single day, for at least 1 week, is experiencing a:

Mixed Episode

After administering a battery of standardized tests of intelligence to a client, results reveal severe deficits in both receptive and expressive language development, while the client's performance on nonverbal measures are considerably higher. What is the likely diagnosis?

Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder

With this level of mental retardation, people may require guidance and some supervision in social and occupational settings; they usually have no more than a 2nd grade academic level; and as adults, they can contribute to their own support by performing unskilled or semiskilled work under close supervision.

Moderate Retardation (10% of all mentally retarded people)

Treatment of enuresis often includes ________, which involves placing a pad under the child that sounds an alarm as soon urine touches it and are associated with the highest long-term success rate.

Moisture alarms (aka bell-and-pad)

tx for bipolar I dx

Mood stabilizing drug (lithium). Combo w/ psychosocial tx is preferable: CBT, interpersonal & social rhythm therapy, family focused tx

What is the relationship between ODD and CD?

Most cases of conduct disorder previously met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder at least in those cases when conduct disorder emerges before adolescence -but most kids with ODD dont develop CD, at risk of anxiety and depressive disorders

Comordibities w/Tourettes/tic disorders

Most common are OCD, ADHD sxs of ADHH often precede onset of tics and increase behavioral, social, academic problems than tics alone

What area of the brain is assumed to be involved in causes of medication-induced movement disorders?

Most commonly, these are antipsychotics or anti nausea drugs which block the dopamine receptors in the brain. Dopamine is found in the basal ganglia and is responsible for normal movement. It has been hypothesized that these drugs can activate an underlying susceptibility in certain individuals.

A young person whose scholastic achievement is impeded by abnormal clumsiness would likely receive a diagnosis of ________.

Motor Skills Disorder

Cyclothymic Disorder

Much less severe diagnosis than BDI & BDII A. For at least 2 years the patient experiences numerous episodes of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode & numerous periods w/ depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode B. During the same 2 year period, the hypomanic & depressive periods have been present for at least half of the time & the individual has not been without symptoms for more than two months at a time C. Criterial for major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode have never been met

tx for substance use dxs

Multimodal approach is most effective, combining: -tx (bx, CBT, self-guided) -pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement and/or antidepressant bupropion) -advice/support from medical or mental health professionals Initially admit problem, increase motivation to stop, address barriers to quitting (smoking: fear of weight gain, withdrawal sxs, failure), via education, substance replacement to reduce withdrawal sxs, & MI

A person who voluntarily produces or fakes physical symptoms and who has spent enough time in hospital settings to develop rather extensive medical knowledge would be best diagnosed with what?

Munchausen Syndrome (or Factitious Disorder with Physical Symptoms; hospital addiction)

PTSD

Must have a duration of more than one month.

What personality characteristics have been noted to develop as a result of untreated ADHD?

Narcissism and passive-aggressive traits (usually subside once ADHD is treated)

Often preoccupied with fantasies of power and success, people with ________ display a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, which can lead to exploitative relationships.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

This disorder is characterized by irresistible episodes of restorative sleep that occur nearly every day for a period of at least 3 months and either cataplexy or repeated intrusions of REM sleep.

Narcolepsy

Dependent Personality Disorder

Need to be taken care of (submissive/clingy); fear of separation; begin in early adulthood 5/8 1) Difficulty making everyday decisions w/o excessive amount of advice & reassurance from others 2) Needs others to assume responsibility for major areas of life 3) Difficulty expressing disagreement w/ others b/c of fear of loss of support/approval 4) Difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his own b/c of lack of confidence in judgment or abilities 5) Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance & support from others; could include volunteering to do things that are unpleasant 6) Feels uncomfortable/helpless when alone b/c of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for self 7) Seeks another relationship as a source of care & support when a close relationship ends 8) Is unrealistically preoccupied w/ fears of being left to take care of self

What are the major or mild neurocognitive disorder subtypes?

Neurocognitive disorder due to alzheimer's, vascular NCD, NCD with lewy bodies, NCD due to parkinsons disease, frontotemporal NCD, NCD due to traumatic brain injury, NCD due to HIV infection, substance/med induced NCD, NCD due to huntingtons disease, due to prion's disease, due to another medical condition, due to multiple etiologies and unspecified NCD

What 2 forms of treatment, when done in tandem, have the highest benefit for people in treatment for nicotine dependence (e.g., looking to quit smoking)?

Nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch) and behavioral intervention (stimulus control, aversive techniques)

What disorders involve abnormal behavioral or physiological events during sleep or at the threshold between sleep and awakening? Parasomnias This disorder is characterized by repeated awakenings due to frightening dreams that usually involve threats to self-esteem, survival, or security, and causes significant distress or functional impairment.

Nightmare Disorder

Raven's Progressive Matrices

Non verbal measure general intelligence (g) Useful hearing problems Non english speaking Aphasia, Physical Dx

Nonadherence to medical treatment

Non-adherence to medical treatment, overweight or obesity, malingering, wandering associated with a mental disorder, and borderline intellectual functioning

Research suggests that Schizophrenic patients from ________ countries tend to have a more acute onset, but shorter clinical course, and usually a complete remission when compared to patients from ________ countries.

Non-industrialized; industrialized

Cyclothymic Disorder

Numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode and that cause significant distress or impaired functioning. Symptoms lasts for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents and are present for at least half the time with the individual not being symptom-free for more than two months at a time

What does obsessive compulsive and related disorders include?

OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, substance/med induced obsessive compulsive and related disoder -due to another medical condition, other specified and unspecified (body focused repetitive behaviour disorder, obsessional jealousy)

delusional disorder

ONE MONTH OR MORE -persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to schizphrenia persecutory jealous, grandiose, adn somatic delusions are common

schizophreniform disorder

ONLY ONE TO SIX MONTHS various psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inapporiate affect adn catatonia

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessions, compulsions, or both Obsessions- persistent, unwanted, intrusive, repetitive, mental events that arouse anxiety or distress - Anxiety provoking thoughts, memories, wishes, urges, feelings, impulses, and images - Excessive & inappropriate (often in head; not visible); patient knows but can't find ways to control; individual attempts to ignore/suppress/neutralize w/ some other thoughts/actions (ex. Performing compulsions) Compulsions- repetitive behaviors or mental acts that OCD patients feel driven to do in order to reduce anxiety; aimed to neautralize anxiety; anxiety is prevented from doing said acts; most likely realize what's going on ; becomes uncomfortable if you stop them - Repetitive behaviors (ex. Hand washing, rechecking) that person feels driven to perform in response to obsession or according to rules that must be applied - Aimed at preventing/reducing anxiety; or preventing some dreaded act; excessive Specifiers- specify how much insight - Good/fair insight- individual recognizes that OCD beliefs are definitely/probably not true - Poor insight- individual thinks OCD beliefs are probably true - Absent insight/delusional beliefs- individual is completely convinced OCD beliefs are true

________ are persistent thoughts a person experiences as intrusive, inappropriate, distressing, and uncontrollable; ________ are repetitive behaviors performed according to a rigid set of rules, usually in response to the former.

Obsessions; compulsions

What condition is characterized by a persistent preoccupation with perfectionism, orderliness, and mental and interpersonal control, which severely limits openness, flexibility, and efficiency?

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

OCD

Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both. The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time. Significant distress or impairment

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic use disorder

Occurs when an individual's use meets criteria for substance use disorder

Alcohol Use Disorder

Occurs when individuals use of alcohol meet the criteria for theft disorder

Cannabis Use Disorder

Occurs when the individuals use of cannabis meets the criteria for substance use disorder

Inhalant use disorder

Occurs when the use of inhalant meets the criteria for a substance use disorder (No with drawl category for inhalant-related disorders)

Hallucinogen-Related Disorders - PCP Use Disorder

Occurs when the use of phencyclidine meets the criteria for substance use disorder (no withdrawal category with hallucinogen-related disorder)

Tobacco use disorder

Occurs when the use of tobacco meets criteria for a substance use disorder. No intoxication with tobacco related disorders. Quitting smoking is very difficult, and many require multiple attempts before they are ultimately successful. Counseling and medication both effective for treating dependence, but using them together is more effective. Pharmacological treatments include Zyban (the antidepressant bupropion) and the nicotine patch.

Other Hallucinogen Use Disorder

Occurs when use of a hallucinogen other than PCP (LSD, peyote, psilocybin) meets the criteria for a SUD

What four groups have research has found to be most at-risk for developing delirium?

Older people (60+ y/o); people with decreased cerebral reserve (e.g., prior CNS injury or impaired cognition); post-cardiotomy patients; people going through drug withdrawal

What are anomalous target preferences?

One directed at other humans (pedophilic) and 2 directed elsewhere (fetishistic and transvestic)

tx for antisocial PD

One of most dif dxs to treat as don't believe anything is wrong w/ them & are often in tx due to legal sys. No ESTs yet though CBT in residential settings can be effective w/ -clear rules & conseq -cognitive & life skills taught -lifestyle patterns & cognitive distortions identified & modified -ability to tolerate emotions & impact on others addressed -continued tx when re-enter community

Delusional Disorder

One or more delusions for at least one month with no additional symptoms found in schizophrenia. The person's behavior is relatively unimpaired and is not obviously. If manic or major depressive episodes occur concur with the delusions, the duration of the moon episode is brief relative to the duration of the delusion. Specifiers include erotomanic type, grandiose type, jealous type, persecutory type, somatic type, mixed type, and unspecified type. Specifier with bizarre content if bizarre. Onset is typically in middle to late adulthood & the most common subtype is persecutory

MDD & treatment/course

Onset can be at any age, although peaks in the 20s. The course is variable some rarely experience full remission, others experience isolated episodes with full return to premorbid functioning. Recovery typically begins within three months of onset for others may take up to a year. Factors associated with lower recovery rates: current episode duration, psychotic features, anxiety, personality disorders, and symptom severity. Risk of recurrence is higher when the preceding episode was severe, in younger individuals, and for persons who have had multiple episodes. Rate is Eagle and prepubertal girls and boys but one .5 to 3 times higher and females than males beginning in early adolescence. Risk factors include neuroticism (negative affectivity), adverse childhood experiences, and stressful life events. Possibility for suicide exist at all times.

Describe the typical onset and duration of delirium.

Onset is usually rapid and duration is brief, typically less than 1 month

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

Onset of sxs during final week before menses, start to improve during menses, become minimal/absent in the week postmenses 1 > affective lability, irritability, depression, anxiety 1 > anhedonia, concentration, fatigue, appetite, sleep, overwhelm, physical sxs (bloat, weight gain)

What diagnosis best applies for a child or young adolescent who is very negative, argumentative, and defiant to adults (usually parents), rarely accepts responsibility for their actions, but tends not to get into much trouble outside of the home?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

DSM 5

Organized based on developmental and lifestyle considerations, as well as the clustering of disorders based on internalizing and externalizing factors. (Begins with disorders that manifest early in life, then those that are more common in adolescence and young adulthood that are internalizing, then those that are externalizing, ending with those related to later life). Nonaxial documentation with separate notation for important social and contextual factors and disabilities

Other circumstances of personal history

Other personal history of psychological trauma, personal history of self harm, personal history of military deployment, other personal risk factors, problems related to,ifestyle, adult antisocial behavior, and child or adolescent antisocial behavior

What condition involves inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by accumulation of liquid in the middle ear cleft and is said to cause cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction, which has been linked to the development of learning disorders?

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)

What is premenstrual syndrome and how does it differ from premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

PMS - behavioral, psychological, physical sxs following ovulation, persist before/after onset of menstruation PDD more severe than PMS, requiring 5 > sxs during menstrual cycles in last 1 year, mood/physical/cognitive/behavioral sxs

Acute Stress Disorder

PTSD btw 3 days & 1 month * 9+ symptoms from any of the 5 categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociative, avoidance, arousal)

A client reports to her therapist that she experiences immense pain in her abdomen area; however, she discloses doctors have found no physical cause. Recognizing the client's preoccupation with the pain, the therapist is likely to diagnosis what?

Pain Disorder

A discrete period of intense apprehension, fear, or discomfort, often involving a sense of doom, and characterized by at least 4 somatic or cognitive symptoms (sweating, trembling, nausea, etc) is referred to as what?

Panic Attack

A client reports experiencing numerous panic attacks that are unexpected and, consequently, worries excessively (for at least 1 month) about having another attack. This worry, particularly about losing control, has caused behavioral changes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Panic Disorder

Scale 6

Paranoia scale on MMPI

A pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness in which the person consistently interprets the motives of others as malicious is characteristic of what disorder?

Paranoid Personality Disorder

What is the main difference between Paranoid Personality Disorder and Psychotic Disorders involving paranoia?

Paranoid Personality Disorder does not involve delusions, while Psychotic Disorders do

A client who speaks candidly and lucidly about a nonexistent world, is preoccupied with voices telling her "the world is ending," and whose speech, overt behavior, and affect are largely appropriate best fits what type of Schizophrenia?

Paranoid Type

Paraphilic Disorders

Paraphilia's are intense and persistent sexual urges, benefits, or behaviors that involve nonhuman objects, the suffering or humiliation of oneself apartment, or children or other nonconsenting person. Considered a disorder if it causes distress or impairment to the individual, or if satisfaction involves personal harm or risk of harm to others. Specifiers: in a controlled environment and in full remission if the person has not acted on the urges and there has not been distress or functioning for at least five years, while in an uncontrolled environment. With the exception of sexual masochism, these disorders occur almost exclusively in men

People with ________ have repeated, powerful sexually arousing fantasies or urges to engage in sexual behaviors involving nonhuman objects, suffering/humiliation of self/partner, or children or other non-consenting partners, and the symptoms cause marked distress or impairment.

Paraphilias

What is neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism?

Parkinsonism tremor, muscular rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia

Impulse Control Disorders, characterized by failure to resist an impulse to perform a harmful act, include what?

Pathological Gambling, Pyromania, Kleptomania, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, and Trichotillomania

disinhibited social engagement dx

Pattern of actively approaching & interacting w/ unfamiliar adults. Must be evidence of extreme insufficient care. -overly familiar bx -diminished checking bx when venturing away from caregiver -willingness to go w/ unfamiliar adult w/ minimal hesitation

Cluster A: Schizotypal personality disorder

Pattern of deficits in social and interpersonal functioning marked by discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships, peculiarities in cognition, perception, ideation, appearance and behavior as evidenced by five or more: ideas of reference; beliefs; unusual perceptual experiences; odd thinking and speech; suspiciousness/paranoia; inappropriate or constricted affect; odd behavior or appearance; lack of close friends; social anxiety associated with paranoid fears (want relationships but doesn't know how to interact socially, overall weird (impaired - cognition & interpersonal functioning)

ADHD

Pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity that has persisted for at least six months, had an onset prior to 12 years of age, is present in at least two settings, and interferes with social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity Duration 6 mos Onset before age 12; 6 or more sxs of both inattention and hyperactivity for 6 or more mos Sxs present in at least two settings

reactive attachment dx

Pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn bx toward caregivers. Must be evidence of extreme insufficient care. -minimal social & emotional responsiveness -limited + affect -unexplained irritability, sadness or fearfulness during nonthreatening interactions with caregivers

Manic Episode

Period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that may include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, agitation, or self-destructive behavior (at least 1 week).

The ________ Theory suggests depression is a result of low norepinephrine and low serotonin levels, while mania is caused by low norepinephrine and high serotonin levels; the effectiveness of SSRIs support this theory.

Permissive

A person with Delusional Disorder who believes they, or someone they know, is being malevolently mistreated best qualify for what type of the disorder?

Persecutory Type

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, symptoms during early development pattern, impairments in social, occupational, or other area of functioning

Language Disorder

Persistent difficulties in acquisition and use of language across modalities d/t deficits in: Reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, impaired discourse

Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder

Persistent difficulties in social use of verbal and nonverbal communication: - deficits in using communication for social purposes - inability to change/match communication to situation - deficits in responding to language through instructions/social changes - lack of comprehension, esp to ambiguous/nonverbal meanings

Speech Sound Disorder

Persistent difficulty w/speech sound production interfering w/speech intelligibility and verbal communication

Pica

Persistent eating of non-nutritive or non-food substances lasting at least one month

Pica

Persistent eating oven on the trip to, non-food substances for a period of at least one month. It's commonly seen in young children and occasionally in pregnant women. In individuals with intellectual disability, the prevalence increases with the severity of the disorder. Can be life-threatening.

Depersonalization/Derealization disorder

Persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization (a sense of unreality or detachment from one's thoughts, feelings, body, or actions) or derealization (a sense of unreality or detachment from one's surroundings). Reality testing remains intact.

What is genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

Persistent/recurrent difficulties w/ 1 > : vaginal penetration marked pain marked fear/anxiety about pain marked tensing of muscles duration 6 > mos

Hording disorder

Person are repeatedly unable to give up or throw out their possessions even worthless ones, becuase they feel a need to save them and want to avoid the discomfort of disposal Person accumulate an extraordinary number of possessions that severely clutter and crowd their homes Significant distress or impairment

posttraumatic stress disorder

Person is exposed to a traumatic event--death or threatened death, severe injury or sexual violation. Person experiences at least one of the following intrusive symptoms: -repeated, uncontrolled and distressing memories, repeated and upsetting trauma linked dreams, dissociative experiences such as flashbacks, significant upset when exposed to trauma linked causes, pronounced physical reactions when reminded of the event Person continually avoids trauma linked stimuli person experiences negative changes in trauma linked cognitions and moods such as being unble to remember key features of the events or experiencing repeated negative emotions. Persons displays conspicious changes in arousal and reactivity such as excessive alertness, extreme startle responses or sleep disturbance. Person experiences significant distress or impariment with symptoms lasting more than a month.

Thurstone's Theory of Intelligence

Person that argued that there are seven distinct primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical fluency, spacial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning.

Cattell

Person that believes G factor exists with two subtypes, fluid and crystalized intelligence

Spearman's Theory of Intelligence

Person that proposed intelligence is a single factor or "G", which came out of observations that scores on various tests of mental abilities tend to correlate with each other.

A person presents for therapy after family members noticed significantly increased paranoia following a car accident where the person sustained a head injury. Collateral information suggests the paranoia presented only after the accident. What is the most likely primary diagnosis?

Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition

objective personality tests

Personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way nothing to do with rater judgement

body dysmorphic disorder

Persons are preoccupied with having defects or flaws in their appearance that seem to most trivial to others. In response to their concerns the persons repeatedly perform certain behaviors or mental acts. Significant distress or impairment

dependent PD

Pervasive & excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive, clinging bx & fear of separation. Important to make sure bx is clearly excessive & does not just reflect cultural norms

Cluster B: ASPD

Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since at least 15 as indicated by three or more: repeatedly committing unlawful acts; deceitfulness; impulsivity and failure to plan ahead; repeated physical fight/assaults; disregard for the safety of others or self; irresponsibility; lack of remorse. Must be at least 18 and evidence of conduct disorder before 15

The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are distortions of normal functions, such as delusions and hallucinations; the ________ symptoms represent a decrease or loss of functions that are usually present, such as alogia (restricted fluency of thought/speech), avolition (restricted initiation of goal-directed behavior), and flat affect.

Positive; negative A person diagnosed with Schizophrenia ________ Type might present with loose associations, incoherence, flat or inappropriate affect, and regressed behavior that is largely uninhibited (e.g., laugh w/ out reason, incongruous facial gestures). Disorganized

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Pervasive, persistent social inhibition, hypersensitive to negative evaluation 4/7 1) Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact b/c of fear of criticism, disapproval, rejection 2) Unwilling to get involved w/ people unless certain of being liked 3) Shows restraint w/in intimate relationships b/c of fear of being shamed or ridiculed 4) Preoccupied w/ being rejected or criticized in social situations 5) Inhibited in new interpersonal situations b/c of feelings of inadequacy 6) Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others 7) Usually reluctant to take personal risks or engage in any new activities b/c they might prove embarrassing

Other problems related to the social environment

Phase of life problem, probably related to living alone, alteration difficulty, social exclusion or rejection, target of (perceived) adverse discrimination or persecution, and unspecified problem related to social environment

Which class of drugs does withdrawal not apply to?

Phencyclidine use disorder, other hallucinogen disorder or inhalant use disorder

What biological antecedent to mental retardation is caused by a lack of the enzyme necessary to oxidize phenylalanine (and amino acid in protein foods)?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

This diagnosis would likely apply when a person's academic/occupational or social abilities are impeded by their inappropriate use of speech sounds.

Phonological Disorder

This disorder involves persistently eating non-nutritive substances such as paint, cloth, sand, grass, etc. for at least 1 month; it is typically associated with Mental Retardation.

