Astronomy: The Outer Planets

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What caused Saturn's main rings to form?

An icy moon approached Saturn too close and tidal forces or impacts w/ other objects tore it apart.

What organic compound may exist in large amounts below Titan's surface?

Liquid methane

What is the mystery behind Uranus not being founded until 1781?

Looks like a dim star, but it moves...(naked eye planet)

What decreases in order of Jovian planets?

Magnetospheres and size

Describe the process of Callisto's impacts

Many ripples from impacts that liquified it, then froze bc of the cold temp

Where is it now believed that Triton came from?

May be captured object

Where did Clyde get a job?

At Lowell observatory (established by Percival Lowell observatory)

What is the densest ring of Saturn?

B-ring

Why do the Jovian planets have large numbers of moons?

Bc the jovains have so much gravity, capturing asteroids which become "moons"

Why are the four moons inside the orbit of Io not round like the Galilean moons and our own?

Bc they're not large enough for gravity to pull into spherical shape

Why is there a layer around rocky core of Jupiter?

Bc tremendous high pressure on rocky core

How much stronger is the magnetospshere of Jupiter than Earth's?

20,000 times stronger

How much larger is Titan than Saturn's radius?

20.3 times

How many moons orbit Uranus?

25 moons

What is Saturn's tilt?

27*

How long does it take Saturn to orbit the sun?

29.5 yrs

What gas is responsible for the blue color of Neptune?

3% methane

How many moons does Saturn have?

34

Galilean moons

4 biggest moons of Jupiter

How many rings does Jupiter have?

4 very thin rings

How old is Jupiter?

4.5 billion yrs

How many moons does Saturn have?

62

What percent of the solar system does Jupiter's mass represent?

66% (2/3)

How many moons does Jupiter have that we know about?

67

How many moons does Jupiter have?

67 moons

What is the composition of Saturn?

75% hydrogen 25% helium

What is the compostion of Saturn?

75% hydrogen 25% helium

How fast to the winds blow on Uranus?

800 km/hr

How many years does it take Uranus to get around the sun?

84 years

How long is Uranus' orbital period?

84 yrs

How many rings does Neptune have from stellar occultation?

9

How many AU's is Saturn from the sun?

9.6 AU

Composition of Jupiter

90% Hydrogen 10% He (basically same as a star)

What is Uranus' tilt?

98*

What is the tilt of Uranus?

98*

What are the benefits of the Jovians having a lot of mass?

More mass enables them to produce metallic hydrogen (combined with fast spin) to have high magnetospheres

What landscape does Pluto have?

Mountains made of ice--nitrogen frozen water under the surface, too

What captured pics of Pluto?

New Horizons Probe

Is fission the Io's source of heat?

No!

Which moon is the most crated system in the solar system?

Callisto

What are moons?

Captured asteroids (named after Shakespearean characters)

Who did a lot of work with Hershel?

Caroline

What is the name of Pluto's largest moon?

Charon

What does Triton's retrograde spin do?

Closer to Neptune

Who discovered Pluto?

Clyde Tombaugh

What is the final fate of the Cassini probe?

Commanded to impact Saturn

When did Cassini's mission end"?

Dec 12, 2017

What is the cause of the banding atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn?

Differential rotation, which means that the equator spins faster than the poles. This causes a tearing in the atmosphere.

What is the source of heat in Io and Europa?

Io: volcanoes, as the result of tidal source being twisted Europa: ocean under the ice surface (smooth ball of ice)

When did Cassini arrive at Saturn?

July 1, 2004

Biggest planet

Jupiter

Which two Jovians are gas giants?

Jupiter and Satun

Which planet has the fastest spin?

Jupiter, 10 hrs

Which Jovian planets have ring systems?

Jupiter, Saturn, uranus, neptune

KBO

Kuiper Belt Object

Why does Jupiter's moon, lo have the youngest surface of any body in the solar system?

The interior contains no gas

Who discovered Uranus?

William Hershel

tidal force

a secondary effect of the force of gravity, responsible for the tides

WHAT CAUSED THE tilt of Uranus?

an early impact

Why is the middle of Saturn more oblate?

bc has less of solid core , so stretches out

Why was Pluto given its name?

bc it is very cold and farthest from the sun

Why does Europa have a high albedo?

bc it's covered by ice

Why is Saturn's atmosphere 50% thicker than our atmosphere?

bc nitrogen doesn't trap heat

Why does Uranus have a weaker magnetosphere?

bc not as much metallic hydrogen as the two others

Why does Jupiter have an oblate shape?

bc of fast spin

Why does Jupiter spin so fast?

bc surface is all gas, the gas can't hold together

Why is Europa's gravity twisting Europa from Jupiter and the other moons?

bc the water under the surface is not frozen all the way through

Why does Jupiter have less pronounced belts?

bc there is a haze on atmosphere, which is the result of it being so cold

Why can't you see the Galilean moons w/ the naked eye?

bc they're very close to Jupiter, and Jupiter washes out the sky

Ganymeade

biggest moon in solar system, one of the Galilean moons

What is Jupiter's moon Ganymede's claim to fame with regards to size?

biggest moon in the solar system

stellar occultation on uranus

blocked out the background stars. Blinked out.

