ASWB

Describe the goals of substance use disorder treatment

1. Abstinence from substances 2. Maximizing life functioning 3.Preventing or reducing the frequency and severity of relapse

What are some important "rules" for documentation?

- A clear, accurate, and unbiased representation of the facts - A written record of all decisions - Free of value judgments and subjective comments - Timely - Should include only information that is directly relevant to the delivery of services

Describe factors associated with positive body image

- Acceptance and appreciation of natural body shape and body differences - Self-worth not tied to appearance - Confidence in and comfort with body - An unreasonable amount of time is not spent worrying about food, weight, or calories - Judgment of others is not made related to their body weight, shape, and/or eating or exercise habits -Knowing physical appearance says very little about character and value as a person

What are cognitive techniques for anger management?

- Replacing destructive thoughts with healthy ones - Focusing on goals as a way of finding solutions to problems - Using logic to get a more balanced perspective - Not using an "all or nothing" approach - Putting situations into perspective

Describe the main tasks of stage 7 of the family life cycle: Launching children

- Resolving midlife issues - Negotiating adult-to-adult relationships with children - Adjusting to living as a couple again - Adjusting to including in-laws and grandchildren within the family circle -Dealing with disabilities and death in the family of origin

Describe the main tasks of stage 3 of the family life cycle: Premarriage stage

- Selecting partners - Developing a relationship -Deciding to establish own home with someone

What are some communication skills as anger management techniques?

- Slowing down speech to avoid saying something not meant or that one will regret - Listening to what others are saying - Thinking about what to say before speaking - Avoiding defensiveness - Using humor to lighten to situation

Additional ethics r/t termination

- Social workers should not terminate services to pursue a social, financial, or sexual relationship with a client. - It is unethical to continue to treat clients when services are no longer needed or in their best interests

Describe social worker's role in continuation of care when terminating

- Social workers who anticipate the termination or interruption of services to clients should notify clients promptly and seek the transfer, referral, or continuation of services in relation to client needs and preferences. - Social workers who are leaving an employment setting should inform clients of appropriate options for the continuation of services and of the benefits and risks of the options. - Social workers should make reasonable efforts to ensure continuity of services in the event that services are interrupted by factors such as unavailability, relocation, illness, disability or death - Social workers must involve clients and their families (when appropriate) in making their own decisions about follow-up services of aftercare. Involvement must include at a minimum, discussion of client and family preferences (when appropriate) - Social workers are often responsible for coordination of clients' follow-up services, when needed

Describe self-help groups treatment approach to substance use disorder

(Alcoholics anonymous, narcotics anonymous) provide mutual support and encouragement while becoming abstinent or in remaining abstinent. Twelve-step groups are utilized throughout all phases of treatment. After completing formal treatment, the recovering person can continue attendance indefinitely as a means of maintaining sobriety.

What are the four stages of role play?

1. Preparation and explanation of the activity 2. Preparation of the activity 3. Role playing 4. Discussion or debriefing after the role play activity

What are the benefits of an interdiscplinary approach for social workers?

1. Provide peer support, especially when working with stressful problem associated with involuntary service delivery, violence, suicide 2. Allow for work to be assigned across multiple professionals 3. Fulfill professional goals by ensuring all aspects of a client's biopsychosocial-spiritual-cultural care are delivered 4. Create cross-fertilization of skills between professionals 5. Facilitate decision making related to all aspects of client care, which can lead to increased job satisfaction 6. Streamline work practices through sharing of information

What are the two classes of behavior?

1. Respondent: involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response. 2. Operant: voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment.

Describe the applications of systems theory to social work

1. Social workers need to understand interactions between the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. 2. Problems at one part of a system may be manifested at another. 3. Ecomaps and genograms can help to understand system dynamics. 4. Understanding "person-in-environment" (PIE) is essential to identifying barriers or opportunities for change. 5. Problems and change are viewed within larger contexts.

Describe the initiative vs. guilt stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

3 to 6 years old. Assert selves more frequently. If given opportunity to assert- plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others, develop sense of initiative and feel secure in ability to lead others and make decisions. If tendency squelched either through criticism or self-control, children develop a sense of guilt. May feel like a nuisance to others and remain a follower.

What is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)?

A 21-item test, presented in multiple-choice formats, that assesses the presence and degree of depression in adolescents and adults.

What is the immune system?

A body's defense system against infections and diseases. Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products work together to respond to dangerous organisms (like viruses or bacteria) and substances that may enter the body from the environment.