Pica

CD course & treatment

Poor prognosis is associated with early onset. Typically symptoms remit by adulthood although some continue to exhibit symptoms and meet criteria for ASPD in adulthood. Predisposing factors include: difficult infant temperament, parental rejection and neglect, inconsistent child-rearing with harsh discipline, physical or sexual abuse, lack of supervision, change in caregivers or institutional living, large family size in association with the delinquent peer group. Parent management training, a form of behavior therapy, has most success. Severe cases may warrant a residential or inpatient treatment

A client reports increased distress following her witnessing of a tragic car accident 2 months prior. She says she has since had difficulty falling asleep, and when she does sleep she has nightmares about the incident. What is the likely diagnosis?

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

What is the appropriate diagnosis for a woman who, within 4 weeks after giving birth, experiences mood swings, tearfulness, and other depressive symptoms suggestive of a Mood Disorder?

Postpartum Depression

What is the behavioral disinhibition hypothesis of ADHD?

Predicts that the essential characteristic of ADHD is an inability to adjust activity levels (self-regulate/self-control) to the requirements of the situation vs. it being a disorder of attention (i.e., internal guide for behavior is skewed, so need external prompts to support self-regulation and behavior change)

Insomnia disorder

Predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity associated with one or more: difficulty initiating sweet, difficulty maintaining sleep, or early-morning awakening with inability to go back to sleep. Occurs at least three nights each week for at least three months. Specifiers with a non-sleep disorder mental comorbidity, with other medical comorbidity, and with other sleep disorder. Additional specifiers: episodic (symptoms last at least one month for less than three months), persistent (symptoms last three months or longer), and recurrent (two or more episodes within one year). CBT is most effective, component techniques there also use independently to successfully treat including sleep restriction therapy, stimulus control therapy, and relaxation training. Dx when this is the focus of tx.

ADHD has been linked to abnormalities in the ________ by research that found diminished glucose metabolism and decreased blood flow in this region, as well as pathways connecting this region to the caudate nucleus.

Prefrontal cortex

Dyspareunia ________ is the most common sexual dysfunction in males, while ________ is the most common sexual dysfunction in females.

Premature Ejaculation; Orgasmic Disorder

What condition is characterized by a woman's routine experience of 5 symptoms such as marked depression, hopelessness, affective lability, lethargy, and sleep disturbance (to name a few) during the last week of the luteal phase, with symptoms easing within a few days of the onset of menses and absent the week following menses?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A woman's experience of irritability, depressed affect, fatigue, and nervousness a few days before her menstrual period starts is termed what?

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

illness anx dx

Preoccupation w/ having serious illness, absence of somatic sxs or presence of mild sxs, high anx about one's health, performance of excessive health-related bxs or maladaptive avoidance of med care

obsessive-compulsive PD

Preoccupation w/ orderliness, perfectionism & mental & interpersonal control that limit flexibility, openness & efficiency

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in appearance. The perceived flaws are either not observable or slight. Excessive repetitive behaviors or mental acts are performed. Usually begins in adolescence and occurs slightly more frequently in women. Suicidal ideation and attempts are high. Major depressive disorder is the most common comorbid disorder also social anxiety disorder and substance related disorders are common. Treatment typically includes CBT and medication. Specifiers: with good or fair insight, with poor insight, and with absent insight/delusional beliefs. With muscle dysmorphia is coded if the individual is preoccupied with the idea that their body build is too small or not muscular enough.

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in physical appearance not observable or only slightly to others and by repetitive behaviors (mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (comparing appearance to others) -exclude eating disorder Specify if with muscle dysmorphia: belief that one's body build is insufficiently muscular/ too small

Clauses C: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control which results in inflexibility and inefficiency as evidence by four more: preoccupation with details, rules, or schedules such that the major point of activity is lost; perfectionism that interferes with task completion; excessive focus on work and productivity to the exclusion of friendship and leisure over conscientiousness and inflexibility about morals and values; inability to discard worn out and worthless objects; reluctance to delegate tasks to others; stingy with money; rigid and stubborn

dissociative identity dx

Presence of 2+ distinct personalities or experience of possession, w/ gaps in recall of ordinary events, personal info, or traumatic events that are not normal part of accepted culture or religious practice. Typically conceal or are unaware of sxs. Inc risk for dx associated w/ childhood abuse & neglect

Major Depressive Disorder

Presence of a major depressive episode characterized by five in two weeks. One of the symptoms must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Other symptoms include: weight loss or gain, change in appetite: insomnia or hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; poor concentration or indecisiveness; our current thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, intent, or plan. There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode present.

With rapid cycling

Presence of at least 4 mood episodes in the previous 12 months that are demarcated by a partial or full remission of at least two months or a switch to an episode of the opposite pole.

What is opioid withdrawal?

Presence of either cessation/reduction of use, use of opioid antagonist 3 > of: dysphoria, nausea, muscle aches, runny nose/tearfulness, dilated pupils, sweating, diarrhea, fever, insomnia

Delusional Disorder

Presence of one or more delusions (false beliefs that are maintained despite having conflicting evidence) Duration one month or longer Criteria for schizophrenia not met Not necessarily causing impairment and not having mood sxs as primary

Delusional Disorder

Presence of one or more delusions that last least one month. Erotomanic, grandiose, Jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Presence of one or more of four characteristic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior) with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Present for at least one day but less than one month w/ eventual return to premorbid functioning

V shapped pattern (high L-K / low F )

Present in favorable light = FAKE GOOD e.g. child custody

The 2 possible explanations for the development of Conversion Disorder are ________, which is when the symptom reduces anxiety and keeps internal conflict out of awareness, and ________, which is when the symptom helps the person to avoid an unpleasant activity or obtain otherwise unavailable support.

Primary gain; secondary gain

When a therapist applies diagnoses for a person on both Axis I and Axis II, what words should be used to emphasize the one that is the focus of treatment?

Principle Diagnosis (or Reason for Visit) Routinely used defense mechanisms and maladaptive personality traits that are not pervasive enough to qualify for a personality disorder can be recorded on what axis? Axis II

Occupational problems

Problem related to current military deployment status and other problems related to employment

At this level of mental retardation, people demonstrate extreme limitations in motor and sensory function; require highly structured environments, usually assisted by a caregiver; and can sometimes perform simple tasks under close supervision in a sheltered workshop.

Profound Retardation (1-2% of all mentally retarded people)

Schizophrenia prognosis

Prognosis is best with good prior functioning, abrupt onset, fewer negative symptoms, minimal cognitive impairment & female gender (females tend to have fewer negative symptoms). Later on that has been associated with better prognosis however the effect of age on onset on prognosis is likely related to gender as females have a later age of onset. Suicide risk is high.

Rorschach

Projective personality test consistening of ten symmetrical inkblots Goal of assessment is to assess client's personality structure: the emotional, behavioral, interpersonal, perceptual, and cognitive aspects of the person's functioning.

Agoraphobia

Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated fear about being in at least 2 of the following situations; public transportation, parking lots, bridges, shops, theaters, confined places, lines or crowds, away from home unaccompanied. Fear of such agoraphobic situations derives from a concern that it would be hard to escape or get help if panic, embarrassment, or disabling symptoms were to occur Avoidance of the agoraphobic situations Symptoms usually continue for at least 6 months Significant distress or impairment

Spearman's Theory of Intelligence

Propose "g" General Factor plus unique specific factors "s" to the task

What is the term used when an elderly person's experience of depression impairs their cognitive ability, but is unrelated to a general medical condition or substance use?

Pseudo-dementia

Scale 7

Psychasthenia scale on MMPI - fears anxieties, compulsions, obsessions, indecisiveness, ruminative self-doubt. - Good overall measure of distress.

A person diagnosed with Factitious Disorder with Psychological Symptoms is likely to induce their psychological symptoms by the use of ________.

Psychoactive substances

Scale 4

Psychopathetic Deviate on MMPI - level of social adjustment - usually substance use with high

schizoaffective disorder

Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder. If mood disorder symptoms abate, the schizophrenia diagnosis will remain

schizophreniform disorder

Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia, lasting from 1-6 months

brief psychotic disorder

Psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor. May be more sudden

Other specified/unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder

Psychotic like symptoms below threshold for full psychosis

How do you differentiate between RAD and DSED, esp. since both dxs have to do w/childhood attachment-trauma/neglect?

RAD - limited emotional responsiveness; appear to not want or need others; mood episodes w/unexplained fear/sad/irritability DSED - over-involved in attempts to form relationships; overly familiar behaviors w/unknown others

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Rare condition Characterized by frequent aggressive outbursts Leads to injury and/or destruction of property Few controlled treatment studies

What defense mechanism do people diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder most often rely on?

Reaction formation - defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite

A child with this disorder presents with extremely disturbed and developmentally inappropriate relatedness; the Inhibited Type fails to initiate or respond in age-expected manners to social interactions, while the Disinhibited Type is socially indiscriminate (e.g., easily affectionate with strangers).

Reactive Attachment Disorder

What are trauma and stressor related disorders?

Reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder and adjustment disorder

What are the 3 Learning Disorders described in the DSM?

Reading Disorder, Mathematics Disorder, and Disorder of Written Expression

Sleep terrors (NREM Sleep Arousal Dis)

Recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening that begin with a panicky scream. Episodes last from 1-10 minutes at which time the person evidences intense fear and autonomic arousal, is generally unresponsive to efforts to be comforted and hard to wake up

REM sleep bx dx

Recurrent episodes of arousal during REM sleep w/ vocalizations or complex motor bxs consistent w/ content of dream. Fully alert & clear once awake

Binge eating disorder

Recurrent episodes of binge eating associated with three or more: eating much more rapidly than normal, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food when not hungry, eating alone out of embarrassment by the amount one is eating, or feeling disgusted or guilty afterwards. The binge on average last at least once a week for three months.(no compensatory behaviors as seen in bulimia nervosa). The specifiers in partial remission or in full should be used. Current severity is based on the average number of episodes each week mild (1-3), moderate (4-7), severe (8-13), or extreme (14+)

non-REM sleep arousal dxs

Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening during stage 3 or 4 sleep w/ sleepwalking or sleep terrors & little recall of episode when awake. Most often during childhood, diminishing in frequency w/ age

nightmare dx

Recurrent extended, extremely dysphoric & well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security or physical integrity, usually occur during REM sleep. Typically alert once awake w/ lingering sense of anx or fear

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (Impulses are prominent)

Recurrent outburst resulting from a failure to control aggressive impulses as manifested by either verbal aggression or physical aggression toward animals, property, or people, occurring twice weekly for a period of three months in which the physical aggression does not cause property damage or physical injury; or three behavior outburst involving damage or physical injury within a 12 month period. Chronological age is at least six years. Not premeditated, not for a goal

Narcolepsy

Recurrent periods of an irresistible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep, or napping occurring within a given day, at least three times per week, for at least a three-month duration. Involves at least one: cataplexy (either brief episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone, typically precipitated by laughter are joking, or grimaces our job opening with tongue thrusting, without obvious emotional triggers),hypocretin deficiency, or REM indicators. Severity a specified is mild moderate or severe. Individuals commonly experience recurrent intrusion of REM sleep into the transition between sleep and wakefulness. Manifested as hypnagogic hallucinations at the onset of sleep, as hypnopompic hallucinations on awakening, or sleep paralysis at the beginning or end of sleep episodes.

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

Recurrent picking at one and resulting in skin lesions, with repeated attempts to decrease or stop picking.

Trichotillomania

Recurrent pulling out of one's own hairs, resulting in noticeable hair loss with repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling.

cultural-familial intellectual disability

Refers to intellectual disability influenced by social environmental factors, such as: Abuse Neglect Social deprivation These factors likely interact with existing biological factors

self-control model

Rehm: attributed depression to probs related to self-monitoring, self-eval & self-reinforcement. Ppl attend more to - than + life events, have strict standards of self-evaluation & make internal attributions for - events, & provide themselves w/ insufficient reinforcement & excessive punishment

An approach used for the treatment of substance dependence, ________ contends substance dependence is a collection of maladaptive, over-learned habit patterns, rather than physiological responses to substance use; it does not label or blame people, but rather views them as responsible for learning more adaptive habits.

Relapse Prevention Therapy (CBT in nature)

Confluence Model

Relation between family size, birth order & IQ

Problems related to other psychosocial, personal, and environmental circumstances

Religious or spiritual problem; problems related to unwanted pregnancy, problems related to multiparity (giving birth to multiples), discord with social services provider (probation officer, case manager, social service worker), victim of terrorism or torture, exposure to disaster or war, or other problem related to psychosocial circumstances, and unspecified problem related to unspecified psychosocial circumstances

Nightmare Disorder

Repeated awakenings from sleep due to extremely frightening dreams with recall of those dreams

Sleepwalking disorder (NREM Sleep Arousal Dis)

Repeated episodes of arriving from bed and walking about. The person has a blank, staring face, is unresponsive, can be awakened with great difficulty. Occurs early part of the night

Nightmare Disorder

Repeated occurrences of detailed, frightening dreams about threats to survival. Dreams generally occur during the second half of the night commonly during REM sleep. On awakening the person rapidly becomes alert and oriented. Specifiers: with associated non-sleep disorder, with associated other medical condition, and with associated other sleep disorder. Also specify severity based on the frequency with which the nightmare occurs mild moderate or severe.

Rumination Disorder

Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least one month. Food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out

Major depressive episode

Requires at least 5 sxs during a 2 week period represented change from previous functioning. At least one symptom must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia). Other sxs: unintentional weight loss or gain or change in appetite; disturbed sleep; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; poor concentration or indecisiveness; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, intent or plan.

Bipolar II Disorder

Requires at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode that lasts for at least four consecutive days and is present most of the day nearly everyday. Three characteristic symptoms of manic episode, but not significant enough to cause impairment

Bipolar I Disorder

Requires at least one manic episode which lasts for at least one week, be present most of the day nearly every day and include at least three symptoms, inflated self-esteem/grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, flight of ideas

Acute Stress Disorder

Requires exposure to actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation in at least one of four ways. Symptoms must have persisted for a duration of three days to one month.

Major Depressive Disorder

Requires the presence of at least five symptoms of a Major depressive episode nearly every day for at least two week with at least one symptom being depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure. Cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

Schizophrenia

Requires the presence of at least two active phase symptoms , delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms, for at least one month with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucination, or disorganized speech. Must be continuous signs of disorder for least six months, and symptoms must cause significant impairment in functioning

Agoraphobia

Requires the presence of marked fear or anxiety about at least two of the following situations, using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line of being part of a crowd, and being outside the home alone. Avoid situations due to concern that escape might be difficult

A client who has had an episode of Schizophrenia and continues to display less severe negative and/or positive symptoms (e.g., flat affect, odd beliefs), though no prominent positive psychotic symptoms are present would be classified as what type?

Residual Type

The core feature of this disorder is a progressive pattern of developmental regression that begins before age 4 and is characterized by decelerated head growth, loss of hand skills, lack of bodily coordination, severe deficiencies in overall language development, psychomotor retardation, and lacking social interest.

Rett's Disorder (only been found in females)

Confluence Model

Robert Zajonc's model of environmental influences on intelligence, which assumes that each child is born into an intellectual environment related to birth order and to the number and differences in age of her or his siblings IQ scores decrease from firstborn to the last

What is the diagnosis of a child who, for at least one month following normal functioning, recurrently regurgitates and re-chews their food?

Rumination Disorder

Slosson Tests

SIT-P1 - screening test of intelligence (ages 2.0-7.11) designed quick estimate mental ability for identify kids at risk for educational failure SIT-R3-1 - screening for crystallized intelligence (verbal) (ages 4.0-65.11) visual impairments

What are common med choices for GAD?

SSRI, SNRI - first line benzodiazepine, azapirone/anxiolytic - second line

While ________ and ________ are considered most effective for treating the classic symptoms of depression, ________ are more likely to be prescribed if the person has atypical symptoms, such as hypochondria or obsessive-compulsiveness.

SSRIs; tricyclics; MAOIs

This disorder is characterized by symptoms of both a Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia, where psychotic symptoms are present and mood symptoms absent for 2 weeks or more; psychotic features are more prominent than in a Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features.

Schizoaffective Disorder

People with this disorder are pervasively indifferent to social relationships, express a limited range of emotions in social situations, often prefer to be "loners," and usually function adequately in non-social situations.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

The symptoms of what disorder affect content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, volition, interpersonal functioning, and/or psychomotor behavior, and literally means "splitting of the mind?"

Schizophrenia

Scale 8

Schizophrenia scale on MMPI - indicate feels of social and or emotional alienation and misunderstanding, confusion and disorganization, as well as lability and impulsivity.

Whats the difference between schizophreniform and schizophrenia?

Schizophreniform 1-6 mos and absence of requirement for a decline in functioning, whereas schizophrenia has active phase sxs for 1 mos but sxs have been present for 6 mos or more

What is the likely diagnosis of a person who presents with symptoms identical to Schizophrenia, which he has been experiencing for less than 6 months, though he has not experienced a significant decline in overall functioning?

Schizophreniform Disorder

What disorder is characterized by a pattern of social and interpersonal deficits involving severe discomfort with and limited capacity for close relationships, as well as perceptual and cognitive distortions and odd/eccentric behavior?

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Usually caused by separation anxiety, ________ refers to the experience of intense anxiety about going to school and is often an early sign of depression or another serious mental disorder.

School Phobia

This is diagnosed when a person displays onset and remission of Major Depressive Episodes at characteristic times of the year; typically onset is in fall or winter and remission is in spring.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

What disorder is characterized by a chronic failure to talk in certain situations (e.g., school) for at least 1 month, despite competently and easily talking in other situations (e.g., home)?

Selective Mutism

learned helplessness model

Seligman: described depression as result of repeated exposure to uncontrollable, negative life events w/ tendency to attribute events to stable, internal & global factors

As treatment for sexual disorders, ________ requires partners to touch and stroke each other's naked bodies in a comfortable, relaxed setting, desensitizing the couple to anxiety cues usually encountered during sexual play.

Sensate focus

Restless Leg Syndrome

Sensorimotor, neurological sleep disorder that involves an urge to move the legs, typically in response to unpleasant sensations in the legs. That urge begins or worsens during periods of rest/inactivity, is relieved by movement, and is worse in the evening/night or only occurs at these times. Must be present at least three times a week and have persisted for at least 3 months.

Acute stress disorder

Similar exposure to trauma as with PTSD and evidences nine or more symptoms from any five categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal. Symptoms typically begin immediately after the trauma and must persist for at least three days but no longer than one month.

What diagnosis is most appropriate for a child who experiences excessive anxiety, lasting for at least 4 weeks, in response to separation from home or a significant figure of attachment (parent) and is often accompanied by somatic complaints (nausea, dizziness)?

Separation Anxiety Disorder

People with this degree of mental retardation have poor motor skills and communication skills as a child, though may learn to talk and can be trained in simple hygiene tasks; and they are often able to perform simple tasks as a adults, often living in highly supervised settings (e.g., group homes, with family).

Severe Retardation (3-4% of all mentally retarded people)

Other health service encounters for counseling and medical advice

Sex counseling and other counseling or consultation

What is diagnosed when a person displays a sexual disorder that does not meet the criteria for a more specific sexual disorder, such as Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality?

Sexual Disorder NOS

The ________, a comprehensive quality of life measure, is used to assess the impact of disease on a persons physical and emotional functioning.

Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)

alcohol withdrawal delirium

Signif disturbances in attention, awareness & cognition. May include vivid hallucinations, delusions, autonomic hyperactivity & agitation. AKA delirium tremens

Also known as Jacksonian seizures, ________ affect only one side of the body and involve an uncontrollable trembling or jerking of an arm or leg.

Simple partial seizures

A person experiencing their first (and perhaps only) depressive episode would be diagnose Major Depressive Disorder, ________, while one who has experienced more than one episode in a 2 year period would receive the indicator ________.

Single Episode; Recurrent

________ panic attacks are most characteristic of Specific Phobia and Social Phobia, occurring every time a person is exposed to a specific stimulus.

Situationally bound

An example of ________ panic attacks would be a person who only occasionally experiences panic attacks in certain situations, and may experience attacks in other unrelated situations as well.

Situationally predisposed

What is excoriation disorder?

Skin picking disorder Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions and repeated attempts to decrease or stop

excoriation

Skin picking due to stress

A person who awakens suddenly, usually accompanied by a panicky scream, though has difficulty recalling the dream would receive what diagnosis?

Sleep Terror Disorder

Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders include ________ (episodes of breathing cessation), ________ (abnormally low or shallow breathing), and ________ (abnormal blood oxygen and carbon dioxide due to impaired ventilatory control).

Sleep apnea; hypopneas; hypoventilation

This disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of elaborated behaviors that lead to leaving the bed and walking around, without the person being aware of the episode or remembering it later.