What do the Galilean moons look like?

bright stars

What are Saturn's rings made of?

debris and ice

HOw might have the rings of Jupiter have formed?

debris pulled in by Jupiter's strong gravity

What are Jupiter's rings made of?

dust and bits of debris

What is the difference between gas and ice giants?

gas giants are warmer. ice giants are gases crystalized, bc they're so far away

palimpsests

ghost writing on parchments ...ghost craters on Mercury and possibly Venus

What was Neptune named after?

god of sea

The story of Miranda

had an early impact, but pieces came back due to gravity. So Miranda looks jagged and scattered

Hyperion moon

has chaotic rotation bc of Jupiter and Saturn's gravity

What is Saturn's source of heat?

heat leftover from formation (escaped from interior)

Great Dark Spot

huge spinning storm in the southern atmosphere of Neptune. It disappeared. A new dark spot emerged in the northern hemisphere.

What allows us to see Saturn?

it's tilt. When it's on edge it's too difficult to see it

Describe the process of Callisto's impacts

many ripples from impacts that liquified it, then froze bc of cold temp

How was Neptune found?

mathematics

Miranda

moon of Uranus

What is unusual about Proteus' orbital pattern?

nearly equatorial orbit

What is believed to be below the surface of Europa?

ocean

Jovian planets

outer planets

Origin of charon

person who takes you to the underworld

What first led to the idea that Uranus even existed?

predicted through mathematics before observed

lo pasma torus

region of highly charged particles Io

Why does Triton have a retrograde (clockwise) spin?

result of impact, or comes from kuiper belt

What will the gravity of Neptune eventually do?

rip apart Triton and form a ring around Neptune

What is pluto made of?

rock and ice

What makes up the entire surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa?

rock with a central iron core

Callisto

second largest moon in solar system, most crated surface in the solar system, and one of the Galilean moons

Describe the core of Saturn

size of Earth

Why do the rings of Saturn appear and disappear over time as viewed from Earth?

stellar occulation: rings blocked out by background stars

How did they figure out Uranus has rings?

stellar occultation

The farther out you are...

the longer it takes to go around the sun

Saturn is less dense than...

water

perturbation

when a planet moves too fast or slow in orbit bc of the gravity of another planet. so pulls it in faster

Oblate shape

wider across equator than top and bottom

What is Neptune's largest moon?

Proteus

What might be the source of Neptune's other moons?

Remnants of collisions

Where do the names of moons come from?

Shakesphere

Brown and white ovals

Smaller hurricanes

What caused Callisto to have so many craters?

So near to Jupiter, so was hit many times due to gravity, which pulls in a lot of things

How long does it take Jupiter to complete an orbit?

12 yrs

How many moons does Neptune have?

13

Rings of Saturn are how wide across?

150,000 miles

When was Charon discovered?

1978

What gives Uranus its blue/green color?

2% methane

Why does Saturn have a high albedo?

From its thick nitrogen atmosphere

Who were the Galilean moons named after?

Galilea, since he discovered them

What caused the giant red spot?

Gigantic hurricane, which lasted so long bc no land

Pluto's name

God of the underworld

Why does Jupiter hold in hydrogen?

Gravity and cold temp

What is the most prominent feature on Jupiter?

Great red spot

Uranus is known as an ice planet with what equation?

H2O CH4

What element makes up the majority of Jupiter?

Hydrogen

What materials do the ice and gas giants have?

Ice giants: methane and water Gas giants: hydrogen and helium

What is the most geologically active body in the solar system?

Io

List the three rings of Saturn from inside out

1. B-ring 2. Cassini Division 3. Aring

Name the layers of a Jovian Planet from outside in

1. Gaseous hydrogen 2. Liquid hydrogen 3. Metallic hydrogen 4. Rocky core

List the Galilean moons in order closest to Jupiter

1. Io 2. Europa 3. Ganymede 4. Callisto

List the Jovian planets in order of decreasing size

1. Jupiter 2. Saturn 3. Uranus 4. Neptune

List the jovian planets in order out from the sun

1. Jupiter 2. Saturn 3. Uranus 4. Neptune

Why is Pluto not considered a planet in our solar system?

1. not in ecliptic orbit with rest of planets 2. not made of composition of any other planets

List three reasons why no flights to the jovian planets will ever be made.

1. too far away 2. humans will not survive (lungs will shrink) 3. cost is far too high

What two factors give the Jovian planets such high magnetospheres?

1. tremendous spin 2. molten, metallic hydrogen

Where is Pluto believed to have come from?

Escaped Kuiper Belt due to gravity (called KBO)

Why is there metallic hydrogen around the core of Jupiter?

From heat and hydrogen

WHAT MIGHT account for the strange black/white condition of lapetus?

Tidally locked, so the same hemisphere always faces the primary planet

What is the largest moon of Saturn?

Titan

What is the name of Saturn's largest moon?

Titan

What is the biggest moon of Neptune?

Triton (as large as Earth's moon)

Which two Jovians are ice giants?

Uranus and Neptune

Why does Saturn have a 27* tilt?

Was hit by something hard


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