Define crisis

A crisis is defined as an acute disruption of psychological homeostasis (steady state) in which usual coping mechanisms fail and there exists evidence of distress and functional impairment.

What are the steps in cognitive restructuring that social workers assist clients in?

1. Accepting that their self-statements, assumptions, and beliefs determine or govern their emotional reaction to life's events 2. Identifying dysfunctional beliefs and patterns of thoughts that underlie their problems 3. Identifying situations that evoke dysfunctional cognitions 4. Substituting functional self-statements in place of self-defeating thoughts 5. Rewarding themselves for successful coping efforts

What are some guidelines that can be helpful when social workers participate in interdisciplinary team collaboration?

1. Social workers should clearly articulate their roles on interdisciplinary teams 2. Social workers should understand the roles of professionals from other disciplines on these teams 3. Social workers should seek and establish common ground with these professionals, including commonalities in professional goals 4. Social workers should acknowledge the differences within the field and across other disciplines 5. Social workers should address conflict within teams to that it does not interfere with the collaborative process and the team's outcomes 6. Social workers should establish and maintain collegial relationships

Define the defense mechanism devaluation

A defense mechanism frequently used by persons with borderline personality organization in which a person attributes exaggerated negative qualities to self or another. It is the split of primitive idealization.

What is the lymphatic system?

A defense system for the body. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease- fighting antibodies. It also distributes fluids and nutrients in the body and drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell.

Describe object relations theory

A focus of Margaret Mahler's work it is centered on relationships with others. Lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in early attachments with parents, especially mothers. Objects refer to people, parts of people, or physical items that symbolically represent either a person or part of a person. Object relations are relationships to those people or items

What does a motivational approach aim to do?

A motivational approach aims to help clients realize what needs to change and to get them to talk about their daily lives as well as their satisfaction with current situations. Social workers want to create doubt that everything is "ok" and help clients recognize consequences of current behaviors or conditions that contribute dissatisfaction.

Describe neurodevelopmental disorders in the DSM-V

A new chapter. Includes intellectual disabilities- "mental retardation" is now intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder). Intelligent quotient (IQ) scores and adaptive functioning are both used in determining a client's ability. Includes global developmental delay which is an unspecified intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder).

What are motor disorders in the DSM-V?

A new subcategory; Developmental coordination disorder; Stereotypic movement disorder

Describe how a history of violence influences future violence

A past history of violent behavior is the best predictor of future violence. Each prior act of violence increases the chance of future episodes of violence. Those who suffered some form of abuse as children are more likely to be perpetrators of abuse as adults

Describe paranoid personality disorder

A pattern of behavior of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. These people are insensitive to the other's feelings but are themselves oversensitive and tend to misinterpret, magnify, and distort cues in the environment as thoughts of trickery and deception. Interpreting the actions of others as deliberately threatening or demeaning; untrusting, unforgiving, and prone to angry or aggressive outbursts.

Describe schizotypal personality disorder

A pattern of peculiarities- odd or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing; strange, outlandish, or paranoid beliefs; display signs of "magical thinking"

Define the defense mechanism undoing

A person uses words or actions to symbolically reverse or negate unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions (i.e., a person compulsively washing hands to deal with obsessive thoughts).

What is advair diskus used for?

A prescription used to treat asthma and COPD.

Define sexual dysfunction

A problem associated with sexual desire or response. Problems may be caused by psychological factors, physical conditions, or a combination of both.

Define the defense mechanism dissociation

A process that enables a person to split mental function in a manner that allows him or her to express forbidden or unconscious impulses without taking responsibility for the action, either because he or she is unable to remember the disowned behavior, or because it is not experienced as his or her own (i.e., pathologically expressed as fugue states, amnesia, or dissociative neurosis, or normally expressed as daydreaming)

Define the system theory term output

A product of the system that exports to the environment

What is stress?

A psychological and/or physical reaction to life events, with most people experiencing it regularly in their own lives. When a life event is seen as a threat, it signals the release of hormones aimed at generation a "flight or fight" response

Describe the id

A reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression. The id is unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle, the drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain

What is cymbalta?

A selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) for oral administration.

What are paraphilic disorders?

A sexual disorder or deviation in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals. Must have both qualitative criteria and negative consequences to have the disorder and be diagnosed.

How can a social worker be a mediator to help with change?