Sleepwalking Disorder

Schizotypal PD

Social & interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort w/ & reduced capacity for close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions & behavioral eccentricities. May state they would like to have close personal relationships, but bx suggests disinterest in intimate relationships & they have few friends

Scale 0

Social Introversion scale on MMPI

A person diagnosed with ________ makes efforts to avoid social or performance situations that might place him under the judgment, scrutiny, or observation of others, or expose him to strangers; being in such situations provokes a severe anxiety response.

Social Phobia

avoidant PD

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy & hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Timid & shy & usually have no close relationships outside immediate family. While avoid social contact, they long for intimate relationships & may fantasize about idealized relationships w/ others

What is another term used to refer to people diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Sociopath

This type of Delusional Disorder is characterized by the irrational conviction that one has a physical defect, disorder, or disease.

Somatic Type

What are some of the undesirable side effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin), which is often used to treat ADHD?

Somatic symptoms (decreased appetite, insomnia, stomach aches); movement abnormalities (motor and vocal tics, stereotyped movements); obsessive-compulsive symptoms (though more common with dextroamphetamine); growth suppression (hence "drug holidays")

A person who presents as dramatic, vague, and exaggerated and who has made numerous physical complaints over several years, though those complaints have no clear physical cause, would receive what diagnosis?

Somatization Disorder

Disorders included in this general class, according to the DSM, are characterized by physical symptoms that have no known physiological cause and are believe to be attributable to psychological factors.

Somatoform Disorders

Those people who experience intense fears of certain stimuli, such as heights, animals, and closed spaces, are placed in what general diagnostic category?

Specific Phobia

What are the dominant defense mechanisms used by a person with Borderline Personality Disorder?

Splitting, idealization, and projective identification

Spouse or partner abuse, psychological

Spouse or partner abuse, psychological, confirmed; spouse or partner abuse, psychological, suspected; and other circumstances related to spouse or partner abuse, psychological

Spouse or partner neglect

Spouse or partner neglect, confirmed; spouse or partner neglect, suspected; and other circumstances related to spouse or partner neglect

Spouse or partner violence, physical

Spouse or partner violence,physical, confirmed; spouse or partner violence,physical, suspected; and other circumstances related to spouse or partner violence,physical

Spouse or partner violence, sexual

Spouse or partner violence,sexual, confirmed; spouse or partner violence, sexual, suspected; and other circumstances related to spouse or partner violence,sexual

This is the most effective treatment for premature ejaculation- it involves one partner squeezing the penis of the aroused partner just before ejaculation, thus inhibiting ejaculation and promoting self-control.

Squeeze technique (aka "stop and start")

intelligence tests

Stanford Binet WAIS-IV WISC-IV WPPSI-III KABC-II CAS SIT-P-1 / SIT-R3-1 Woodcook Johnson

Due to vascular disease

Stepwise pattern of deterioration and a patchy distribution of deficits; evidence of cerebrovascular disease; decline is prominent in complex attention and frontal - executive functions

Often associated with Mental Retardation, ________ is characterized by repetitive motor behaviors that are not functional, such as head banging or body-rocking, and cause physical harm or significantly interfere with normal activities.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Trauma and Stress

Stressor the event that creates the demands Stress response is the persons reaction to the demands

While considered "normal childhood dysfluency" when it occurs in young children, ________ is said to be aggravated by tension or anxiety in more mature individuals.

Stuttering

What is cataplexy?

Sx of narcolepsy sudden and uncontrollable muscle weakness or paralysis that comes on during the day and is often triggered by a strong emotion, such as excitement or laughter most common sx of narcolepsy bc it elicited by emotional arousal, person may try to prevent sleep by controlling emotions

What are anomalous activity preferences?

Subdivided into courtship disorders: distorted components of human courtship behaviour (voyeuristic, exhibitionstic, frotteuristic) Algolagnic disorders: involve pain and suffering (masochism or sadism)

What is diagnosed when maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes occur during or shortly after using or being exposed to a substance (e.g., alcohol, caffeine, opioids), and the changes are due to the physiological effects of the substance on the central nervous system?

Substance Intoxication

This diagnosis is given when a reversible syndrome develops in a person due to recently terminating or reducing the use of a substance after using it in large quantities over a long period of time.

Substance Withdrawal

What are the 2 groups substance related disorders are divided into?

Substance use disorders (everything except caffeine) and substance induced disorders: intoxication, withdrawal and other substance/medication induced mental disorders

When a person's dementia is caused by the persisting effects of substance use, rather than the direct effects of intoxication or withdrawal, the most appropriate diagnosis is what?

Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia (with the responsible substance indicated)

Substance/medication induced bipolar and related disorder

Substances that can induce a bipolar related disorder include stimulants, phencyclidine (PCP), and steroids

Substance/medication induced depressive disorder

Substances that can induce a depressive disorder include alcohol, hallucinogens (including PCP), inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, and stimulants (including cocaine)

Substance/medication induced psychotic disorder

Substances that can induce a psychotic disorder include alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens (including PCP), inhalants, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics and stimulants including (cocaine)

Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Substances that can induce an anxiety disorder: alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens (including PCP), inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, and stimulants (including cocaine)

Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder

Substances that can induce an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder include amphetamines (or other stimulants) and cocaine.

Substance/medication induced sleep disorder

Substances that can induce include alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, and stimulants (including cocaine) and tobacco.

Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction

Substances that can induce include alcohol, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, and stimulants (including cocaine)

What is the 3rd most frequent cause of death for infants between 1 month and 1 year old?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A person with ________ is able to read regularly spelled words, but unable to decipher words spelled irregularly (e.g., reads "fight" as "fit"); a person with ________ might produce responses that are related to the target word in meaning but not visually or phonologically (e.g., substitutes "down" for "up" or "hot" for "cold"), which is referred to as "semantic paralexia."

Surface dyslexia; deep dyslexia

What is the caveat for substance use disorders for prescription meds?

Sx of tolerance and withdrawal occurring during medical tx with prescribed meds are NOT counted when diagnosing substance use disorder

What is delayed ejaculation?

Sxs present 75-100% of the time marked delay in ejaculation marked infrequency/absence of ejaculation duration 6 > mos.

What is female orgasmic disorder?

Sxs present 75-100% of the time: marked delay, infrequency, absence of orgasm marked reduced intensity/absence of orgasm duration 6 > mos.

Schizophreniform Disorder

Symptoms are identical to Schizophrenia except disturbance is present for at least one month, but less than six months and impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required

Schizophreniform Disorder

Symptoms are identical to schizophrenia and distinguished only by duration. Diagnosis is made when the duration of the illness is at least one month but less than six. If person has not recovered after onset "provisional" is added to the dx and will be changed to schizophrenia after 6 months. Specifiers include with good prognostic features & without good prognostic features. catatonia is also used if present

Other specific/unspecified depressive disorder

Symptoms are present but do not meet full criteria

Other specified/unspecified anxiety disorder

Symptoms of anxiety that do not fit in any category

Mental disorder

Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflect the dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Excludes expectable or culturally approved responses to a stressor or loss. Socially deviant behavior is not a mental disorder on its own unless the deviants results from a dysfunction in the person.

One side-effect of pharmacological treatment of Schizophrenia, ________ is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements, such as grimacing, lip smacking, rapid eye blinking, and lip puckering.

Tardive dyskinesia

CD associated features

Tendency to misperceive others intentions as hostile or threatening and thereby feeling justified in responding aggressively. Poor frustration tolerance, irritability, temper outburst, and recklessness are frequently seen. Often associated with precocious sexual behavior, drinking, smoking, use of illegal substances, and risk taking. Suicide attempts and completions are higher than average. ADHD and ODD commonly co-occur. Other concomitant dx include: specific learning disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders, and substance related disorders.

What are caused by sustained contraction of muscles in the forehead, scalp, and neck, and is often experienced as a band being tightened around one's head?

Tension headaches

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

Test used to assess level of maturity in visual-motor perception. used to be a projective test of personality

Subjective test

Tests in which individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story. other people judging

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

That in the majority of menstrual cycles there are at least five symptoms present in the week before the onset of menses, symptoms start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and are minimal or absent in the week postmenses. At least one must be present: marked affective lability, marked irritability or increased interpersonal conflict, marked depressed mode or marked anxiety. Additionally, at least one let's be present. Decreased interest in usual activities, difficulty concentrating, lethargy or fatigue, change in appetite, sleep difficulties, feeling overwhelmed, and physical sxs. Symptoms must be present for most menstrual cycles in the preceding year.

Gambling Disorder

The DSM criteria for gambling disorder involve persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four or more of the following symptoms within a 12 month period: 1. Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement. 2. Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling. 3. Has made repeated unsuccessful attempts to control, cut back, or stop gambling. 4. Is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g. reliving past gambling experiences). 5. Often gambles when feeling distressed. 6. After losing money gambling, often returns another day to "get even." 7. Lies to conceal the extent of involvement in gambling. 8. Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling. 9. Relies on others to [provide money to relieve desperate financial situation caused by gambling.

Other unspecified/unspecified personality disorder

The apply to presentations and which symptoms of a personality predominate, but the full criteria are not met for any personality disorder

Substance-Induced Disorders - Substance Intoxication

The development of a reversible, substance specific syndrome due to the recent ingestion of a substance. Typically involves disturbances in perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor behavior, and interpersonal behavior due to the substance's effects on the CNS. Can occur for all substances except tobacco.

Substance-Induced Disorders - Substance Withdrawal

The development of substance-specific behavioral change, with physical and cognitive elements, due to either stopping or reducing the use of a substance. Causes distress and/or impairment in functioning. Can occur with all substances except hallucinogens and inhalants.

MDE vs grief

The distinction between the two is that in grief, feeling of emptiness and loss dominate, with MDE there is a persistent depressive mood and inability to experience pleasure. The dysphoria in grief tends to occur in waves, associated with thoughts of the loss rather than being persistent. Themes in MDE include feelings of self loathing, worthlessness, and wanting to end ones life due to inadequacy. These themes are not commonly seen in grief and loss. The presence of an MDE in addition to grief can be considered & be diagnosed with appropriate.

Seattle Longitudinal Study

The first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence. This study began in 1956; the most recent testing was conducted in 2005.

Treatment for Rumination Disorder

The most common behavioral treatments for this eating disorder are habit reversal training and breathing exercises

Treatment for Pica

The most common form of treatment for this type of eating disorder is behavioral

Münchausen syndrome (not a separate disorder)

The most severe Intermatic presentation of fictitious disorder. Predominantly physical symptoms, can include extensive travel and seeking of multiple invasive procedures and operations. Impersonation of fabrication often accompany.

Dissociative identity disorder

The presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities. Involves discontinuity in sense of self, frequently with accompanying alterations in affect, bx, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory motor functioning. Also an inability to recall every day events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events that are too extensive to be explained by forgetfulness

Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations primarily due to increase in fluid intelligence Flynn effect has recently stopped or reversed in some countries

C-H-C Theory

Theory of intelligence considered to be most empirically validated. Intelligence with three levels: - G - General Intelligence (stratum III) - Ten broad cog abilities: Fluid reasoning, short term memory, visual processing, reading, and writing (stratum II) - about 70 narrow cog abilities (Stratum I).

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Theory of intelligence that focuses on process rather than product, specifically the thinking processes used to arrive at answers to problems. - Proposed three aspects of intelligence: the internal components (Those we use to acquire, store, perceive, and remember), the capacity to adapt to environmental changes, and the ability to apply past experience to current novel problems.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Theory of intelligence that identified eight distinct intelligences: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. - Argues that people differ in their profile of intelligence, by which he means that they have relative strengths and weaknesses among the eight areas.

What is the most commonly used modality of biofeedback treatment for migraine headaches?

Thermal hand warming biofeedback (person trained to warm their hands)

Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

These are what used to be V codes

Medication-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of medication

These conditions are not considered mental disorders

Why does research suggest antisocial personality types are difficult to treat?

They often don't believe anything is wrong w/them and are referred by legal system

Other adverse effects of medication

This diagnosis is assigned in the presence of adverse side effects of medication other than movement symptoms

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

This section begins with OCD - characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions, then related disorders of body dysmorphic disorder and hoarding disorder - characterized by cognitive symptoms(perceived defects in appearance, perceived need to save possessions), trichotillomania and excoriation -characterized by recurrent body focused repetitive behaviors.

What is a hypnogogic hallucination?

Those that occur while falling asleep. This is normal.

Bipolar and related disorders

Three types of mood episodes: manic, depressive, hypomanic. episodes should be specified as mild moderate or severe. Full criteria not met it should be specified as in partial remission or in full remission. Other specifiers include: with anxious distress, with mixed features, with rapid cycling, with mood congruent or mood incongruent psychotic features, with catatonia, with peripartum onset, and with seasonal pattern.

With anxious distress specifier

To a more symptoms present most days during the mood episode: feeling keyed up our tents, feeling unusually restless, difficulty concentrating because of worry, fear that something awful may happen, or feeling like one may lose self-control.

This Tic Disorder has its onset before age 18 and is characterized by involuntary jerky movements, vocal sounds (grunts, clicks), and sometimes coprolalia (uttering obscene words); people with this diagnosis often have attention and hyperactivity problems.

Tourette's Disorder

What are the types of tic disorders?

Tourette's disorder Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder Provisional tic disorder (less than 1 yr)

Difference between Tourette's, Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder, Provisional Tic Disorder?

Tourette's includes both multiple motor and 1 or more vocal tics present for > 1yr Persistent Motor/Vocal is single or multiple motor or vocal tics, but not both motor and vocal, for > 1yr (T is more severe) Provisional - sxs of tics present < 1 yr

This term refers to people who are sexually aroused by wearing clothing usually worn by the opposite sex.

Transvestism

True or False: A therapist should not consider impairment caused by a client's physical or environmental limitations when using the GAF scale (Axis V)?

True

True or False: As people with Autism grow older, they may become more interested in developing relationships, which is usually absent in Autistic children?

True- though they usually do not understand the customs that regulate social interaction

Schizophrenia

Two or more active phase sxs (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior) for 1 mo. Continuous sxs present for at least 6 mos. Negative impact in major areas of fxs Need to R/O mood disorders as not being primary during active phase sxs (consider schizoaffective, MDD w/psychosis, bipolar w/psychotic features)

A person with this type of personality is competitive, achievement oriented, highly involved with work, and is active and aggressive.

Type A

schizotypal personality disorder

Type of personality disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Typically complain of dissatisfaction with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, resulting in daytime distress and impairment. Include difficulties getting enough sleep, problems with excessive sleepiness in spite of sleeping adequate hours, sleep intrusion, breathing related sleep disorders, and parasomnias.

Anxiety disorders

Typically include both fear (response to a real or perceived emotional threat) or anxiety (response to a future threat). Fear is often associated with increased autonomic arousal, escape behaviors, and panic attacks. Many develop in childhood and tend to persist, more frequent in females. The disorders in this section are arranged developmentally and sequenced based on typical age of onset.

Schizophrenia onset & course

Typically occurs between late teens and early 30s with onset prior to adolescence rarely occurring. Median age is early to mid 20s for men and late 20s for women. It may be abrupt or gradual and in most cases involve a prodromal phase which is characterized by deterioration in overall functioning in the beginning. The course is variable but full remission is rather uncommon, some individuals have a course characterized by exacerbations and remissions while other show progressive deterioration

Problems related to access to medical and other healthcare

Unavailability or inaccessibility of healthcare facilities, and unavailability or inaccessibility of other helping agencies

What is the best diagnosis for a person who has at least 1 physical complaint that has persisted for at least 6 months and cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance use (e.g., chronic fatigue, appetite loss)?

Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder (if less than 6 months = Somatoform Disorder NOS)

A person who present with symptoms of Schizophrenia though do not clearly qualify as disorganized, catatonic, or paranoid types would be classified as what type?

Undifferentiated Type

What is the term used to describe panic attacks that occur without warning and in the absence of a trigger (must occur for a diagnosis of Panic Disorder)?

Unexpected panic attacks

Panic Disorder

Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly One or more of the attacks precedes either of the following symptoms -at least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks -at least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks.

Schizoaffective Disorder

Uninterrupted period of illness during which at some time there are concurrent symptoms of Schizophrenia and symptoms of a major depressive or manic episode with a period of at least two weeks without prominent mood symptoms

Schizoaffective Disorder

Uninterrupted period of illness during which there has been a major mood episode concurrent with the sxs of schizophrenia and delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks w/out prominent mood sxs. Mood symptoms are present for the majority of the course of the disorder but the schizophrenia symptoms are prominent. With Catatonia is used if sxs are present

When a client's delusional belief cannot be clearly determined or is not described by the specific types, they would receive a diagnosis of Delusional Disorder ________ Type.

Unspecified

Pyromania

Urge to start fires, diagnosed in 3% of arsonists, little treatment research but try to focus on identifying urges.

Recording substance use disorders

Use code that applies to class of substances but also record specific substance

Schizoaffective Dis Bipolar type

Used if a manic episode is part of the presentation, whether or not a major depressive episode occurs

Schizoaffective Dis Depressive type

Used only if major depressive episodes are part of the presentation

What is habit reversal training (HRT)?

Used to treat stuttering, tics, nervous habits Awareness training, competing response training (using an alternative coping skill/movement), building motivation and generalization of skills

Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised

Useful for language and hearing problems W/o verbal instruction Cognitive ability

Disorganized Thinking

Usually inferred from speech - person switches from topic to topic (derailment or loose associations) or provides answers that diverge from questions asked (tangentiality)

This term refers to vaginal muscle contractions that make penile penetration difficult and painful.

Vaginismus This term refers to sexual pain this is not due to Vaginismus (usually not in males).

A person who presents with significant problems in memory and/or other cognitive disturbances following a cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke or infarction) would receive what diagnosis?

Vascular Dementia

Research has shown that alcoholics who are administered the WAIS perform relatively normal on _______ subtests, while their ________ subtest scores are often poorer than expected, especially on visual-spatial measures.

Verbal; performance

Problems related to crime or interaction with the legal system

Victim of crime, conviction in civil or criminal proceedings without imprisonment, imprisonment or other incarceration, problems related to release from prison, and problems related to other legal circumstances

Hallucinations (perception)

Vivid & clear perceptions that occur w/out external stimuli. May occur in any sensory modality. Auditory hallucinations are the most common and tend to be experienced as voices that are distinct from one's own thoughts

Wechsler Tests

WAIS IV WISC V WPPSI IV IQ mean of 100, sd of 15 subtests mean of 10, sd of 3

Bereavement

When the focus of clinical attention is a normal reaction to the death of a loved one, can cross over to a disorder if the symptoms are more severe or last longer than culturally appropriate

Other specified/unspecified related disorder

When the full criteria is not met but symptoms are present

With peripartum onset

When the onset of the current or most recent mood episode is during pregnancy or within four weeks of delivery

With seasonal pattern

When there is a regular temporal relationship between the onset of a mood episode and a particular time of the year and full remissions also occur at a characteristic time of the year

Stimulant use disorder

When use of a stimulant meets criteria for substance use disorder

Opioid use disorder

When use of an opioid me to criteria for substance use disorder

Suicide & MDD

Women make more attempts but men follow through more. Older people commit suicide more often. Whites and Native Americans have the highest rates. Most who commit suicide have a mental disorder, most often mood, schizophrenia, personality, or substance use. Hopelessness is a stronger predictor than the presence and severity of depression. Single best predictor of completed suicide is history of serious suicide attempts. Most frequently cited risk factors include being male, single/living alone, family history of suicide, and chronic pain or illness.

For individuals under age 18, can you diagnose a a personality disorder?

Yes, as long as sxs have been present for at least one year * exception - cannot diagnosis antisocial personality disorder before age 18

Dynamic Assessment (DA)

a Vygotskian-based approach which assesses learning potential by measuring the degree of improvement in performance after receiving instruction primarily associated with educational assessment

fetal alcohol syndrome

a cluster of problems (intellectual disabilites disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects, slow growth) caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

a disorder in which individuals avoid eating out of concern about aversive consequences or restrict intake of food with specific sensory characteristics

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation for at least one year

Intellectual disability

a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains

enmeshed family patter

a family system in which members are overinvolved wit each others affairs adn overconcerned about each others welfare.