A social worker can be a mediator by helping a client and another individual or system to negotiate with each other so that each may attain their respective goals.

Describe the role of the social worker and the group members in group work

A social worker focuses on helping each member change his or her environment or behavior through interpersonal experience. Members help each other change or learn social roles in the particular positions held or desired in the social environment.

What occurs at the beginning of group work?

A social worker identifies the purpose of the group and his or her role. This stage is characterized as a time to convene, to organize, and to set a plan. Members are likely to remain distant or removed until they have had time to develop relationships.

What is strategic family therapy?

A social worker initiates what happens during therapy, designs a specific approach for each person's presenting problem, and takes responsibility for directly influencing people. It is active, brief, directive, and task-centered. More interested in creating change in behavior than change in understanding. Based on the assumption that families are flexible enough to modify solutions that do not work and adjust or develop.

In client/client system contracting and goal-setting techniques, what is "modify individual thoughts" as a change strategy?

A social worker may teach how to problem solve, alter his or her self-concepts by modifying self-defeating statements, and/or make interpretations to increase a client's understanding about the relationship between events in his or her life

In client/client system contracting and goal-setting techniques, what is "modify individual actions" as a change strategy?

A social worker may use behavior modification techniques, such as reinforcement, punishment, modeling, role playing, and/or task assignments. Modeling and role modeling are very effective methods for teaching. They should be used whenever possible.

What is a (assessment)?

A social worker pulls together the objective and subjective findings and consolidates them into a short assessment.

What is engagement in relation to intervention planning?

A social worker should be actively involved with a client in determining why treatment was sought; what has precipitated the desire to change now; the parameters of the helping relationship, including defining the roles of a social worker and client; and the expectations for treatment (what will occur and when it will happen). Client involvement is essential in determining what is important to a client now and in the future.

Define pluralism

A society in which diverse members maintain their own traditions while cooperatively working together and seeing others' traits as valuable (cultural pluralism- respecting and encouraging cultural difference)

What is lantus?

A sterile solution of insulin glargine for use as subcutaneous injection for diabetes.

What is a mental status examination?

A structured way of observing and describing a client's current state of mind under the domains of appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.

Define organic brain syndrome

A term used to describe physical disorders that impair mental function. Common symptoms are confusion; impairment of memory, judgment, and intellectual function; and agitation. Disorders that may cause this: alcoholism, Alzheimer's disease, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, parkinson's disease, stroke

Define psychodrama

A treatment approach in which roles are enacted in a group context. Members of the group re-create their problems and devote themselves to the role dilemmas of each member.

Define flooding.

A treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli.

Define stress

A typical response to feeling overwhelmed or threatened- fight, flight, freeze are survival responses.

What are the three components of thought or emotion logs that clients frequently keep?

A- Disturbing emotional states B- The exact behaviors engaged in at the time of emotional states C- Thoughts that occurred when the emotions emerged

What are stimulants used to treat?

ADHD; reduces impulsivity & hyperactivity; improves attention span; treats narcolepsy

What are some atypical antipsychotics?

Abilify, clozaril (clozapine), geodon, risperdal, seroquel, zyprexa.

What are some interpersonal skills and supports that are strengths/protective factors that can assist clients when they experience challenges

Ability to develop/maintain good relationships; Ability to confide in others; Problem-solving skills; Capacity for empathy; Presence of an intimate relationship; Sense of security

What are some defenses and coping mechanisms that are strengths/protective factors that can assist clients when they experience challenges

Ability to regulate impulses and affect; Self-soothing; Flexible, can handle stressors

Define tardive dyskinsea

Abnormal, involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, and face, as well as twitching and snakelike movement of the extremities and occasionally the trunk. May result from taking high doses of antipsychotic medications over a long period of time.

Why might strengths need to vary

According the life course stage, developmental tasks, kinds of stressors, situation, etc. the appropriateness may vary. Ideally, a client selects an appropriate way to cope by drawing from a repertoire of coping mechanisms or strengths, having a variety enables flexibility in the way a client copes with stresses

What does harm reduction acknowledge?

Acknowledges the significance of ANY positive change that clients make in their lives. It recognizes that intervention can be seen as a continuum with the more feasible options at one end and less feasible, but desirable, ones at the other end

Describe the phallic stage

Age is 3-5. Sources of pleasure include the genitals. Results of fixation include guilt or anxiety about sex

Describe the latency stage

Age is 5 to puberty. Sexuality is latent, or dormant, during this period. No fixations at this stage

Describe the anal stage

Age is age 2, when the child is being toilet trained. Sources of pleasure include bowel movements. Results of fixation include an overly controlling (anal-retentive) personality or an easily angered (anal-expulsive) personality

Describe the oral stage

Age is birth to roughly 12 months. Sources of pleasure include activities involving the mouth, such as sucking, biting, and chewing. Results of fixation can include excessive smoking, overeating, or dependence on others

What are some factors that influence the effect of sexual abuse?

Age of the victim (at the time of abuse and time of assessment) // Extent and duration of sexual abuse // Relationship of offender to victim // Reaction of other to the abuse // Other life experiences

Describe the Normal Autism phase of the objects relations theory

Age: 0-1 month. Characteristics: First few weeks of life. The infant is detached and self-absorbed. Spends most of his or her time sleeping. Mahler later abandoned this phase, based on new findings from her infant research

Describe the normal symbiotic phase of the object relations theory

Age: 1-5 months. Characteristics: the child is now aware of his or her mother, but there is not a sense of individuality. The infant and the mother are one, and there is a barrier between them and the rest of the world

Describe the Separation/Individuation phase, Rapprochement subphase of the object relations theory

Age: 15-24 months. Characteristics: The infant once again becomes close to the mother. The child realizes that his or her physical mobility demonstrates psychic separateness from his or her mother. The toddler may become tentative, wanting the mother to be in sight so that through eye contact and action, he or she can explore his or her world. The risk is that the mother will misread this need and respond with impatience or unavailability. This can lead to an anxious fear of abandonment in the toddler.

Describe the object constancy phase of the object relations theory

Age: 24-38 months. Characteristics: Describes the phase when the child understands that the mother has a separate identity and is truly a separate individual. Provides the child with an image that helps supply him or her with an unconscious level of guiding support and comfort. Deficiencies in positive internalization could possibly lead to a sense of insecurity and low self-esteem issues in adulthood

What are "other" personality disorders?

Personality change due to another medical condition, other/unspecified

Describe the main ideas of behavioral theorists.

Personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. Theorists study observable and measurable behaviors. Behaviors determine feelings à changing behaviors will also change or eliminate undesired feelings. Goal is to modify behavior. Focus is on observable behavior- a target symptom, a problem behavior, or an environmental condition, rather than on the personality of a client.

Name psychological factors related to mental health

Personality, relating to others and reacting to the world, includes a wide range of psychological responses to cope with different situations.

Name interventions to reduce dynamic risk factors

Pharmacological interventions, substance use treatment, psychosocial interventions, removal of weapons, and increased level of supervision

What are signs of sexual abuse

Physical or anatomical signs/injuries associated with the genital and rectal areas are signs. Behavioral signs include any extreme changes in behavior, including regression, fears and anxieties, withdrawal, sleep disturbances, and/or recurrent nightmares. If the victim is a child may also show an unusual interest in sexual matters or know sexual information inappropriate for his or her age group. Sexual promiscuity, sexual victimization, and prostitution can also be signs.

Name the prominent people and describe cognitive learning theory.

Piaget. Learning is viewed through internal mental processes (including insight, information processing, memory, and perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. Social workers aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.

Describe the Separation/Individuation phase, Differentiation/Hatching subphase of the object relations theory

Age: 5-9 months. Characteristics: The infant ceases to be ignorant of the differentiation between him or her and the mother. Increased alertness and interest for the outside world. Using the mother as a point of orientation.

Describe the Separation/Individuation phase, Practicing subphase of the object relations theory

Age: 9-15 months. Characteristics: Brought about by the infant's ability to crawl and then walk freely; the infant begins to explore actively and becomes more distant from the mother. The child experiences himself or herself as one with his or her mother

Define the defense mechanism sublimation

Potentially maladaptive feelings or behaviors are diverted into socially acceptable, adaptive channels (i.e., a person who has angry feelings channels them into athletics).

What is the relationship between disability and poverty

Poverty can lead to malnutrition, poor or no health services, and/or unsafe living conditions that can result in increased risk for disability. Disability can also result in loss of income and thus a greater likelihood of living poverty

Name and define stage two of group development

Power and control- struggles for individual autonomy and group identification (known as storming)

What is reward power?

Power from control of rewards

What is referent power?

Power from having charisma or identification with others who have power

What is informational power?

Power from having information

What is legitimate power?