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months don't correlate well with adult intelligence tests, except for kids who test very poorly

Intelligence Testing

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores

cannabis produces

a mixture of halucinogenic, depressants, and stimulant effect. may have joy, relaxation, quiet or talkative, anxious, suspicious, irritated. red eyes, fast heartbeat, increases blood pressure, appetite,

psychodynamic view- anaclite depression

a pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from ones mother.

symbolic or imagined loss

a person equates other kinds of events with the loss of a loved one

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance. Lack of sensitivity and compassion and extremely sensitive to criticism

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior. Sexually provocative, shallow or shifting emotions. Mainly diagnosed in women

dependent personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions, high need for reassurance

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism, avoidance of relationships, fear of rejection. Want to interact with others and form relationships but they are too fearful

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures and/or self mutiliation

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion. Neither enjoy nor desire relationships and appear unaffected by praise or criticism of others

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control. Fixation on doing things the right way and are preoccupied with being perfect

crack

a powerful ready to smoke freebase cocaine d

Rorschach test

a projective test that uses inkblots as the ambiguous stimulus looks at personality through interpersonal, emotional, cognitive, perceptual Exner scoring is most popular controversy about reliability and validity

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

delusional disorder

a psychotic disorder (1 month or more) in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions- a false belief based on incorrect inference about reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone believes and what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof to the contrary

jamais vu

a situation or scene that is part of our daily life seems suddenly unfamiliar

Integrated Grief

a stage of grieving at which the finality of death and the meaning of the loss are acknowledged and appreciated

injesting cocaine through fressbasing

a technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine vaporized by heat from a flame and inhaled with a pipe.

Achievement Test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned Learning disorder when a discrepancy between IQ and achievement

Multidimensional risk perspective

a theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder. the more factors present the greater the risk of developing the disorder.

schizophreniogenic mother

a type of mother supposedly cold domineering and uniterested int eh needs of her children (little research) frieda fromm rechmann

What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

a) the presence of 2 or more distinct personality state or an experience of possession; marked discontinuity in sense of self, agency, affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, movement b) recurrent episodes of amnesia/recall

eidetic images

able to recall and describing an image after seeing it.

memory for music

ablility to listen to music once, then play it.

What is dystonia?

abnormal and prolonged contraction of muscles of the eyes, head, neck, limbs sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting, repetitive movements or abnormal postures

Biological and genetic factors for PTSD

abnormal high levels of cortisol and norepinephrine.

family environment for eating disorder

abnormal interactions and forms of comminication within a family may also set the stage.

treatments for dependent perosnality disorder

accept resonsibilty for themeselves. psychodynamic- same issues as depressed people (transference) cbt- take control of thier lives. -behavorial- assertivenss training to help teh individuals better express their own wishes and relationships cognitive- help clients challenge and change thier assumptions of incompetence adn helplessness.

autoerotic asphyxia

accidently induce a fatal lack of oxygen by hanging suffocating or strangling themselves while masturbating.

psychodynamic view- effective parents

accurately attend to their childrens bilogical and emotional needs

normal sexual functioing preceeded by the dysfunction

acquired type

general adaptation syndrome: alarm

activation of HPA axis by stressor -> release of catecholamines epinephrine & norep by adrenal medulla -> inc blood glucose, heart & respiration rates, muscle tension to provide energy needed to cope w/ stress

positive symptoms

active manifestations of abnormal behavior, delusions, hallucinations, illusions

residual schizophrenia

active symptoms of schizophrenia have faded away but they may still experience negative symptoms

What is acute, subacute, persistent specifiers for hypersomnolence disorder?

acute < 1 mo subacute 1-3 mos persistent 3 > mos

When do you use acute vs. persistent specifier for conversion disorder?

acute < 6 mos persistent > 6 mos

Level of intellectual disability is determined by...

adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, practical domains

What is the specifier "posttransition?

added to gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults (not included for children) if the individual as transitioned to full time living in desired gender and has undergone at least one medical procedure/treatment regimen

Given their research on high-risk situations associated w/relapse, Marlatt & Gordon developed relapse prevention therapy (RPT). What is this?

addiction is an "over-learned habit pattern" risk for lapse is reduced when person views lapse as result of specific, external, controllable factors lapse is learning experience identification of risk factors w/lapses, use of CBT to improve coping

neurotransmitter affected by drugs

alcohol and benzodiazepines- LOWER GABA opioids- lower endorphrins, cocaine adn amphetamines- lower dopamine. marijuana- lower anadamide

depressants

alcohol, sedative hypnotic drugs, opioids,

individuals with disabilities education act

all disabled people from infancy to 21 years of age must be evaluated by a team of specialists to determine their specific needs; an individual educational program must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in the public school system that provides education for the student in the least restrictive environment and that has been approved by the child's parents; while reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological and educational tests may be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ tests only

What are sleep wake disorders?

all involve problems re to quality, timing, amount of sleep; involve daytime distress and impairment 10 disorders: 1) Insomnia disorder 2)hypersomonolence disorder 3) narcolepsy 4)breathing related sleep disorders 5)circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders 6) non rapid eye movement sleep arousal disoders 7)REM sleep behaviour disorder 8)restless legs syndrome 9)nightmare disorder 10)substance/med induced sleep disorder

criterion referenced scores

also known as domain referenced scores and content referenced scores, these permit interpreting an examinee's test performance in terms of what the examinee can do or knows with regard to a clearly defined content domain or in terms of performance or status on an external criterion; an example of this is predicted rating on a measure of job performance

medical problems of anorexia nervosa

amenorrhea; absence of menstrual cycle, low body temperature, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bond mineral density, slow heart rate.

Disssociative disorder

amnesia, identity, multiple personality (DID), depersonalization-derealization disorder.

What is Korsakoff's syndrome?

amnesic confabultory type of alcohol-induced neurocognitive disorder memory disorder anterograde and retrograde amnesia confabulation (making things up_ d/t thiamine deficiency and most commonly associated w/prolonged alcohol abuse

Raven's Progressive Matrices

an intelligence test that emphasizes problems that are intended not to be bound to a particular language or culture considered to be the best nonverbal test of intelligence measures Spearmans g factor

What is restless leg syndrome?

an urge to move the legs, unusually in response to uncomfortable sensations in legs, in addition to: urge to move increased w/inactivity/rest urge to move is partially alleviated w/movement urge to move worse PM 3x/week for 3 > mos.

Assessing Child Abuse

anatomically correct dolls - little research support for their use; not more effective than other dolls or drawings or other media

unipolar emotional symptoms

anhedonia (inability to experience any pleasure at all), lose sense of humor, anxiety, anger agitation.

What are the criteria for melancholic features as specifier for bipolar/depressive disorders?

anhedonia and/or lack of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli > 3: depressed mood, depression worse in AM, early-morning awakening, weight loss, guilt, psychomotor slowing/agitation

What are the five specifiers for specific phobia?

animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other

Korsakoff syndrome

anterograde & retrograde amnesia & confabulation (fabrication of memories to compensate for memory loss) due to thiamine deficiency & alcohol use

Middle Stage of Alzheimer's

anterograde & retrograde amnesia, reading & writing probs, inability to remember names of or recognize loved ones, pronounced mood swings & personality changes, sleep disturbances, fluent aphasia, restlessness & wandering, diff performing sequential & complex tasks

Alzheimer's disease has 3 stages of its slow, gradual progression. What is the first stage - early stage?

anterograde amnesia impairment attention, judgement becoming lost in familiar places apathy depression irritability inability to recall familiar words/names (anomia)

early stage Alzheimer's

anterograde amnesia, impaired attn & judgment, lost in familiar places, apathy, depression, irritability, inability to recall familiar words & names (anomia)

treat paraphilic disorder

antiandrogens that lower production of testosterone.

Treatments for social anxiety disorder

antidepressants medications; exposure therapy, rational emotive therapy.

What medications are used for Alzheimer's?

antipsychotics to reduce agitation antidepressants for depression cholinesterase inhibitors to enhance cognitive function (this reduces the breakdown of acetylcholine)

What is dissociative fugue? When is it used as specifier for dissociative amnesia?

apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering associated w/amnesia for identity or for other important autobiographical info

psychodynamic perspective on DID and dissociative amnesia

are caused by repression of teh basic ego defense mechanism. they fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts or impulses from reaching awareness.

obsessions

are persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses that seem to invade a persons consciousness. Take the form of wishes, impulses, images, ideas, doubts.

What is the cognitive theory for GAD?

automatic catastrophic thoughts that maintain anxiety and cause avoidance behaviors

alcohol or sedative withdrawal

autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations or illusions, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, seizures

treatments for pedophillic disorder

aversion therapy masturbatory satiation orgasmic reorientation CBT (relapse prevention training) antiandrogen drugs

treatment for sexual sadism disorder

aversion therapy. relapse prevention training

behaviroal therapies for substance use disorder

aversion therapy; clients are repeatedly presented with teh unpleasent stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug. (electric shock)

Cluster C Personality Disorders

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive. anxious or fearful

What is the difference between avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?

avoidant/restrictive less severe b/c there is no evidence of a disturbance in the way body image/weight/shape is experienced does not involve any distress about body shape or size, or fears of fatness.

high degree of anxiety personality disorder

avoident, dependent, ocd.

actuarial prediction

based on empirically validated relationships between test results and specifically criteria and make use of a multiple regression equation or similar statistical technique; more accurate than relying solely on clinical judgment

How is multisystemic therapy (MST) used for CD treatment?

based on systems approach intensive family- and community-based targets individual, family, school, community & combines behavioral, cognitive, family, community interventions By using the strengths in each system (family, peers, school, and neighborhood) to facilitate change, MST addresses the multiple factors known to be related to delinquency across the key systems within which youth are embedded

panic dx

before assigning dx, hyperthyroidism, seizure dxs, cardiac arrhythmia, & other med conditions must be ruled out

In terms of treatment for CD, interventions are most effective when they begin _ adolescence and include _ interventions

before; family

Moffitt distinguished between two developmental pathways for childhood conduct problems that differ in etiology and prognosis: 1) life-course persistent-path, and 2) adolescence-limited-path. What is the adolescence-limited-path?

begins after puberty result of a "maturity gap" between adolescent's biological maturity and their social maturity (inability to assume adult responsibilities and access adult privileges) antisocial acts usually non-confrontational, sporadic, inconsistent, committed w/peers decline in mid-adolescence

Moffitt distinguished between two developmental pathways for childhood conduct problems that differ in etiology and prognosis: 1) life-course persistent-path, and 2) adolescence-limited-path. What is the life-course persistent-path?

begins early w/sxs sometimes apparent by age 3/4 increasingly serious transgressions continues to adulthood results from combination of neuropsychological deficits (esp. cognitive), difficult temperament or hyperactivity, adverse social environment (inadequate parenting, disrupted attachments, poverty)

acute stress disorder

begins within 4 weeks of the traumatic event adn last for less than a month

psychosocial treatments for ASD

behavioral approaches - skill building and reduce problematic behaviors -communication training - increase socialization - naturalistic teaching strategies

treat premature ejaculation

behavioral procedure; stop-start or pause, procedure (penis is manually stimualted until the many is highly aroused, pause then resume). ssri (serotonin enhancing antidepressent drugs).

treatments for sexual dysfunctions

behavorial therapies- relaxation technique and systematic desenitization. sex therapy program (Cbt, couple, family systems therapies).

view on sexual sadism disorder

behviroal- classical conditioning inflciting pain and being aroused sexually sets the stage for a pattern of this and modeling psychodynamic and cognitve- sense of power becuase of sexual inadequcy. brain and hormonail abnormalities

What is a somatic delusion?

belief of abnormal bodily functions or sensations

treatments for obsessive compulsive persinality disorder

belif that nothing is wrong with them psychodynamic- recognizd, experince, adn accept thier underlying feelings adn insecurities adn perhaprs take risks adn accept thier perosnal limitations cognitive- focus on the all or nothing thinking. ssri's(serotionin enchanicing antidepressant drugs)..

What are common psychiatric medications for insomnia disorder?

benzodiazepine antihistamine

What medications would fall under sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic?

benzodiazepines, barbiturates enhancement of inhibitory GABA calming, sedating effect

neo pi 3

big five personality traits: openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism

lsd and the brain

binding to neurons that receive serotonin, (sends visual information adn control emotions).

What is the difference between binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa?

binge eating d/o does not involve use of compensatory behaviors following binge need to r/o bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa binge/purging type

views on pedophilic disorder

biochemical or brain abnormalites.

cognitive treatments for panic disorder

biological challenge tests. anxiety sensitivity.

viewpoint on gender dysphoria

biological factors- heightened blood flow in teh insula and reduced blood flow in teh anterior cingulate cortex (human sexaulity and conscuousness).

.22

biological parent and child apart

.39

biological parent and child together

.24

biological siblings reared apart

.45

biological siblings reared together

Delusions

bizarre ideas without a foundation

What is panic control therapy? (PCT)

brief form of CBT combining psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, relaxation-based strategies, interoceptive exposure (exposing client to bodily sensations of panic), in vivo exposure

visual memory

bring into mind the place, object, faces or pages.

lsd

brings on hallucinogen intoxication, (hallucinois), strengths perceptions, visual, psychologicl and physical. bring strong emotions. sweatng, blurred vision, poor coordination.

larry p v riles

brought on behalf of African American children who were overrepresented in special education classes in the San Francisco public school system; "IQ tests are racially and culturally biased, and have a discriminatory impact on black children'" enjoined SF public schools from using them to place black children in special education classes

borderline personality disorder

by repeated instabiltiy in interpersonal relationships self image and mood and by impulsive behavior. bouts of anger, self harm is present. physical discomfort offers relief from their emotional suffering. form intense, conflict ridden relationships, thikning is dichotomous. cut themselves off. dramatic identity shifts.

major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

can also be called, sesonal, catatonic (marked by inmobility or excessive activity), peripartum (occurs during or within four weeks of giving birth), melancholic (person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events).

Dissociative Amnesia

can be localized (most common, losses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time), selective, generalized (second, remember some events, but not all that took place during a period of time), continuous (forgetting continues into the present).

What is the catecholamine hypothesis and the permissive theory of depression?

catecholamine - MDD caused by low levels of norepinephrine permissive - MDD caused by low norepinephrine and serotonin

personality disorders are called

categorical apporach -either absent or present in people -displayed or not displayed by a person -not markedly troubled by perosonality traits outside of that disorder

Cognitive perspective for GAD

caused by dysfunctional ways of thinking. Maladaptive assumptions. Irrational assumptions.

treat female orgasmic disorder

cbt self-exploration enhancement of body awareness directed masturbation (taught step by step how to masturbate efectively adn eventually to reach orgasm during secual interactions)

treatments for binge eating

cbt, antidepressants, eliminate binge eating pattern and change disturbed thinking such as being overly concerned with weight and shape.

treatments for schizoid personality disorder

cbt- --cognitve (list of emotions and connect and think about when they had these emotions) --behaviroal (socal skills, role playing, exposure techniques, homework assignments)

psychological cause of erectile disorder

cbt- performance anxiety (fear of performing inadequatelty and a related tension experienced during sex) adn spectator role (a state of mind that some people experince during sex focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance adn their enjoyment are reduced.

Intolerance of uncertainty theory

certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of occurrence is very small.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (unipolar depression)

certain women who repeatedly have clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

clinical picture of alcohol use disorder

chronic heavy drinkers have revealed damage in the areas of memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, balance.

prepubescent children

classic type

view on sexual masochism disorder

classical conditioning

Behavioral perspective for phobias

classical conditioning; modeling; stimulus generalization (response to one stimulas are also elicited by similar stimuli)

substance-induced dx

clinically signif symptomatic presentation of a mental dx + evidence confirming development from substance intoxication or withdrawal

What is depersonalization/derealization disorder characterized by?

clinically significant persistent or recurrent depersonalization (detachment from one's mind, self or body) and derealization (detachment from surroundings) but intact reality testing -no difference between individuals that have 1 vs other

What are common meds used for OCD?

clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressant) Fluvoxamine, sertraline (SSRIs)

dopamine activity is presented by

cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine

stimulants

cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine,

What are two evidence-based treatments for PTSD?

cognitive processing therapy - psychoed, exposure, cognitive restructuring EMDR

triggers of PTSD

combat, disasters, abuse, victimization

benzodiazepine

common group of antianxety drug; valium and xanax adn ativan. binds to GABAand clams. relieve anxiety without making people as drowsy as other kinds of sedative-hypnotics.

hypersomnia

common in depression, individuals sleep excessively, 10+ hours of sleep and are exhausted after only being awake for a few hours

autonomic nervous system

connects the central nervous system to the other organs. The fibers are involuntary activities (heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, perspiration).

hypergraphia

compulsive need to write

Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT)

computer tailors the test to the individual by selecting items based on previous answers Advantages - precise and efficient Disadvantage - research suggests that validity may be less than optimal in some circumstances Take home - shouldn't replace clinical judgment, should rather be used in conjunction with

What is Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) as it re to stress?

concluded that people have the same physical response to all prolonged stress believed that chronic stress is major contributor to disease distinguished between eustress (good stress) and distress (bad stress). proposed 3 stages: 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

In vivo desensitization

confrontation with their fear (dog phobia-look at pet dogs)

loose associations

conversation in unrelated directions

fetishisitic disorder

consisiting of reccurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors that invlove the use of nonliving object or nongential part oftern to the exclusion of all other stimuli accompined by clinically significant distress or impairment

Reliability

consistency of measurement degree to which test scores are free from the effects of measurement error

avoidant perosnality disorder

consistent discomfort adn restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, adn extreme sensitvity to negaitive evaluation. uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy adn extremely sensitive to negative evaluation. fear of humiliation. unappleing or inferior to others. no close or few friends. fear the close relastionships.

binge drinking episoide

consume five or more drinks on a single occasion

multiple aptitude batteries

contain a number of tests or subtests that each measure a different component; most often for educational and vocational counseling of high school and college students and in selection and placement programs provided by state employment agencies and the armed services

Intermittent Explosive Disorder indviduals have trouble with

controlling anger, they display verbal and physical aggression but are not premeditated actions. Have trouble controlling themselves and can't manage emotions.

Guilford's Convergent and Divergent Thinking

convergent thinking: rational, logical reasoning to correctly solve a problem divergent thinking: nonlogical processes, requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions

Why is excessive cortisol associated w/health risks?

cortisol suppresses the immune system with ordinarily protects the body against virus, bacteria, other foreign substances interfere with learning and memory, lower immune function and bone density, increase weight gain, blood pressure, cholesterol, heart disease * remember - cortisol is involved in controlling the body's blood sugar levels and thus regulating metabolism, acting as an anti-inflammatory, influencing memory formation, controlling salt and water balance, influencing blood pressure

What is major or mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder?

criteria for mild/major neurocognitive d/o (cognitive decline in 1 > domain) gradual onset and progression either: 1) 3 > behavioral variants: behavioral disinhibition; apathy or inertia; loss of sympathy/empathy; stereotyped behavior, diet changes OR 2) language variant - decline in language ability (e.g., speech production, word finding, object naming, grammar, comprehension)

Aging and Intelligence

crystallized intelligence increases until about age 60 fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescence and then declines fluid intelligence decline linked to decline in working memory and processing speed

What does Linehan say about BPD?

d/t to pervasive emotion dysregulation, caused by: - biologically-based vulnerability to high emotionality and inability to regulate these intense emotional responses - exposure to an invalidating environment where communication of experiences is erratic and negative

cirrhosis

damage to the liver due to drinking.

personal and social impacts

deaths, ,car crashes, malnourished and weak,

processing speed

declines in fluid intelligence in adulthood have been linked to age related declines in the efficiency of working memory that, in turn, have been attributed to declines in this

Conceptual Domain

deficits in areas such as language, reasoning, knowledge, and memory

sternberg triarchic model

defines successful intelligence as the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and the goals of society and proposes that it is composed of three abilities, analytical, creative, and practical; traditional intelligence focuses on analytical ability but neglects creative and practical abilities

Standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group scores collected at different times should be fully comparable

What is delayed sleep phase type circadian rhythm sleep disorder?

delayed sleep onset and awakening times w/inability to fall asleep and awaken at desired earlier times melatonin production doesn't usually begin until 2 or more hours later than others most common in teenagers increased risk of depression

Abuse disorder does not equal

dependence

What is the difference between depersonalization and derealization when including the w/dissociative sxs specifier for PTSD?

depersonalization - feeling detached from the self, if one were outside observer (in a dream, unreality of self, time moving slowly) derealization - unreality/detached from surroundings (world is dreamlike, distant, distorted)

What is Lewinsohn's behavioral theory of depression?

depression is the result of low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for adaptive behaviors -> causes extinction of positive behaviors -> pessimism, low self-esteem, social isolation , dysphoria -> then reinforced by sympathy and concern of others

psychological causes for female orgasmic disorder

depression trauma, stress,

unipolar

depression without a history of mania

dynamic assessment

derived from Vygotsky's method for evaluating a child's mental development and involves an interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized testing procedures to obtain additional information about the examinee and or determine if the examinee is likely to benefit from assistance or instruction

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales

designed to assess personal, social, and adaptive functioning of handicapped and non handicapped persons often used in conjunction with IQ test in order to assess for ID

sexual response cycle

desire, excitment, orgasm, resolution

biological causes for female orgasmic disorder

diabetes, ms, medications.

depression for eating disorders

diagnosis of major depressive disorder, low activity serotonin, helped with antidepressants drugs

Practical domain

difficulties managing personal care or job responsibilities

introjection

direct all their feelings for the loved one including sadness adn anger towards themselves.

instructional assessment

directly linked to what examinees have learned in the classroom or other controlled setting and include curriculum based measurement and performance based assessment

diagnosing schizophrenia

disorder contiunse for 6 months. out of those 6 months 1 month needs to be in the active phase; by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

sexual dysfunction

disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of teh sexual response cycle. sexual frustration , guilt, lose of self-esteem adn interpersonal problems.

What are common comorbidities of sleep wake disorders?

disorders of heart/lungs (CHF, COPD), neurodegenerative disorders (alzheimers), disorders of muscoskeletal system (osteoarthritis) -worsened in sleep (eg: prolonged apneas or ECG arrhythmias in REM sleep, confusional arousal in dementias, seizures in people with complex partial sz)

What is the with limited prosocial emotions specifier for CD? And what are the criteria?

display of 2 > characteristics in last 12 mos in multiple rxs and settings: lack of remorse or guilt callous-lack of empathy unconcerned about performance shallow or deficient affect

inappropriate affect

display of emotions that are unsuited to teh siutation. smile when a somber sentence

What are dissociative disorders in general?

disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, behavior involve problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior and sense of self associated w/previous trauma

What is insomnia disorder?

dissatisfaction w/sleep quality or quantity d/t 1 > of the following: difficulty initiating sleep maintaining sleep early morning awakening w/o going back to sleep frequency 3 nights/week duration 3 mos > BUT specifiers for duration

What are the three dissociative disorders?

dissociative identity disorder dissociative amnesia depersonalization/derealization disorder

What is a manic episode?

distinct period of abnormally and elevated , expansive, irritable mood w/elevated goal-directed activity and energy duration - 1 week

What is a hypomanic episode?

distinct period of abnormally and elevated , expansive, irritable mood w/elevated goal-directed activity and energy if psychotic features present, considered as mania duration - 4 days

What are common medications for hypertension?

diuretics anti-adrenergics direct-acting vasodillators beta-blockers calcium-channel blockers angiotensin-receptor blockers ACE inhibitors

sociocultural low sex desire

divorce, death, job stress, infertility issues,

treatments for paranoid personality disorder

do not see themselves as needing help. object relations therapists- psychodyanamic (see past teh anger and work on what they view as their deep wich for a satisfying relationship) self-therapists- pscyhodynamic (focus on the needs for a healthy and unified self behaviroal- master anxiety reducation techinique and improve social skills adn interpersonal problems. cognitive- develop realistic interpretations of other peoples words adn actions

type 1 schizophrena

dominated by postive symptoms (delusions, hallucination, certain formal thought disorder related to biochemical abnormalities

Drug use affects this neurotransmitter

dopamine

brain wave for schizophrenia

dopamine hypithesis (excessive activity of teh neurotransmitter dopamine) antipsychotic drugs (drugs that help correct grossly confused or disorted thinking) -phenothiazines (first group of effective antipsychotic medications) l-dopa -could potentially produce parkinsons disease

delirium tremens

dramatic withdrawal reaction that some people who are dependent on alcohol have. it consists of confusion, clouded consciousness and terrifying visual hallucinations.

What personality disorders are cluster B?

dramatic, emotional, erratic antisocial borderline histrionic narcissistic

transvestic disorder

dressing up in the opposite clothes. transvestism or cross dressing. repeated adn intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothers of the opposite sex, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment follows operant conditioning

Biological treatments for adhd

drug therapy using psychostimulants

treatment for PTSD

drug therapy, behavioral exposure (flooding, relaxation training), insight therapy, family therapy, group therapy, virtual reality therapy, exposure therapy (EMDR), psychological debriefing, critical incident stress debriefing (crisis intervention that has victims of truama talk extensively about their feelings and reactions within days of the incident.

What is stimulant withdrawal?

dysphoric mood 2 > of: fatigue, vivid dreams, insomnia/hypersomnia, increased appetite, psychomotor retardation/agitation

opioid withdrawal

dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, lacrimation or rhinorrhea, pupillary dilation, piloerection or sweating, diarrhea, yawning, fever, insomnia

mutually cognizant pattern

each subpersonality are aware of each other

binges

eat massive amounts of food very rapidly with minimal chewing. 1 to 30 binges in a week. self blame, shame, guilt, depression follow a binge.

What is binge eating?

eating a larger amount of food than most people sense of lack of control over eating

lasting changes achieved for anorexia nervosa

education, psychotherapy, family therapy, psychotropic drugs

What is the difference between hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations?

either are experienced in narcolepsy hypnogogic - vivid hallucinations that occur while falling asleep hypnopompic - occur while waking up

What treatment has been found to be effective for severe endogenous depression resistant to antidepressants?

electroconvulsive therapy ECT SEs - disorientation, anterograde/retrograde amnesia

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

elevated dopamine levels or oversensitive dopamine receptors expanded to include norepinephrine, serotonin, gluatamate

symptoms of mania

emotional, motivational, behaviroal, cognitive, physical. talk loud, talk fast, flamboyance, poor judgement skills, inflated opinions of others, self-esteem issues, energetic.

What is Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

emphasizes the role of negative self-statements about oneself, the world, future negative or depressive triad

strong interest inventory

empirical criterion keying: comparing the responses of males and females in various occupations with the responses of males and females in a general reference sample scales: general occupation themes--realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional basic interest scales--scores related to general occupational themes and include Athletics, Performing Arts, Research, Healthcare Services, Teaching and Education, and Entrepreneurship occupational scales--indicate the degree to which an examinee's interests are similar to those of satisfied workers of the same gender in 122 diverse occupations including Accountant, Corporate Trainer, Software Developer, Psychologist, Chef, and Translator personal styles scales--scores on five domains-work style, learning environment, leadership style, risk taking, and team orientation administrative indices--information on the types and consistency of responses made by an examinee

abnormal brain structure for schizophrenia

enlarged ventricles (contain cerebrospinal fluid) -more negative symptoms poorly adjusted socially before the onset, conitive disturbances, response less to conventioanl antipsychotic drugs. -smaller temporal and frontal loves smaller amounts of cortucal white and grey matter, abnormal blood flow - abnromalities in the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus,

Causes of Intellectual Disability

environmental, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal

When do you include episodic, persistent, recurrent specifiers for insomnia disorder?

episodic 1 - 3mos persistent > 3 mos recurrent 2 > episodes/year

types of delusions

erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic

cognitive perspective on OCDq

everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts. Through the use of neutralizing they control the ocd.

What is a requirement of both reactive attachment disoder and disinhibited social engagement disoder?

evidence that exposure to extreme insufficient care is responsible for sxs

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

excessive uncontrollable anxiety/worry more days than not about various things duration 6 mos > 3 > sxs in adults, only 1 in kids: restlessness, fatigue, concentration, irritability, tension, sleep disturbance

What is narcolepsy?

excessive uncontrollable daytime sleepiness long-term neurological disorder w/inability to regulate sleep/wake cycles - recurrent periods of irresistible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep, nappy 3x/week, 3 > mos 1 > of: cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone) deficiency of hypocretin (arousal wakefulness appetite) rapid eye movement latency < 15mins

view about schizotypal perosnality disorder

family conflicts, defects in attention adn short term memory. bilogical factors (high activity of dopamine, enlarged ventricle smaller temproal lobe)

Biological perspectives for GAD

family pedigree studies. Benzodiazepines.

treatments for gender dysphoria

female to male gender dysphoria male to female gender dysphoria: androphillic type male to female gender dysphoria: autogynephilic type

What are some examples of gender-related issues w/re to bipolar I disorder?

females more likely to experience rapid cycling, mixed states, higher rates of lifetime eating disorders, depressive sxs, higher lifetime risk of alcohol use disorder than males

barbiturates

fight anxiety and sleep. pill or capsule. attaches to GABA. wreaks the liver. withdrawal is dangerous.

treatments for avoidant personalty disorder

find acceptance adn affection treat liek social anxiety adn other anxiety disorder psychodynamic- resolve teh unconscious conflicts that may be operating. cognitve- change their distressing beleifes adn thoughts behavioral- social skills training. group settings antianxiety and antidepressants help

psychonamic therapies for substance use disorder

find underlying needs adn conflicts that they belive have led to the substance use disorder.

brain wave for substance use disorder

first drug is ingested, then it increases teh activity of neurotransmitter, (calm, reduce pain). when the drug is taken over adn over, the brain makes adjustments to lower the release of nerurotransmitter. so the less neruottranmitter, the more drug they need.

What are the advantages/disadvantages of first-generation antipsychotics vs. second generation?

first-generation (chloropromazine, thioridazine, haloperidol) are effective for positive sxs, but have little effect on negative sxs & can cause tardive dyskinesia second-generation (clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine) reduce both positive and negative and reduce risk of TD

Dissociative fugue

forgets their personal identities, but flee to an entirely different location. they end abruptly.

What are neuroleptic medications?

first-generation antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, fluphenazine) less frequently, but still possible are second-generate antipsychotics (clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine) dopamine receptor-blocking drugs used to treat nausea and gastroparesis amoxapine - antidepressant

WISC vs Stanford Binet

floor and ceiling biggest difference WISC based on CHC model Wechsler tests have high floor and low ceiling, may be an issue when assessing ID or gifted individuals

Horn and Catell

fluid (Gf) and crystallized (Gc) intelligence

Psychosocial treatment for adhd

focus on improving academic performance, decreasing disruptive behavior, improving social skills.

As children with intellectual disabilities grow older...

focus on integrating into community while maximizing independence.

In treatment factitious disorder, should the therapist work towards "curing" the disorder or focus on sx management? Should the therapist confront the falsification?

focus on sx management, not "curing" supportive therapy no confrontation bc this can increase defensiveness and denial

behavioral assessment

focuses on overt and covert behaviors that occur in specific circumstances and may utilize behavioral interviews, behavioral observation cognitive assessment, and or psychophysiological measures

gender dysphoria

for 6 months or more individuals gender related feelings and or behaviors is at ods with those of his or her assigned gender as indicated by two or more of the folllowing --gender related feelings and or behaviors clearly contradict the individuals primary or secondary sex characterisitics --powerful wish to eliminate ones sex characterisitcs --yearning for the sex characterisitcs of another gender --powerful wish to be a member of another gender --tearning to be treated as a member of another gender --firm belief that ones feelings and reactions are those that characterize another gender - individual experinces significant distress or impairment

genito-pelvic pain/penitration disordre

for at least 6 months indvidual repeatedly experiences at least one of the following problems --difficulty having vaginal penetration during intercourse --significant vaginal or pelvic pain when trying to have intercourse or penitration --significant fear that vaginal penetration will cause vaginal or pelvic pain --significant tensing of the pelvic muscle during vaginal penetration 2. - individual experiences significant distress.

Early remission

full criteria for substance use were previously met, none of the criteria for the substance use disorder has been met for at least three months but for less than 12 months (with the exception that criterion A4 "craving or strong disuse or urge to use"

treatment of anorexia nervosa

gain weight. force tube and intravenous feedings. behavioral weight restoration and offer rewards when they eat, and no rewards for when they do not eat. supportive nursing care, nutritional counsleing, high calorie diet (nutritional rehabiliation program). motivational interviewing

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory

general mental ability (g) which represents what different cognitive tasks have in common and (s) which include specific mental abilities (math, mechanical, or verbal skills) performance on a cognitive task depends on g plus one or more specific factors (s) unique to the task

dysfunction is present during all sexual situations

generalized type

For gender dysphoria, what are some examples of "with a disorder of sex development" that you would include in diagnoses?

generally, congenital adrenogenital disorders (inherited genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands; associated w/low cortisol and overproduction of androgen/sex hormones) - congenital adrenal hyperplasia - excessive androgens/masculine sex hormones - androgen insensitivity syndrome - resistant to male hormones/androgens

etiology of agoraphobia

genetic & env: fmaily climate w/ low warmth, high demandingness, overprotectiveness

Nature vs. Nurture

genetic (inborn) vs environment (outside)

What are common etiologies for GAD?

genetic factors behavioral inhibition neuroticism

Biological causes of unipolar depression

genetic factors, abnormality of their 5-htt gene on chromosome 17. (production of seritonin)

biological view on schizophrenia

genetic factors. extreme stress gene defects on chromosomes 1,2,6,8,10,13,15,18,20,22 and on the X. polygenic disorder (combination of gene defects)

biological view on substance use disorder

genetics,

sexual pain

genito-pelvic pain/penitration disordre

Graduated Prompting

give cues to determine level of support child needs to accomplish a task prompts are graduated in difficulty level a type of dynamic assessment

Endocrine systerm

glands located throughout the body.

alexithymic

great difficulty putting descripitive label on their feelings.

Psychosis

gross departure from reality, which may include hallucinations and delusions

Behavioral perspective of DID and dissociative amnesia

grows from normal memory processess such as drifting of the mind or forgetting. learned through operant conditioning (skinner).

What are positive symptoms of psychosis?

hallucinations, delusions, racing thoughts

rapid cycle

has four or more episodes within a one-year period

cocaine-induces psychossis

have hallucinations, delusions or both.

How is orgasmic conditioning used to treat paraphilic disorders?

have individual begin to masturbate while fantasizing about inappropriate stimulus, then when orgasm is inevitable, switching fantasy to more appropriate stimulus

type 2 schizophrenia

have more negative symptoms such as restirected affects, poverty of speech and loss of volition related to structural abnormaliites

bipolar disorder

have the lows of depression while the highs of mania

Excessive cortisol levels are associated w/increased risk for ...

heart disease diabetes gastrointestinal problems asthma illness

early pubescent children

hebephilic type

biological perspective for panic disorder

helped by antidepressant drugs.

What are etiology factors of OCD?

heredity low levels of serotonin abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex (decision-making, response inhibition) & caudate nucleus (nucleus is unable to control the transmission of worrying and concerning impulses between the thalamus and the orbitofrontal cortex, which alters the impact of this information on actions and decisions)

What are common etiologies associated w/bulimia nervosa?

heredity, childhood obesity, early pubertal maturation, childhood abuse, low levels of serotonin

cannibas use disorder

high on mary jane adn finding their social and occupational or academic lives very much affected.

Another explanation of depression is that it is linked to _ levels of cortisol and degeneration is cells in the _

high; hippocampus

OCD is equally common in male and female adults, but male children have _ rates than female children

higher

associated features of LD

higher risk than children w/o dx for other conditions & problem, most common being ADHD, others include ODD, CD, MDD

psychodynamic view on eating disorder

hilde brunch (pioneer for eating disorder) disturbed mothers child interactions lead to serious ego deficiencies and severe perceptual disturbances.

brain circuit for PTSD

hippocampus (memory, emotions and motivation), amygdale (emotions, survival instincts, memory)

Obsessive compulsive related disorder

hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling), excoriation (skin picking), body dysmorphic disorder.

Unipolar cognitive symptoms

hold extremely negative views about themselves, consider themselves inadequate, undesirable, inferior, evil. blame themselves, pessimism.

hormone explanation of depression

holds that hormone changes trigger depression in many women.

artifact theory of depressoin

holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men

treament of gender dysphoria

hormones sexual reassignment or sex change surgery. (vaginoplasty- removal of penis to a clitoirs) phalloplasty- create a penis from clitoirs.

biological cause of low sex desire

hormones, high level of prolactin, low level of testosterone, low level of estorgen. excessive activity of serotonin and dopamine.

there is always one sub-personlity called the

host or primary

What is the difference between hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed level of activity for dx of delirium?

hyperactive - mood lability, agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations hypoactive - sluggish, lethargy, less reaction, sullen mixed - normal level of psychomotor activity even though attention and attention are disturbed

What is the difference between hypopnea and apnea?

hypopnea simply means abnormally slow or shallow breathing, while apnea means periods of no breathing.

brain circuit for eating disorder

hypothalamus (regulates body functions)--lateral hypothalamus adn ventromedial hypothalamus

face a dangerous situation

hypothalamus first excites the sympathetic nervous system. adrenal glands--adrenal medulla. then it releases epinephrine (adrenaline) adn norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal pathway

hypothalmus, pituitary gland, secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone, then stimulates the adrenal cortex, release of corticosteroids.

.67

identical twins reared apart

.85

identical twins reared together

What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications that is characterized by fever, muscular rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction often compared to malignant catatonia Core features: Severe muscular rigidity Hyperthermia (temperature >38°C) Autonomic instability Changes in the level of consciousness

What is the delayed expression specifier for PTSD?

if full diagnostic criteria are not met until at least 6 mos after the trauma

When would you use the specifier for "on maintenance therapy" when diagnosing opioid use disorder?

if individual is taking prescribed agonist medication (methadone, buprenorphine), none of criteria for opioid use disorder met. can also use this for people on partial agonist, agonist/antagonist, full antagonist (oral naltrexone, depot naltrexone)

on maintenance therapy

if individual is taking prescribed agonist meds such as methadone and no criteria for opioid use disorder has been met.

state dependent learning

if people learn something when they are in a particular situation or state of mind, they are likely to remember it best when they are again in that same condition. (learn when happy, best recalled when happy).

cognitive slippage

illogical and incoherent speech

What are common psychopharm drug classes rx'ed for panic disorder?

imipramine or other TCA, SSRI, benzodiazepine need therapy as well b/c medication alone has high risk for relapse when med is d/c

catatonic schizophrenia

immobility, extreme negativism (or excessive, purposeless movement) , and or parrot-like repeating of another's speech or movements.

What is the essential feature of neurocognitive disorders and what are the 6 domains of impairment?

impaired cognitive functioning with impairments affecting 1 > of 6 domains: complex attention executive function learning and memory language perceptual-motor social cognition

impulse control disorders

impairment of social and occupational functioning, increased tension//anxiety prior to the act, and a sense of relief following the act

Assessment of Children

important to establish rapport and maintain cooperation Techniques: - use descriptive statements - use reflections - labeled praise - avoid critical statements

How is functional family therapy used for CD treatment?

improving interactions between parents and child to foster more adaptive fx 3 phases: engagement and motivation; behavior change; generalization

What is the most effective treatment for agoraphobia?

in vivo exposure with exposure response prevention research shows including significant others in treatment is helpful

What is persistent complex bereavement disorder?

incapacitated by grief and focused on the loss to the exclusion of other interests and concerns. rumination about the death and longing for reunion with the deceased, identity confusion, inability to accept the loss, anhedonia, bitterness, difficulty trusting others and a feeling of being "stuck" in the grieving process. present every day, cause distress or functional impairment and persist for more than 6 months after bereavement not in DSM officially, for further study

contingency mangement for biological view for substance use disorder

incentives contingent on the submission of drug free urine specimens.

amphetamines for the brain

increase energy, alertness, reduce appetite, rush, intoxication, psychosis in high doses, stimulates the CNS, and releases dopamine, norepinephrine, adn serotonin.

flynn effect

increase in IQ test scores over the previous 70 years in the U.S. and other industrialized countries, primarily in fluid intelligence; believed to be the result of environmental factors

psychological cause of low sex desire

increase in anxiety, depression anger.

What are common etiologies for schizophrenia?

increased volume in lateral and third ventricles reduced size of hippocampus and amygdala hypofrontality (decreased activity in PFC) dopamine hypothesis genetic contributions

Alzheimer's disease has 3 stages of its slow, gradual progression. What is the second stage - middle stage?

increasing severity of sxs anterograde & retrograde amnesia problems w/reading & writing inability to remember names/recognize ppl mood swings personality changes sleep disturbance fluent aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia- understanding words) restlessness, wandering difficulty w/complex/sequential tasks

effects of age on six primary mental abilities via the seattle longitudinal study

inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, numeric ability, vocabulary, and verbal memory; for most people, only perceptual speed declined substantially prior to age 60, and the other four abilities remained fairly stable until about age 70 or 75

treatment for antisocial personality disorder

ineffective cogntiive- think about moral issues

precipitating factors for delirium

infections, electrolyte imbalance, acute stroke & other neurological conditions, surgery, uncontrolled pain, alcohol or drug withdrawal, certain drugs (esp benzos, narcotics, drugs w/ anticholinergic effects)

sociocultural view on unipolar depression

influenced by the social context that surrounds people.

Types of Insomnia

initial, middle, and terminal

Carroll's Three-Stratum Theory

intelligence has 3 levels: Stratum III - general intelligence (g) Stratum II - general memory and learning Stratum I - specific abilities that are linked to one of the other strata

exhibitionistic dx

intense sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting person

voyeuristic dx

intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing or engaged in sexual activity

frotteuristic dx

intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting adult

fetishistic dx

intense sexual arousal from using nonliving objects or focusing on one or more nongenital body parts

pedophilic dx

intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or sexual bxs involving prepubescent children

malingering

intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated phys or psychological sxs for personal gain

What is malingering?

intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical/psychological sxs for personal gain likely indicated when the person is seeking evaluation/treatment for legal purposes, marked discrepancy between sxs and objective findings, uncooperative, antisocial personality

danger of marijuana

interfere with performance, cognitive, cannot remember things, low blood flow, low sperm count.