Power from having legitimate authority

What is expert power?

Power from superior ability or knowledge

What is coercive power?

Power from the control of punishment

What is the most common type of single-subject research?

Pre- and post-test or single case study (AB) in which there is a comparison of behavior before treatment (baseline; denoted by an "A") and behavior after the start of treatment (intervention; denoted by a "B"). The reversal or multiple baseline (ABA or ABAB) is also commonly used

How are pre-experimental studies conducted?

Pre-experimental studies contain intervention groups only and lack comparison/control groups, making them the weakest

Name and define stage one of group development

Preaffiliation- development of trust (known as forming)

Define the behavioral personality theory

Suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment.

Name the level, age, and orientation of stage one and two of Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Preconventional level, during elementary school (before age 9). Stage 1: Child obeys authority figure out of fear of punishment. Obedience/punishment. Stage 2: Child acts acceptably as it is in her or his best interests. Conforms to rules to receive rewards.

What are the types of criterion-related validity?

Predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validities.

What are some signs/symptoms of sexual dysfunction?

Premature or delayed ejaculation in men; erectile disorder or dysfunction (not being able to get or keep an erection); pain during sex; lack or loss of sexual desire; difficulty having an orgasm; vaginal dryness.

What is paradoxical directive or instruction in strategic family therapy?

Prescribe the symptomatic behavior so a client realizes he or she can control it; uses the strength of the resistance to change in order to move a client toward goals.

What is simvastatin (generic form of zocor)?

Prescribed to treat high cholesterol and is typically recommended in conjunction with diet changes. This drug is believed to have a variety of benefits including helping to prevent heart attacks and strokes.

What is synthroid?

Prescription, man-made thyroid hormone that is used to treat hypothyroidism.

Define co-occurring disorders and conditions

Present when there are two or more disorders occurring at the same time. In order for a disorder or condition to be co-occurring, it must be independent and not symptomatology resulting from other disorder(s)/condition(s)

Define positive punishment.

Presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior. (i.e. hitting, shocking)

Define the defense mechanism projection

Primitive defense; attributing one's disowned attitudes, wishes, feelings, and urges to some external object or person

Define the defense mechanism denial

Primitive defense; inability to acknowledge true significance of thoughts, feelings, wishes, behavior, or external reality factors that are consciously intolerable

Define the defense mechanism incorporation

Primitive mechanism in which psychic representation of a person is (or parts of a person are) figuratively ingested

Define premorbid

Prior to the onset of an illness

How can family negatively impact well-being?

Problematic and non-supportive familial interactions have a negative impact. Growing up in an unsupported, neglectful, or violent home is associated with poor physical health and development.

What is psychosocial stress

Psychosocial stress results when there is a perceived threat (real or imagined). Often not caused by single events, but by ongoing problems such as caring for a parent or child with disabilities. It is essential that clients learn to manage psychosocial stress so that the stress response is only triggered when necessary and not for prolonged states of chronic stress

Describe characteristics of sexuality in preadolescent youth aged 8-12 years old.

Puberty begins between ages 9 and 12. Breast buds and pubic hair in girls- around ages 9 and 10, penis and testicles in boys around ages 10 and 11. More self-conscious about bodies, uncomfortable undressing in front of others, even same sex parent. Masturbation increases, same-gender sexual behavior can occur, not much experience at this age but have a lot of questions. Some group dating occurs, parties with kissing games, sex may occur.

What is interpretation?

Pulling together patterns of behavior to get a new understanding

How is quasi-experimental research conducted?

Quasi-experimental research uses intervention and comparison groups, but assignment to the groups is nonrandom

What are components of a sexual history?

Questions usually involve collecting information about partners (number, gender, risk factors, length of relationships), practices (risk behaviors, oral/vaginal/anal intercourse, satisfaction with practices, desire/arousal/orgasm), protection from and past history of STDs (condom use), and prevention of pregnancy (if desired)/reproductive history. If clients are experiencing dissatisfaction/dysfunction, social workers will need to understand the reasons. Medical explanations must be ruled out before psychological factors are considered as causes. Alcohol/drug use should also be considered.

What experiments are the most rigorous?

Randomized experiments (experimental)

Describe relapse

Recovery is an ongoing process, and relapse occurs when attitudes, behaviors, and values revert to what they were during active drug or alcohol use. Relapse most frequently occurs during early stages of recovery, but it can occur at any time. Prevention of relapse is a critical part of treatment.