Impulsive control disorders include:

intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania

performance based assessment

involves observing and judging a pupil's skill in actually carrying out a physical activity or producing a product; proponents believe it is an egalitarian method, and is applicable to culturally and linguistically diverse groups; a limitation is that it might reflect prior knowledge and experience rather than what was learned in the current class

curriculum based measurement

involves periodic assessment of school aged children with brief standardized and validated measures of basic academic skills that reflect the current school curriculum for the purposes of evaluating instructional effectiveness and making instructional decisions

testing the limits

involves providing an examinee with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback and is ordinarily done after standard administration of the test to preserve the applicability of the test's norms; follows the inquiry phase and involves asking questions or making suggestions to obtain more information about an examinee's personality functioning

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

involves reexperiencing perceptual symptoms that were experienced while intoxicated. May persist for weeks, months, or years

ion activity

irregualarties in the transport of these ions may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania, or to stubbornly resist firing resulting in depression

tobacco withdrawal

irritability, frustration, or anger; anxiety; impaired concentration; inc appetite; restlessness; depressed mood; insomnia

depression

is a low sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self worth, guilt, related symptoms

Fusion

is the final merging of two or more subpersonalites.

Ego-defense mechanisms

isolation, undoing, reaction formation.

Why is early intervention of ASD important?

it may normalize the function of the developing brain

cognitive factors for eating disorders

judge themselves on their shape, weight, adn ablity to control them

cbt for anorexia nervosa

keep a diary of what they ate (behavioral), identify their core pathology (cognitive). teach them to identify better and trust their internal sensations adn feelings. change their attitudes about eating adn weight (challenge maladaptive assumptions)

cbt but the behavioral part for bulima nervosa

keeps diaries of eating behaviors, exposure therapy, and response prevention

dopamine nerouns

key role in guiding attention

female sexual interest/ arousal disorder

lack interest adn rarely intiate sex. feel little excitment during sex, unaroused. - for at least 6 months individual usually displays reduced or no sexual interest and arousal characterized by the reduction or absence of at least three of the following --sexual thoughts or fantasies --sexual intitiation or receptiveness --excitment or pleasure during sex --responsiveness to sexual cues --gential or nongential sensations during sex - individual expereinces significant distress

Affective flattening

lack of emotional expression

In terms of antisocial personality disorder etiology, research suggests that this has been linked to heredity and family characteristics. There is evidence that people exhibit a _ of empathy and a _ autonomic response to threatening stimuli...

lack of empathy low autonomic threat response

Anhedonia

lack of pleasure or indifference, including lack of sex drive

What is female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

lack of/significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal 3 > sxs: absent/reduced interest in sex absent/reduced sexual thoughts or fantasies no/reduced initiative of activity absent/reduced sexual pleasure absent/reduced interest/arousal to cues absent/reduced sensations duration 6 > mos.

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

lack or have reduced interest in sex, physical response may be normal and they may enjoy sex, engage in little sexual activity - for at least 6 months individual repeatedly expereince few or no sexual thought, fantasies or desires - individual experinences significant distress about this

differential validity

lacking in multiple aptitude batteries; they do not discern between criterion groups or categories

What are the communication disorders?

language disorder speech sound disorder social pragmatic communication disorder childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)

What are the characteristics associated w/better prognosis for schizophrenia?

late and acute onset precipitating event female gender good premorbid adjustment insight brief duration of active phase sxs family hx of mood disorder no family hx of schizophrenia

What is typical onset for schizophrenia?

late teens and early 30s for males w/peak age of onset for first psychotic episode being in early to mid-20s late 20s for females

What are common etiological factors associated w/enuresis?

lax toilet training psychosocial stressors delays in development or normal circadian rhythms of urine production heredity - enuretic father puts kids at higher risk

self-hypnosis

leads to hypnotic amnesia.

Systematic desensitization

learn to relax while gradually facing the objects or situations they fear. Relaxation training, then fear hierarchy.

unipolar behavioral symptoms

less active and less productive ,spend more time alone and isolate, move and speak slowly

What is generalized amnesia?

less common (localized and selective are most common) loss of memory for one's personal identity as well as some semantic and skill knowledge

persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome (unipolar depression)

less severe and less disabling symptoms

Hypomanic Episode

less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders, may last only 4 days

sexual dysfunction their whole lives

lifelong type

What are the most common forms of amnesia?

localized - inability to recall all events re to a specific period of time selective - inability to recall some events re to a specific period of time

What is non-24 hr sleep-wake type circadian rhythm sleep disorder?

longer than 24-hour sleep cycles and causes their body clock to shift to later bedtimes every couple of days, making them go to sleep and rise at later times each day most common in blind people.

unipolar motivational symptoms

lose thier desire to pursue thier usual activities, lack of drive, initiative, spontaneity

-pscychosis

loss of contact with reality

What is akinesia?

loss of movement or difficulty initiating movement also slowing (bradykinesia) or reduction (hypokinesia) in the size of movements. Often begins in the legs and neck. These muscles become very stiff. When it affects the muscles of the face the individual adopts a mask-like stare. re to Parkinson's disease and other possible medication/neuroleptic-induced sxs

biological biochemical factors of unipolar depression

low activity of norepinephrine adn serotonin. high levels of cortisol. melatonin.

biopolar neurotransmitter

low counts of serotonin and norepinephrine lead to depression. low serotonin and high norepinephrine leads to mania.

delayed ejaculation

low teststerone levl. substance, medications. -for at least 6 months indivudal usally displays a significant delay, infreqency or absence of ejaculation during sexual activity with a partner - individual experiences significant distress.

What are some characteristics of family dynamics associated w/agoraphobia?

low warmth, highly demanding, overprotective

For people w/anorexia nervosa, food restriction may alleviate anxiety and irritability by...

lower serotonin; people w/AN have higher than normal rates of serotonin that causes anxiety and irritability, so food restriction alleviates this by lowering the levels

Order of reporting Major Depressive Disorder

major depressive disorder, single or recurrent episode, severity/psychotic/remission specifiers, followed by as many specifiers that apply

premature ejactulation

man persisitently reaches orgasm and ehacylates wihtin 1 min of beggining sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to. (rapid or early ejaculation) - for at least 6 months individual ususally ejaculates within 1 min of beginning sex with a partner and earlier than he wants to - individual experiences significant distress.

erectile disorder

man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity. 1. for at least 6 months individual usually finds it very dificult to obtain an erection maintain or acheive past levels of erectile rigidity during sex. 2. individual experiences signigicant distress

hypomanic episode

mania apper are less severe (causing little impairment)

amphetamines

manufactured in the laboratory. amphetamine (benzedrine), dextroamphetamine (dexedrine), methamphetamine (methedrine). pill or capsule, inject, smoke.

What is agoraphobia?

marked anxiety/fear about 2 > settings: public transit, open spaces, enclosed spaces, standing in line/crowd, being outside the home alone -fear escape is difficult, help may not be available, anxiety, or embarrassing sxs -situations actively avoided -situations almost always provoke anxiety

narcissitic perosnality disorder

marked by a broad pattern of grandioisty need for admireation, lack of empathy. seldom interested in feelings of others.

paranoid personality disorder

marked by a pattern of distrust adn suspiciousness of others. they shun close relationships. quick to challenge loyalty or trustworthiness, cold and distant. no dulision thoughts that they take them away from reality adn are not bizarre. blame others, recongize thier own mistakes.

cyclothymic disorder

marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.

What are sexual dysfunctions characterized by?

marked disturbance in ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure need to determine that sxs are not better explained by nonsexual issues, relationship distress, other stressors, medical condition, sub effects

social anxiety dx

marked fear/anxiety about 1+ social situations where may be exposed to scrutiny of others

What is a specific phobia?

marked fear/anxiety about a situation/object avoidance or endured w/marked distress fear is disproportional to the stimuli duration 6 mos >

What is the essential feature of gender dysphoria?

marked incongruence between one's assigned gender at birth and one's experienced/expressed gender duration 6 > mos. sxs may differ between children and adults

schizoaffective disorder

marked symptoms of both schzophrinea and a major depressive episoide or a manic episode

Common rule outs for depression

medical condition, medications, substance use, bipolar disorder, or a psychotic disorder

morphine codeine and oxycodone

medical narcotics usually prescribed to relieve pain

Treatment for personality disorders

medication is usually not successful, most do not realize they have a problem, most treatments are about managing the symptoms.

What is postural tremor?

medication/neuroleptic induced sx fine tremor occurring during attempts to maintain posture

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations 2 camps: general ability; different subtypes

what is echopraxia?

mimicking another's movements form of catatonic behavior

what is echolalia?

mimicking another's speech form of catatonic behavior

act for substance use disorder

mindfulness based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occuring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind.

cognitive perspective for panic disorder

misinterpret the physiological events that took place within the bodies.

What is a mixed type and unspecified type delusion?

mixed - when no one delusional type/theme dominates the picture unspecified - unclear dominant delusional belief

Social skills training for social anxiety disorder

modeling; role-play; feedback; reinforce praise;

cyclothymic disorder

mood disorder (parallel to persistent depressive disorder) over 2 year period characterized by altering mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

tx for conduct dx

most effective when begin before adolescence & include family tx -PMT: coercive parent-child interactions, reinforcement, & bx interventions -multisystemic tx: systems -functional family tx: adaptive functioning; 3 phases: engagement & motivation, bx change, generalization

associated features of tourette's dx

most frequent co-existing dxs = OCD & ADHD individuals with ADHD tend to have more social, academic, & bx problems

cannabis

most powerful is hashish and the weakest is marijuana.

How do you diagnose cyclothymia?

multiple periods of hypomanic sxs and depressive sxs but full criteria are NOT met duration - 2 years (adults), 1 year (children/adolescents) sxs have to be present for at least half the time & they cannot be without sxs for more than 2 months

Which disorders benefit from polysomnography to diagnose?

narcolepsy, breathing related disorders, restless legs syndrome

Tolerance

needing more of a substance to get the same effect.reduced effects from the same amount

personality disorder trait specfied

negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disnihibition, psychticsm

In terms of relapse prevention for substance use disorders, Marlatt & Gordon identified 3 high-risk situations associated w/75% of all relapses. What are they?

negative emotional states interpersonal conflict social pressure

theory of negative thinking- unipolar depression (BECK)

negative thinking leads to depression, maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking, automatic thoughts, minimization, magnification

Biological view on bipolar

nerurotransmitter activty, ion activity, brain structure, genetic factors.

What is major or mild neurocognitive disoder due to multiple etiologies?

neurocognitive disoder criteria met evidence from hx/physical exam/lab findings that neurocog sxs is the pathophysiological consequence of more than one etiology

What is major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection?

neurocognitive disorder criteria met documented infection w/human immunodeficiency virus

What is substance/medication-induced major or mild neurocognitive disorder?

neurocognitive disorder criteria met the involved substance/medication use is of the duration/extent capable of producing the neurocognitive impairment temporal course of neurocog deficits is consistent w/the timing of sub/med and abstinence

What is major or mild vascular neurocognitive disorder?

neurocognitive disorder criteria met clinical features are consistent w/vascular etiology either 1) onset of cognitive deficits re to cerebrovascular event 2) evidence for decline is prominent in complex attention & frontal-executive fx evidence of cardiovascular disease

What is mild or major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury?

neurocognitive disorder criteria met evidence of TBI 1 > of: loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, disorientation & confusion, neurological signs neurocognitive d/o presents w/the TBI or during recovery

What is major or mild neurocognitive disorder with lewy bodies?

neurocognitive disorder criteria met gradual onset and progression 1. Core dx features: fluctuating cognition w/variations in attention/alertness; recurrent VHs; parkinsonism (tremors, slow movement, stiffness) 2. Suggestive dx features: rapid eye movement sleep behavior d/o; severe neuroleptic sensitivity * probable - 2 core or 1 suggestive w/ 1> core * possible - 1 core or 1 > suggestive

What is Huntington's disease?

neurodegenerative condition inherited genes progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the basal ganglia - Personality changes, mood swings & depression - Forgetfulness & impaired judgment - Unsteady gait & involuntary movements (chorea) - Slurred speech, difficulty in swallowing & significant weight loss

What is Prion disease?

neurodegenerative condition d/t build up of an abnormal or 'rogue' form of naturally occurring cellular protein, known as the prion protein - motor features: myoclonus - twitches/jerks or lapses of muscle contraction; ataxia - incoordination of muscle movement

What is Parkinson's disease?

neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing ("dopaminergic") neurons in the substantia nigra; low dopamine

What are some etiologies for catatonia?

neurodevelopmental, psychotic, bipolar, depressive and other mental disorders - due to medical condition and unspecified catatonia eg: cerebral folate deficiency, rare autoimmune and paraneoplastic disorder

What is the diagnosis when tardive dyskinesia sxs occur after discontinuation or change in dosage of medication?

neuroleptic withdrawal-emergent dyskinesia usually lasts 4-8 weeks; if continues beyond this, dx tardive dyskinesia

incentive sensitization theory

neurons in teh center fire more readily when stimulated by the substance contributing to future desires form them

What are the subtypes for enuresis?

nocturnal- urine only during nighttime, diurnal- urine during waking hours, nocturnal and diurnal - both night and wake

What are the two conditions/specifiers for alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder?

non-amnesic confabulatory type amnesic confabulatory type (e.g., Korsakoff's syndrome)

male to female dysphoria: autogeynephilic type

not attracted to males, attracted to the idea of themselves being female. (attracted to oneself as a female). attracted to females , desire of becoming female.

Is neuroimaging and genetic testing helpful when making a dx of Alzheimer's?

not necessarily neuroimaging may aid in dx but sometimes people w/o Alz have the same pattern of abnormalities genetic testing can show an increased risk for developing Alz but do not confirm if it will actually happen - thorough hx, collateral, cognitive measures are helpful

Specific learning disorder: with impairment in math includes

number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, accurate or fluent calculation, accurate math reasoning.

automatic thoughts- unipolar depression

numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction

intercept bias

occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ; called this because in the scatterplot the regression lines for different groups cross the y axis at different points

slope bias

occurs when there is differential validity, or when the validity coefficients for a predictor differ for different groups, and as a consequence, the predictor is more accurate for one group than the other; referred as such because the regression lines for the groups have different versions of this in the scatterplot depicting their predictor and criterion scores

What personality disorders are cluster A?

odd or eccentric behaviors paranoid schizoid schizotypal

odd personality disorders

odd or eccentric behaviors that are similar to but not as extensive as those seen in schizphrenia; extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, peculiar ways of thinking, adn perceiving thoughts. isolation.

treatments for bulimia nervosa

offered in eating order clinics. goal is to eliminate the binge purge patterns adn establish good eating habits. education as much as therapy. CBT/antidepressants.

What is brief psychotic disorder?

one or more: delusions hallucinations disorganized speech grossly disorganized or catatonia duration - 1 day to < 1 mo.

behviroal view for schizophreina

operant conditioing and principles of reinformcment (social cues taken wrong)

cognitive behavioral view on substance use disorder

operant conditioning. expetency that drugs will be rewarding. medicate thierselves when they feel tense. behavoiralist says classical conditioning.

opioids

opium, heroin, morphine, codeine.

drugs that derived from opioids

opium- then lead to morphine then lead to heroin then methadone (synthetic/ lab mixed),

OCD pathway through the brain

orbitofrontal cortex (converts sensory information into thoughts and action), caudate nuclei, thalamus (sensory information, pain perception), cingulate cortex, amygdala (emotions).

What are common comorbidities associated w/pica?

other mental health disorders associated with impaired functioning (e.g., intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia).

What is attenuated delirium syndrome?

other specified delirium severity of cognitive impairment falls short of full dx criteria but some criteria still met

What is atypical anorexia nervosa?

other specified eating/feeding d/o all criteria for anorexia met but weight is WNL or above normal range

What is purging disorder?

other specified eating/feeding d/o recurrent purging behavior to influence weight but no binge eating

What is night eating syndrome?

other specified eating/feeding d/o recurrent episodes of night eating awareness & recall of eating distress & impairment

What is pseudocyesis?

other specified somatic sxs and related disorder false pregnancy false belief of being pregnant w/reported sxs of pregnancy believed to be re to infertility, miscarriage, loss of child

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts Types of cognitive ability: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood ability to acquire new knowledge and solve problems perceptual reasoning declines with age, peaks in adolescence

Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age verbal IQ stays the same or increases with age associated with higher SES

dangers of opioid use

overdoes, death, needles, aids, hep c, skin abscesses.

subpersonalities differ by?

own names, different identifying features, abilities and preferences, physiological responses.

Why add the panic attack specifier any disorder?

panic attacks function as a marker and prognostic factor for severity of diagnosis, course and comorbidity across an array of disorders

4 subtypes of schizophrenia

paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, risidual. No longer in the DSM-5 but are still found in literature

odd or eccentric behavior persainlity disorder

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Cluster A Personality Disorders

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal. odd or eccentric

What are paraphilic disorders?

paraphilia (atypical sexual arousal) any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling w/phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners duration 6 > mos. they act on the urge or fantasies cause impairment specify in a controlled environment, in full remission

Calming sensation

parasympathetic nervous system

postive symptoms for schizophrenia

pathological excesses or bizarre additions to a person behavior. delusions, disorganized thinking, speech, heightened perceptions adn hallucinations, inapprropriate affect

What is disinhibited social engagement disorder?

pattern of behavior where child actively approaches and interacts w/unfamiliar adults 2 > reduced/not reserved in approaching/interacting; overly familiar verbal/physical behavior; lack of checking back; willingness to be w/stranger insecure attachments, neglect, trauma developmental stage of at least 9mos.

dependent perosonlaity disorder

pattern of clinging and obedience fear of seperation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of. diffculty with seperation. decisions are hard. distressed, lonley, and sad. risk depressive, anxiety adn eating disorder.

histrionic personality disordre

pattern of excessive emotionally adn attention seeking. emtionally charged, seek to be center of attention. apporval and praise. exaggerating their physical illness or fatigues. behave provocatively and acheive goals through sexual seduction.

early pubescent children and prepubescent children

pedohebephilic type

voyeuristic disorder

peeping tom. person has repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse and either acts of these urges with nonconsenting people or experinces clinically significant distress or impairment.

hypoxyphilia

people strangle or smother themselves in

Major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

people who go through a major depressive disorder episode without having any history of mania receive a diagnosis of ....

Avoidance Theory

people with GAD have greater bodily arousal than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting the individual from their unpleasant physical feelings.

Metacognitive Theory

people with GAD implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying

Realistic anxiety (psycho dynamic)

perceive actual danger.

hallucinations

perceptions of things that are not actually present

heightened perceptions adn hallucinations

perceptions that a person has in the absence of external stimuli. experiencing of sights sounds or other perceptions ini teh absence of external stimuli -auditory (most common/ hear sounds and voices that seem to come from ourside their heads) more blood flow to broca's area presents this -tactile (tingling burning or electirc shock sensations) - somatic (feel as if there is something happening inside the body) - visual (may produce vague perceptions of colors or clouds or distint visions of people or objects) -guatatory (find their food or drink tastes strange) - olfactory (smell odors that no one else does)

What is associated w/other hallucinogen intoxication?

perceptual changes 2 > of: pupillary dilation, tachycardia, sweating, palpitations, blurred vision, tremor, incoordination

undoing

perform acts that are meant to cancel out their undesirable impulses.

What is a depressive episode

period of low mood, anhedonia, amotivation, hopelessness/worthlessness, sleep problems, psychomotor slowing, weight/appetite changes, fatigue, concentration problems, SI duration - two weeks

major depressive episode (unipolar depression)

period of two or more weeks marked by at least five symptoms of depression, including sad mood, or loss of pleasure. .May also present with delusions and hallucinations

panic attacks

periodic short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass. -feature at least four palpitations of the heart, tingling in the hands or feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensations, faintness, dizziness, feeling of unreality.

norm referenced scores

permit comparisons between an examinee's test performance and the performance of individuals in the norm group; percentile ranks and standard scores are examples of this

What are feeding and eating disorders characterized by?

persistance disturbance of eating or eating related behaviour that impairs physical health and psychosocial functioning

When do you specify RAD or DSED as either persistent and/or severe?

persistent - sxs > 12 mos. severe - all sxs are met and are high in distress

What is gambling disorder?

persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior 4 > : gambling w/increased money to get same excitement, restless/irritable w/attempts to reduce, repeated unsuccessful attempts to reduce, preoccupied, gambles when distressed, returns to get even, concealment, social prob, monetary dependence duration 12 > mos

Gambling disorder

persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress in a 12 month period

Autism Spectrum Disorder

persistent communication deficits, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

What is hoarding disorder?

persistent difficulty discarding/parting with possessions regardless of actual value because of strong perceived need to save items and to distress associated with discarding -clutter active areas so substantially affects use

What is pica?

persistent eating of non-nutritive, non-food substances 1 > mo inconsistent w/developmental stage, cultural practice, society

What are circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders?

persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption primarily d/t alteration of circadian system or to misalignment between endogenous circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle required by environment, social needs, work

What is conduct disorder?

persistent pattern of behavior involving violation of others' rights, age-appropriate social norms/rules 3 > sxs in past 12 mos w/one sx being within past 6 mos: -aggression to people/animals (bullies/threatens/intimates; initiates fighting; has used a weapon to harm; physically cruel to ppl or animals; stealing/robbery; forced sexual activity) -destruction of property (deliberate fire setting, property destruction) -deceitfulness or theft (broken into; cons/lies; theft/stealing) -serious violations of rules (staying out at night before 13yo; run away from home; school truancy)

When to use specifiers w/predominant pain, persistent, mild, moderate, severe for somatic sx disorder?

persistent- if more than 6 mos. pain - sxs predominately involve pain mild - one sx of 3 moderate - two of 3 severe - all 3 (1. disproportionate/persistent thoughts, 2. high anxiety, 3. excessive time/energy)

What is premature/early ejaculation?

persistent/recurrent pattern of ejaculation within 1 min following penetration duration 6 > mos. 75-100% of the time

schizoid personaltiy disorder

persistently avoid adn are removed from social relastionships and demonstrate little in teh way of emotion. social skills are weak. keep to themselves. show no feelings.

cognitive thinking- unipolar depression

persistently view events in negative ways and that sucj perceptions lead to this....

What is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

persistently/recurrent deficient or absent sexual thoughts, fantasies, desire for sex this judgment of deficiency is made by clinician (take into account age, SES, etc)

What is a jealous delusion?

person believes spouse/other has been unfaithful

What are erotomanic delusions?

person believes that another person is in love w/them

What is a persecutory delusion?

person believes they are being conspired against, cheated on, spied on, maliciously maligned

Dissociative Amnesia

person cannot recall important life-related information typically traumatic or stressful information. The memory problem is more than simple forgetting Significant distress or impairment The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

sexual masochism disorder

person has repeated and intense sexual urges fanatisis or behaviors that involve being humiliated, beaten, bound, made to suffer. Wanting pain to themselves.

pedophilic disorder

person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fanitisise about watching touching or engaging in sexual acts with children and either acts on these urges or experince clinically significant distress or impairment.

cognitive triad (BECK)

person interprets their experiences, themselves, their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed.

Projective Tests

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind projective hypothesis - if you give unstructured stimuli to interpret, they'll project things from their unconscious

paraphilic disorder

persons parphialia causes great distress interfereds with social or occupational activties ot places the person or others at risk of harm. - for at least 6 months individual expereinces recuurent and intense sexually arousing fantasies urges or behavoirs involving objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms. - individual experinces significant distress or impariment over the fantaises or urges or behaviors

What is dependent personality disorder?

pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of submissive, clinging behavior fears of separation 5 > sxs: - indecisiveness about daily things w/o advice/reassurance - need for others to assume responsibility - difficulty expressing disagreement d/t fear of loss of support/approval - difficulty initiating projects/doing things on own - excessive lengths for nurturance/support - uncomfortable/helpless when alone; fears of unable to care for self - urgently seeks another relationship as source of support if rx ends - unrealistically preoccupied w/fears of being left to care for self

What is paranoid personality disorder?

pervasive distrust and suspicion of others motives are interpreted as malevolent 4 > sxs: - suspects others are exploiting/harming - preoccupied w/unjustified doubts of loyalty/trust of others - reluctant to confide - reads hidden threatening messages - persistent grudges - perceives attacks on character; quick to react - recurrent suspicions w/o just about partner

What is schizoid personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships restricted range of emotional expression in social settings 4 > sxs: - no desire/enjoyment of close relationships - mostly chooses solitary activity - little to no interest in sexual experiences w/others - pleasure in few activities - lacks close friends - appears indifferent to praise/criticism - emotional coldness, flattened affect

What is antisocial personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others sx onset before 15 yo have to be 18 > for dx 3 > sxs: - failure to conform to social norms re law - deceitfulness/lying - impulsivity/failure to plan - irritability/aggression - reckless disregard for safety of others - consistent irresponsibility - lack of remorse

What is histrionic personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking 5 > sxs: - uncomfortable when not center of attention - inappropriate sexual seductiveness/provocative - rapidly shifting, shallow expression of emotions - use of physical appearance to draw attention - impressionistic, lack of detail in speech - self-dramatization, theatrical, exaggerated emotional expression - suggestible/easily influenced - relationships more intimate than they are

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy 5 > sxs: - grandiose sense of self-importance - preoccupied w/fantasies of success, power, ideal - belief they are special, unique, only understood by high status people - excessive admiration - sense of entitlement - interpersonally exploitative - lack of empahty - envious of others; belief others envious of them - arrogance, haughty

What is borderline personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, affect marked impulsivity 5 > sxs: - frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment - unstable and intense social relationships (idealization/devaluation) - identity disturbance (unstable sense of self) - impulsivity in 2 > areas that are self-damaging - recurrent SI - affect instability d/t mood reactivity - chronic feelings of emptiness - inappropriate/intense anger - transient stress-re paranoid ideation or dissociation

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of preoccupation w/orderliness, perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, efficiency 4 > sxs: - preoccupied w/details, rules, lists - perfectionism interferes w/task completion - excessive devotion to work and productivity at exclusion of leisure - overconscientious, inflexible re morals/values - unable to discord worn out objects - reluctant to delegate tasks - miserly spending style - rigidity, stubbornness

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of social deficits acute discomfort w/and reduced capacity for close relationships cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior 5 > sxs: - ideas of reference - odd beliefs/magical thinking - unusual perceptual experiences - odd thinking and speech - suspicious/paranoid ideation - inappropriate/constricted affect - behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, peculiar - lack of close friends - excessive social anxiety w/paranoid fears (not negative self-judgement)

What is avoidant personality disorder?

pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation 4 > sxs: - avoids occupational activities w/social interaction d/t fears of criticism, disapproval, rejection - unwilling to get involved w/people unless certain they will be liked - restraint in intimate relationships d/t fear of shame and ridicule - preoccupied w/being criticized/rejected - inhibited d/t feelings of inadequacy - view of self as socially inept/inferior - reluctant to take personal risks, engage in new activities d/t fear of embarrassment

rorschach inkblot test

phases of administration: free association--examiner presents 10 cards in a prescribed order, asks the examinee to describe what he/she sees, and keeps a verbatim record of the examinee's responses, remarks, emotional expressions, etc. inquiry--examiner actively questions the examinee about the features of the inkblot that determined his/her responses in order to facilitate scoring score categories: location--whole blot? common detail? unusual detail? determinants--what determined response? form? color? shading? form quality--similarity of response to actual shape content--category of perception (person, place, thing) popularity--how often a part of the inkblot elicits a particular response interpretation (whole responses, confabulation): whole responses--integrated, organized thinking confabulation--overgeneralizing a part of the inkblot to the whole, suggests brain damage, emotional disturbance, or intellectual disability

How do you differentiate specific situational phobias & social anxiety disorder from agoraphobia?

phobia - only one of the agoraphobic situations and is more related to the situation than to concerns about having embarrassing/panic sxs social anxiety - the fear is related to concerns about being negatively evaluated, usually calm when alone

What is Watson's classical conditioning explanation of phobia etiology?

phobia = conditioned response acquired through associated of the object/situation w/an unconditional stimulus that naturally produces a fear response. the association caused the object/situation to become a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response of fear, and so the object/situation is avoided

Unipolar physical symptoms

physical aliments, headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, general pain

Substance intoxication

physical reaction to a substance

Withdrawal

physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems

Which is more likely to result in lead poisoning: Bulimia, bing-eating d/o, pica, tourette's?

pica

What do feeding and eating disorders include?

pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder

reward center of the brain

pleasure pathway- ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex. dopamine is the transmitter. d

sociaocultural view of schiozphereina

poor, develpoing countires have better rates of recovery than developed Social labeling- society assigns the label to people who fail to conform to certain norms and behaviors -double blind hypothesis (parents repeatedly communicate pairs of messages that are mutually contradictory helping to produce schizophrenia). --consits of verbal communication (primary communicatio) and teh nonverbal communcation (metacommunication) -family stress (display more conflict, difficulty communicating with one another, critical of and overinvolved with thier children) -expressed emotion (members frequently express criticism, disapproaval, and hostility, toward each other)

symptoms of schizophrenia

postive symptoms (excess of thought emotion and behavior) negative symptoms (deficits of thought, emotion, and behavior) psychomotor symptoms (unusual movements of gestures) dominated by postive symptoms.

Alogia

poverty of speech; difficulty initiating speech, giving only short/brief answers

psychodynamic view on substance use disorder

powerful dependency needs that can be traced to early years. when parents tend to fail to satisfy their child, the child will seek that acceptance somewhere else.

biological- brain circuit for unipolar depression

prefrontal cortex (mood, attention, logic), hippocampus (emotional, memory, stress), amygdala (emotions), brodmann area 25 (

What is the brain circuit for ANXIETY?

prefrontal cortex (thinking, planning, decision making), anterior cingulate cortex , and amygdala (experiencing emotions)

What is dhat syndrome?

preoccupation with the loss of dhat/semen from the body and the belief that this loss results in significant harm to physical, mental, or sexual well-being

gambiling disorder

preoccupied with gambling and typically cannot walk away from the bet. - individual displays a maladaptive pattern of gambling, featuring at least four of the following symptoms over the course of a full year: -- can ahieve desired exciement only by gambling more adn more money --feels restless or irritable when tries to reduce gambling --repeatedly tries and fails at efforts to control reduce or cease gambling --gambling is often triggered by upset feelings --frequently returns to gambling to try to recoup prevoius losses, --covers up amount of gambling by lying --gambling has put important relationships job or educational career opportunites at risk --seeks money from others to address gambling induced finanacial problems. - indivudal expereinces significant distresss or impairment

What is major depressive disorder?

presence of major depressive episode duration - 2 weeks > single episode, recurrent

What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?

presence of obsessions, compulsions or both time consuming impairment

vaginisms

prevent of pentration. learned from a fear response (cbt). infection,

What is the difference between probable and possible?

probable - if there is evidence of causative genetic mutation; supported by examination, impairments present in two or more areas of cognition. possible - no evidence of causative genetic mutation or other long-term evidence yet

When do you diagnose major or mild neurocognitive disorder probably due to Parkinson's vs. possibly?

probable if all 2 are met possible if only 1 or 2 are met 1) no evidence of mixed etiology 2) park disease dx precedes onset of neurocognitive prob

When would you diagnose probable vascular neurocognitive disorder vs. possible?

probable is diagnosed if 1 > sxs: - clinical criteria is supported by neuroimaging evidence of parenchymal injury re to cerebrovascular disease - re to documented cerebrovascular event - both clinical and genetic evidence is present possible if neuroimaging not available & the temporal rx of neurocognitive syndrom is not established w/cerebrovascular event

What are disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders?

problems in self control that manifest in behaviors that violate rights of others, and/or bring individual into significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures -ODD, intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, other specified -disorders more in men and most start in childhood

Social Domain

problems with social judgment and the ability to make and retain friendships

cause of schizophrenia

prodromal phase- symptoms are not yet obvious but the person is begginning to deteriorate active phase- symptoms become apparent, tirggered by stress or trauma residual phase- in whcih they return to a prodromal like level of functioning

sedative-hypnotic drugs or anxiolytic drug (anxiety reducing)

produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness. low doses the drugs have calming and sedative effects. higher doses sleep inducers, or hypnotics. include barbiturates and benzodiazepines

lateral hypothalamus

produces hunger and wants to be fed

l-dopa

produces parkinsons disease. it raises dopamine levels it produces psychosis.

self referenced scores

provided by ipsative scales, which permit intraindividual comparison, or comparisons of an examinee's score on one scale with his or her scores on other scales

cocaine and the brain

provides dopamine through the CNS. overstimulates them. affects dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin.

sexual sadism disorder

providing pain to others. person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantaies that involve inflicting suffering on others and either acts on these urges with nonconsenting indivudials or experinces clinically signficant distress or impairment

views on paranoid personality disorder

pscychdynamic- early interactions with demanding parents. project these feelings onto others cognitive- broad maladaptive assumptions such as people are evil biological- gentic causes.

treatment dissociative amensia

psychodynamic therapy (bring to light the unpressed memories), hypnotic therapy (recalling the forgotten event), drug therapy (barbiturates; sodium amobarbitual (Amytal), sodium pentobarbital (pentothal).

view on antisocial personality disorder

psychodynamic- absence of parental love during infancy, leading to a lack of basic trust. behaviroal- learned through modeling or immitation. rewarding a childs aggressive behavior. cogntive- hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other peoples need. hard to recognize points of view or feeling other than their own biologcial- lower serotonin activity. disfuntion in teh frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex. lack anxiety, lack key ingredient of learning.

viewss for obsessive complusive disorder

psychodynamic- anal retentive (overly harsh toliet training during the anal stage, filled with anger, remain fixated at this stage). cognitive- illogcal thinking processs. dichotomous thinking.

view about histrionic perosnality disorder

psychodynamic- children had cold and controlling parents. afraid of abandoment. cognitve- lack of substance and extreme suggestibiltiy that people with histironic perosnolity disrder have. focused on oneself.

view on narcisstic persnality disorder

psychodynamic- cold rejecting parents. = cbt- treated to postivively rather than to negatively in early life. t

different view of fetishistic disorder

psychodynamic- defense mechanism behaviorisit- --classical conditioning --aversion therapy --covert sensititzation- guided to imagine the pleasurable object and repeatedly to pair this image with an imaged aversive stimiulus until the object of sexual pleasure is no longer desired) --masturbatory satiation- masturbates to orgasm while fantazingin about a sexually appropriate object then switches to fantasizing in deatail about fetishitsic object while masturbating again for an hour. --orgasmic reorientation- teaches individuals to response to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation

view on borderline perosnality disorder

psychodynamic- early parental relationships to explain. lack of acceptence loss of self esteem increased dependence cant cope with seperation biological- overly reactive amygdala (tied to fear, other negative emotions). underactive prefrontal cortex (planning, self-control, decision making). low serotonin level. low 5htt gene. results from internal and external forces.

views on voyeuristic disorder

psychodynamic- gain power over others. behavorist- learned behavior

treatments for borderline personality disorder

psychodynamic- relational psychoanalytic therapy (supportive and egalitatian posture) empatetic settings, dbt- cognitvie and behaviraol teachniques antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, antipsychotic drugs have helped.

view on schizoid personality disorde

psychodynamic- roots sin an unstatisfied need for human contact unable to give or receive love, cope by avoiding all relationships cognitive- suffer from deficiencies in their thinking

view on avoidant perosnalty disorder

psychodynamic- sense of shame that people have. early bowel and bladder accidents. cogntive- harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead to teh view that enviornment will judge them. behavioral- fail to develop normal social skills.

view on dependent personality disorder

psychodynamic- unresoled conflicts during the oral stage. early parental loss or rejection. behaviorists- parents of children unintentianally rewarded their childrens clininging and loyal behavior. cogntive- maladaptive behaviors, dichotomus thinking.

Personality Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

rumination dx

requires regurgitation of food for 1+ month not attributable to gastro/medical conditions

antisocial persoality disorder

psychopaths, sociapaths. -persistently disregard and violate others rights. under 15; truancy, running away, hurting animals. need to 18 to be diagonosied. lie. careless with money. impulsive. aggressive, quick to start fights. high rates of alcohollism anf other substance use disorder conduct and hyperactivity tends to develop into antisocial

dangers of LSD

psychosis, mood anxiety disorder. flashbacks,

Trichotillomania

pulling one's hair out (adolescents typically) 1) Recurrent pulling out one's hair 2) Repeated attempts to stop/decrease hair pulling 3) Causes significant distress/impairment

Excoriation

pulling skin off (causes lesions) 1) Recurrent skin picking resulting in lesions 2) Repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking 3) Causes significant distress/impairment

What is opioid intoxication?

pupillary constriction 1 > of: fatigue, slurred speech, impaired memory/attention

stroop color word association test

purpose: assess the degree to which a person can suppress a prepotent (habitual) response in favor of an unusual one and measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and response inhibition interpretation: sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and poor performance has been associated with ADHD, mania, depression, and schizophrenia

bender gestalt 2

purpose: brief measure of visual-motor integration for individuals ages 3 and older; used as a measure of visual-motor development and screening for neuropsychological impairment administration phases: copy--examinee is shown each design and asked to copy it recall--draw as many of the designs as possible from memory global scoring system: evaluating the overall quality of an examinee's designs during both phases of administration using a rating scale that ranges from 0 (no resemblance) to 4 (nearly perfect)

mini mental state exam

purpose: developed as a screening test for cognitive impairment for older adults; scores: max is 30; 23-24 used as cutoff; scores below cutoff indicate impairment;

vineland adaptive behavior scale

purpose: evaluate personal and social skills of children and adults with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, adhd, brain injury, or dementia and to assist in the development of educational and treatment plans

glasgow coma scale

purpose: used to assess level of consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the patient in terms of three responses: visual response, best motor response, and best verbal response scores: 3-15; lower score indicates more severe brain injury and a score of 3-8 indicates unconscious state

wisconsin card sorting test

purpose: used to assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback; sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and impaired performance has been linked to alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, and malingering interpretation: scored in terms of trials required to identify the correct sorting strategy; sensitive to frontal lobe damage, impaired performance has been linked to alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, and malingering

halstead reitan

purpose: used to detect the presence of brain damage and determine its severity and possible location in individuals age 15 and older; assesses memory, concentration, abstract reasoning, language, visual-motor integration, and manual dexterity impairment index: 0-0.2--normal functioning 0.3-0.4--mild impairment 0.5-0.7--moderate impairment 0.8-1.0--severe impairment

beck depression inventory 2

purpose: used to facilitate the diagnosis of depression scores: 0-13--minimal depression 14-19--mild depression 20-28--moderate depression 29-63--severe depression

What is pyromania?

purposeful fire setting 1 > time(s) tension/affective arousal before act fascination /curiosity to fire pleasure/gratification/relief when setting/witnessing fires fire setting not d/t to monetary gain, views, concealment, anger/vengeance

How did Abramson, Metalsky, Alloy revise the learned helplessness model of depression?

put less focus on attribution and identified that feeling hopeless is the proximate and sufficient cause of depression

What is voyeuristic disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, engaging in sexual activity duration 6 > mos specify if in a controlled environment (institutional setting) or if in full remission (no sxs for 5 yrs in uncontrolled setting)

What is sexual sadism disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from physical or psychological suffering of another person;

What is the gender ratio for MDD?

rates are about equal for M and F before puberty early puberty - rates for F are 1.5-3x higher than males

What is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder?

re-experiencing of perceptual sxs while intoxicated of hallucinogen even following cessation

confabulating

reciting made up events to fill in the gaps.

treatment of DID

recogninzing the disorder, recovering memories (psychodynamic, Drugs, Hypnotic), integrating the subpersonaliteis

cbt but the cognitive part for bulimia nervosa

recognize adn change their maladaptive attitudes toward eating food, weight, adn shape. identify negative thoughts, and challenge it.

McGrew's Catell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities

recognized as the most empirically validated theory model of intelligence. Proposes that intelligence is hierarchical and consists in three stages: general intelligence "g", broad cognitive abilities, and narrow cognitive abilities combination of Horn-Cattell and Carroll theories distinguishes between 10 broad-stratum abilities and 70+ narrow stratum abilities that are linked to one of the broad-stratum abilities g is omitted from this theory because it doesn't contribute to psychoeducational assessment basis for KABC-II and Woodcock Johnson

treatment of schizotypal persanlity disorder

reconnect the world. increase postive social contact, ease loneliness, reduce overstimulation cbt- --cogntive- teach clients to evaluate their unusual thoughts or perceptions objectively and to ignore the inappropriate one. behaviroal- speech lessons social skills traning antisychotic drugs; in low doses

What is sexual masochism disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from being humiliated, beaten, bound, made to suffer specify: with asphyxiophilia (restriction of breathing)

What is transvestic disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing specify: with fetishism (fabrics, materials, garments) with autogynephilia (thoughts/images of self as female)

What is exhibitionistic disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting person duration 6 > mos. specify if: - sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children - sexually aroused by exposing genitals to physically mature individuals - sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children and physically mature individuals also specify if in controlled environment or in full remission

What is frotteuristic disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against nonconsenting adult duration 6 > mos. in a controlled environment; in full remission

What is fetishistic disorder?

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from use of nonliving objects or highly specific focus on nongenital body part(s) specify: body parts, nonliving objects, other 6 > mos.

What is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder?

recurrent episodes of arousal during REM sleep vocalizations or complex motor behaviors consistent w/content of the dream awake alert, not confused/disoriented

What is binge-eating disorder?

recurrent episodes of binge eating 3 > sxs: eating more rapidly, uncomfortably full, eating when not hungry, eating alone d/t embarrassment, feeling disgusted w/oneself 1x/week 3 mos * if frequency/duration not met, can dx other specified binge eating of low frequency/limited duration

What is bulimia nervosa?

recurrent episodes of binge eating recurrent use of compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain 1x/week - use specifiers to indicate severity and frequency 3 mos * if frequency/duration not met, can dx other specified bulimia of low frequency/limited duration

What is non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder?

recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening during first 1/3 stage of sleep episode involving either: sleepwalking sleep terrors little or no recall most common in children and decreases w/age

What is nightmare disorder?

recurrent extended, extremely dysphoric, well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, physical integrity nightmares occur during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep in 2nd half of sleep cycle awake fully alert w/anxiety

What is kleptomania?

recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use or for monetary value tension before committing theft pleasure/gratification/relief time of theft not anger- or vengeance-re

What is panic disorder?

recurrent unexpected panic attacks 4 > panic sxs persistent concern/worry about having a panic attack change in behavior/avoidance

treat delayed ejaculation

reduce performance anxiety adn increase stimulation. drug to increase arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.

ventromedial hypothalamus

reduces hunger when it is activated; stop eating.

poverty of speech or algia

reduction in speech or speech content.

Symptoms of acute stress and PTSD

reexperiencing the trumatic event, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt.

functional behavioral assessment

refers to a type that entails determining the function or purpose of a behavior by identifying its antecedents and consequences; the goal is to identify strategies for decreasing or eliminating a target behavior by eliminating the antecedents and consequences that are maintaining the behavior and providing antecedents and consequences that support an alternative behavior

psycholocgical view on schizophrenia

regression to pre-ego stage adn reestablish ego control -cold parents so the child regresses to a early point in their development to teh pre-ego state of primary narcissism (only to meet therir own needs). then the produce self-centered symptoms then try to reestablish their ego control with reality.

stimulant use disorder

regular use of cocaine or amphetamines. withdrawls, tolerance,

What is rumination disorder?

regurgitation of food 1 > mo not attributable to other medical condition or other eating disorder

cbt therapies for substance use disorder

relapse-prevention training; gain control over their substance related behaviors. taught how to deal with high risk situations, appreciate the range of decisions, that confront them in such situations, change their dysfunctional life, learn from mistakes.

What is koro?

related to dhat syndrome episode of sudden and intense anxiety that the penis or vulva and nipples in female will recede into body possible leading to death

biological factors for eating disorders

relatives with the disorder, twins, low serotonin

What are treatment methods for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

relaxation training manual stimulation to associated pleasure w/sex progressive dilation of vagina w/dilators

treat genito-pelvic/ penetration disorder

relaxing and tightening her muscle gradual behavoiral exposure treatment medical interventions

What is incentive-sensitization theory in terms of substance use etiology?

repeated activation of dopaminergic reward system in the brain by the sub and cues related to the sub sensitizes the system, resulting in a craving for and compulsion to use the sub - consider this: addicts crave drugs more and enjoy them less - this is b/c the positive-incentive value (wanting/anticipation) increases d/t positive memory associated w/sub use; BUT the hedonic value (liking/the actual pleasure) decreases d/t tolerance

persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes (unipolar depression)

repeated major depressive episodes q\

What is encopresis?

repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places, whether voluntary or intentional 1x/mo 3 mos age at least 4 yo subtypes - w/constipation and overflow incontinence; w/o constipation and overflow incontinence

sedative hypnotic use disorder

repeated use of barbiturates

What is enuresis?

repeated voiding of urine in bed or clothes, whether voluntary or intentional 2x/week 3 mos. consecutively age is at least 5yo see subtypes of nocturnal, diurnal, nocturnal and diurnal

paraphilias

repeatedly have intense secual urges or fantisies or display sexual behaviors that involve objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms.

Compulsions

repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety. Develop into rituals. cleaning compulsions, checking compulsions, touching, verbal, counting.

What is tardive dyskinesia?

repetitive, involuntary movements, such as grimacing and eye blinking caused by the long-term use of certain drugs (i.e., neuroleptics used for psychiatric, gastrointestinal, and neurological disorders) may appear as repetitive, jerking movements that occur in the face, neck, and tongue.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

repetitve, seemingly driven, purposeless motor behaviours like hand flapping, body rocking, head banging, self biting or hitting -impair function -specify if cause self injury

caffeine intoxication

restlessness, insomnia, diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbance, rambling flow of thought & speech, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, psychomotor agitation

restriciting type anorexia nervosa

restricting thier intake of their food

personality disorder

rigid pattern of inner experince and outward behavor that repeatedly impaird a persons sense of self emotional experinces, goals, capacity for empathy, adn or capacity or intimacy. individual displays a long term rigid and wide ranging pattern of inner experince and behavior that leads to dysfuntion in at least two of the following realms --cogntion --emotion --social interaction --impulsivity the indivudals pattern is significiantly different form ones usually found in her or his culture individual experinces significant distress or impairment

sociocultural therapies for substance use disorder

self-help programs- AA, residential treatment centers or therapeutic communities. culture and gender sensitive programs- community prevention programs- individual (providing education about unpleasent drug effects), family (teaching parenting skills), peer group (teaching resistance), school (firm enforcement)

What are compensatory behaviors w/re to eating/feeding disorders?

self-induced vomitting, laxatives, excessive exercise, fasting

What is hypersomnolence disorder?

self-reported excessive sleepiness (hypersomnia) despite sleeping at least 7 hrs 1 > recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness, prolonged nighttime sleep, difficulty being fully awake 3 > times/week specifiers for duration

What are treatments for female orgasmic disorder?

sensate focus directed masturbation kegel exercises

Alzheimer's disease has 3 stages of its slow, gradual progression. What is the third stage - late stage?

severe impairments in most functions need for assistance in all ADLs unable to walk/communicate urinary, fecal incontinence

The childhood onset type of CD is associated with more _ sxs, _ prognosis, a _ likelihood of criminal behavior, substance-related disorder, and a dx of _ in adulthood

severe; worse; greater; antisocial personality disorder

What are treatment methods for premature/early ejaculation?

sex therapy sensate focus (nondemand pleasuring) start-stop or squeeze technique (increase control over ejaculatory reflex) SSRIs - fluoxetine, sertraline in low doses

What are the antidepressants most at risk for triggering antidepressant discontinuation syndrome?

short-acting SSRIs (esp. paroxetine) short-acting meds d/c abruptly rather than tapered

sex therapy program

short-term. 15 to 20 sessions. specific sexual problems rather than on broad personalty issues. 1. assessing and conceptualizing the problem 2. mutual responsibility 3. education about sexuality 4. emotion identification 5. attitude change 6. elimincation of performance anxiety and the spectator role (sensate focus or nondemande pleasuring, petting). 7. increasing sexual and general communication skills 8. changing destructive lifestyle and martial interactions 9. addressing physical and medical factors

assessment of malingering

should be suspected when there are inconsistencies between the individual's test or subtest scores, behavioral observations of the individual and his/her test results, and/or information obtained directly from the individual and from collateral sources; also suggested by certain scores on the validity scales of the mmpi 2 and on measures designed to detect this type of responding

Binge Eating Disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia

behavorial view- unipolar depression

significant changes in the number of rewards and punishments people receive in their lives.

What is the difference between hypersomnolence disorder and narcolepsy?

similar to narcolepsy in that people experience episodes of sleepiness during the day BUT people with narcolepsy often describe episodes of sleepiness as sudden sleep "attacks." In contrast, hypersomnolence episodes tend to come on gradually.

isolation

simply disown their unwanted thoughts and experience them as foreign intrusions

tied to particular situations

situational type

holland's self directed search

six occupational themes (riasec): realistic--technical, physical, mechanical activities investigative--scientific, mathematical, analytical, scholarly artistic--music, art, writing, drama, other creative activities social--activities involving working with and helping others; teacher, psychologist, social worker enterprising--involve competition, management, sales, and public speaking conventional--structured, unambiguous activities involving organizing data, attending to detail, and following through on others' instructions Differentiation is the degree of distinctiveness of the examinee's measured interests; high differentiation = high score on one domain, low score on all others

What are common CBT-based interventions for insomnia disorder?

sleep restriction (restricting time in bed) stimulus control (strengthening bed/room as cues for sleep) sleep-hygiene education relaxation training cognitive restructuring

What is bradykinesia?

slowing of movement he individual's movements become increasingly slow and over time muscles may randomly "freeze". re to Parkinson's disease and neuroleptic-induced sxs

alcohol intoxication

slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired attention or memory, stupor or coma

brain structure for bipolar disorder

small basal gangila, cerebellum, lower volumes of grey matter, dorsal raphe nucleus, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex have structural abnormalities.

What disorders are under somatic symptom and related disorder?

somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, psychological factor affecting other medical conditions, factitious disorder and other specified

one way amnesic relationship

some subpersonalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual.

What are the criteria for with peripartum onset?

specifier applied to the current or if full criteria for mood episode not met, to the most recent mood episode mood sxs occurring during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks after delivery

Specific learning disorder: with impairment in written expression includes

spelling accuracy, grammar and punctuation, clarity/organization of written expression

caffine

stimulant, coffee, tea, cola, energy drinks, chocolate, prescrition adn over teh counter medications. Stimulats the CNS., adn release of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. raises a person arousal, motor activity, reduces fatigue, disrupt mood, fine motor movement, reaction time, interfere with sleep. high doses increase in gastric acid secretions.

crashing through cocaine

stimulent effects subside, include headaches, dizziness, fainting.

delusions

strange false belief firmily help despite evidence to teh country. -delusions of persecution (most common/ they are being plotted or discrimated agianst spied on slandered theratened attacked or victimized) -delusions of reference (attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events) -delusions of grandeur (great inventors, religoius saviors, or other empowered persons) -delusion of control (their feeelings thoughts adn actions are being controlled by other people)

deja vu

strange sensation of recognizing a scene that we happen upon for the first time.

reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphobia

strive for the perfect body through steroids adn weight lifting.

mutually amneic relationship

subpersonalities have no awareness to one another

What are common specifiers for delirium?

substance intoxication/withdrawal medication-induced d/t another medical condition d/t multiple etiologies acute - few hrs or days persistent - weeks to mos

hallucinogens

substance that cause powerful changes in sensory perception, produce trips. (psychedelic drugs), lsd, mesclaine, psilocybin, mdma (Ecstacy).

substance intoxication

substances may cause temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought.

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control, that the person loses flexibility openness, efficiency. work is behind schedule. high standards for themselves and others. never be satisfied with their performance. rigid and stubborn,

What is the purpose of using a v-code (other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention)?

such issues may impact the dx, course, prognosis, treatment - useful information on circumstances that may impact care

How do you define tics?

sudden, rapid, recurrent, non rhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations

comorbitiy

suffer from two or more disorders

life stress theory for depression

suggests that women in our society are subject to more stress than men

dangers of cocaine

suicide, death, overdoes,

Transition from one subpersonality to another IS CALLED

switching

What is antidepressant discontinuation syndrome?

sxs after abrupt d/c of antidepressant taken for 1 > mo. onset sxs usually 2-4 days sensory and somatic sxs - flashes of light, electric shock sensations, nausea, hyperresponsitivity to noise/light cognitive-emotional sxs - dread

What is the usual time period to diagnose sleep disorders?

sxs presents at least 3x/week duration of at least 3 mos

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

treatment for Phobias

systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling

mmpi 2

t scores (mean, standard deviation): t of 65+ is clinically significant; mean of 50; standard deviation of 10 validity scales: L: lie; high score is attempt to present in favorable light or lack of insight; low score suggests frankness, exaggeration of negative characteristics, or independence F: high score indicates responding in a deviant or atypical manner, suggests attempt to fake bad; low score may indicate attempt to fake good, tendency toward social conformity, denial of problems, or absence of psychopathology K: high score indicates degree of defensiveness or denial, desire to fake good, or resistance; low score indicates excessive frankness, self criticism, or a desire to fake bad two point codes: 12/21: depression, worry, pessimism, hypochondriasis 29/92: agitated depression, bipolar disorder, psychosomatic complaints 49/94: impulsive, narcissistic, antisocial behavior, substance abuse three point codes: conversion v: somatization of psychological problems, lack of insight, and chronic pain with organic basis psychotic v: delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thought

Reaction Formation

take on a lifestyle that directly opposes their unacceptable impulses.

opioid use disorder

taking heroin repeatedly for a few weeks.

Substance use

taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn't interfere with functioning

polysubtance use

taking more than one drug at a time.

What are common treatments for delirium?

target the core features/sxs and its cause psychoeducation to family manipulate environment to minimize disorientation and overstimulation maintain patient safety haloperidol or other antipsychotic

treat erectile disorder

tease techniques (sensate focus exercise) Viagra cilias Levitra vacuum erection device

What is directed masturbation?

technique where focus is on orientation to the body and challenging negative beliefs about sex; evaluate/explore as to how she can bring herself to orgasm

opioids effect

teh CNS, centers that help control emotion. endorphins are released and reduces pain, tension, narrowing of the pupils.

What are examples of other specified paraphilic disorder?

telephone scatologia (obscene phone calls) necrophilia (corpse) zoophilia (animals) coprophilia (feces) klismaphilia (enema) urophilia (urine)

Test Bias

tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another Slope bias: differential validity; predictor more valid for certain group Intercept bias: unfairness; validity and performance are the same for different groups, but their mean scores differ

rumination theory for depression

tendency to keep focusing on ones feelings when depressed and to consider repeatedly the cause and consequences of that depression.

desire phase

that phase of sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fanities, and sexual attraction. male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female secual interest/arousal disorder

Clinical Prediction

the application of a clinician's own training and clinical experience as a determining factor in clinical judgment and actions based on intuition, experience, and knowledge

tolerance

the brain and body's needs for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

cattell fluid and crystallized intelligence

the first term refers to a trait that does not depend on specific instruction, is relatively culture free, and enables an individual to solve novel problems and perceive relations and similarities; the second term refers to acquired knowledge and skills, is affected by educational, and cultural experiences, and includes reading and numerical skills and factual knowledge

guilford convergent and divergent thinking

the first term relies on rational, logical reasoning and involves the use of logical judgment and consideration of facts to derive the correct solution to a problem; the second term involves nonlogical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions; argument that most intelligence tests focus on the former

Heredity and Intelligence

the greater genetic similarity, the higher correlation between IQ scores

cultural formulation

the impact of culture on clt's presenting problems & treatment, including: -cultural def of problem -cultural perceptions of cause, content, & support -cultural factors affecting self-coping & past help seeking -cultural factors affecting current help seeking. Outline for assessment & CFI included in DSM-5

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests 10 clinical scales / 4 validity scales

How does factitious disorder imposed on self vs imposed on another differ?

the perpetrator falsifies sxs to the self and presents self as being the patient vs. the perpetrator attributing sxs to another - the perp gets the dx either way

excitement phase

the phase of teh sexual response cycle marked by changes in teh pelvic regions, general physical arpusal adn increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, adn rate of breathing. erectile disorder

orgasm phase

the phase of the sexual reponse cycle during which a perosn sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in teh pelvic region contract rhythmiccally. ejaculation. orgasm. early ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder

Testing the Limits

the process of continuing to train people until they show no further improvements providing additional cues or suggestions after the standard administration is completed to see if they perform differently a type of dynamic assessment

derealization

the sense that ONES SURROUNDINGS are unreal or detached

depersonlization

the sense that ones OWN MENTAL FUNCTIONING OR BODY are unreal or detached

weight set point

the weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by the hypothalamus

Flynn effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years (specially developed countries)

reward-deficiceny syndrome

their reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway particulary in times of stress.

Modeling

therapist who confronts the feared object or situation while the fearful person observes.

What are precipitating factors re to delirium?

these can trigger it infections, electrolyte imbalance, acute stroke, other neurological conditions, surgery, uncontrolled pain, alcohol/drug withdrawal, certain drugs (esp. benzodiazepines, narcotic analgesics [opioids], drugs w/anticholinergic effects)

What are predisposing factors re to delirium?

these increase vulnerability advanced age, pre-existing dementia or depression, male gender, visual and hearing impairments, dehydration and malnutrition, alcohol abuse, medication use (esp. psychoactive drugs), functional dependence, severe illness

clinical picture of anorexia nervosa

thin in key, but fear provides motivation. preoccupied with food. think in a distorted way through maladative and misperceptions. have depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, insomnia, ocd, perfectionistic

What are the three classes of medications prescribed for depression?

ticyclics (TCAs) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOAIs) research shows med and therapy yield most effective outcomes

tip of the tongue phenomenon

to have something on the tip of the tongue is an acute feeling of knowing, we are unable to recall some piece of information be we know that we know it

cross-tolerance

tolerance for a substance one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it. alcohol and anxiety drugs.

tolerance and withdrawal

tolerance- the need to drink more to get buzzed withdrawal- shakes, feel weak, sweat and vomit, heart beats rapidly, blood pressure rises.

frotteurisitc disorder

touching others or rubbing up on others. repeated adn intense sexual urges or fantasises that involve touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person and either acts on these urges with the nonconsenting person or experinces clinically significant distress or impairment.

What is Kernberg's explanation of BPD?

traces this back to caregiver behaviors that alternate between being unpredictable nurturing/gratifying and depriving/punitive child's unconscious response to parent's contradictory behaviors is to keep them separate; weak ego relies on primitive defense mechanism of splitting (vacillating between contradictory views of the self as all good or all bad)

secondary apprasial

transactional model of stress: If event is perceived as threatening, then evaluate whether resources & abilities are sufficient to adequately cope

primary appraisal

transactional model of stress: Person's evaluation of relevance of potentially stressful event to own well-being affected by values, beliefs & expectations

cognitive reappraisal

transactional model of stress: continuous monitoring of situation & use of new info to modify previous appraisals. can result in inc or dec in stress

interpersonal psychotherapy

treatment that is used to help improve interpersonal functioning.

compensatory behaviors for bulima nervosa

vomiting

What are sx specifiers for conversion disorder?

w/weakness or paralysis w/abnormal movement w/swallowing sxs w/speech sx w/attacks or seizures w/anesthesia or sensory loss w/special sensory sxs w/mixed sxs

second generation antipsychotic drugs

was called atypical antipsychotic drugs this binds not only to the D2 dopamine recptors but also to the D1 receptors adn to receptors like serotonin

alternation of episodes

week of mania, week of wellness, week of depression

What are common recommended lifestyle changes for tx of hypertension?

weight reduction healthy diet sodium restriction physical activity stress reduction smoking cessation moderate of alcohol use

Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa

weight restoration is the first goal of treatment for this disorder, followed by targeting of dysfunctional attitudes. Drug treatment is not effective

What are specifiers for adjustment disorder?

with depressed mood with anxiety with mixed anxiety and depressed mood with disturbance of conduct with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct unspecified

What are specifiers for OCD?

with good or fair insight, with poor insight, with absent insight/delusional beliefs, tic-related (current or past)

What are ASD specifiers?

with or without accompanying intellectual impairment, with or without language impairment, associated with a known medical/genetic or environmental/acquired condition, associated with another neurodevelopmental, mental or behavioral disorder

general adaptation syndrome: exhaustion

with prolonged stress, pituitary & adrenal glands lose ability to maintain elevated hormone levels & physical reserves become depleted

social whithdrawal

withdraw from social envoirnment

lack of control theory for depression

women may be more prone to depression becaue they feel less control than men over their lives.

body dissatification explanation for depression

women try to get low weight and slender bodies that are unattainable and unhealthy

Specific learning disorder: with impairment in reading includes

word reading accuracy, reading rate or fluency, and reading comprehension

antidepressants for bulimia nervosa

works well, but with therapy.

What specifier would you add to a personality disorder where criteria are met prior to onset of the mood disorder (i.e., client has an axis 1 and axis 2 dx)?

you add "premorbid" to the personality disorder to indicate the personality disorder was prior to onset of mood d/o; that way, you can clearly show personality disorder has been r/o from overlap to axis I

memory while under anesthesia

you are able to hear and understand lanugae while under

With re to borderline personality disorder, impairment from sxs and risk for suicide are greatest during ___ w/most experiencing improvement in sxs over time...

young adulthood 75% of participants in a study regained adaptive fx by age 40, 90% by age 50