Define gender

Refers to a set of characteristics that are either seen to distinguish between male and female, one's biological sex, or one's gender identity

Define sexual orientation

Refers to an individual's pattern of physical and emotional arousal toward other persons. People do not choose their sexual orientation.

What is globalization?

Refers to an interconnectedness of persons across the world.

What is the harm reduction approach?

Refers to any program, policy, or intervention that seeks to reduce or minimize the adverse health and social consequences associated with an illness, condition, and/or behavior. This definition recognizes that many clients are not unwilling or unable to abstain from behaviors or use at any given time and that there is a need to provide them with options that minimize the harm caused by their condition to themselves, to others, and to the community

Describe the harm reduction model

Refers to any program, policy, or intervention that seeks to reduce or minimize the adverse health and social consequences associated with substance use without requiring a client to discontinue use. This definition recognizes that many substance users are unwilling or unable to abstain from use at any given time and that there is a need to provide them with options that minimize the harm that continued drug use causes to themselves, to others, and to the community.

Define sexual behavior

Refers to sexual contacts or actions. Sexual orientation may not fit perfectly with their sexual behavior. Sexual behavior can be influenced by peer pressure, family expectations, cultural expectations, religious beliefs etc.

Define self-esteem

Refers to the extent to which a client accepts or approves of their definition of themselves (self-image)

What is a diagnosis?

Refers to the process of identifying problems, with their underlying causes and practical solution. Assessment and diagnosis must be a continual part of the problem-solving process.

What is live modeling as a role modeling technique?

Refers to watching a real person perform the desired behavior

What is clarification?

Reformulate problem in a client's words to make sure that the social worker is on the same wavelength

What are task-centered approaches?

Aim to quickly engage clients in the problem-solving process and to maximize their responsibility for treatment outcomes. Focus on "here and now"- well-defined tasks to produce measurable outcomes. The problem is partialized into clearly delineated tasks to be addressed consecutively (assessment leads to goals, which lead to tasks)

What is family life education and how is it delivered

Aims to strengthen individual and family life through a family perspective. It is delivered through parenting classes, premarriage education, marriage enrichment programs, and/or family financial planning courses. Improves client and family life.

What is psychotherapy?

Aims to treat clients with mental disorders or problems by helping them understand their illness or situation.

What do all case management models believe?

All models are based on the belief that clients often need assistance in accessing services in today's complex systems, as well as the need to monitor duplication and gaps in treatment and care.

What is the reproductive system?

Allows humans to produce children. Sperm from the male fertilizes the female's egg, or ovum, in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus, where the fetus develops over a period of 9 months.

What occurs in the middle of group work?

Almost all of the group's work will occur during this stage. Relationships are strengthened as a group so that the tasks can be worked on. Group leaders are usually less involved.

What is the contemplation stage of change?

Ambivalence, conflicted emotion

Describe behavioral therapies treatment approach to substance use disorder

Ameliorate or extinguish undesirable behaviors and encourage desired ones through behavior modification.

Define acceptance

An acknowledgement of "what is." Acceptance does not pass judgment on a circumstance and allows clients to let go of frustration and disappointment, stress and anxiety, regret and false hopes. Acceptance is the practice of recognizing the limits of one's control. Acceptance is not giving up or excusing other people's behavior and allowing it to continue. Acceptance is not about giving in to circumstances that are unhealthy or uncomfortable. The main thing that gets in the way of acceptance is wanting to be in control.

Define a "crisis"

An acute disruption of psychological homeostasis in which a client's usual coping mechanisms fail and there is evidence of distress and functional impairment

Define systematic desensitization.

An anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation-producing response so that eventually an anxiety-producing stimulus produces a relaxation response.

What is permanency planning?

An approach to child welfare that is based on the belief that children need permanence to thrive. Child protective services should focus on getting children into, and maintaining, permanent homes. First goal is to get children back into their original homes.

Define the system theory term suprasystem

An entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationship

Describe fixation

An inability to progress normally from one psychosexual stage of development into another. If a child's need in a particular stage are gratified too much or frustrated too much, the child can become fixated at that stage of development. When the child becomes an adult, the fixation shows up as a tendency to focus on the needs that were overgratified or overfrustrated

What is participant modeling as a role modeling technique?

An individual models anxiety-evoking behaviors for a client and then prompts the client to engage in the behavior

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

An objective verbal inventory designed as a personality test for the assessment of psychopathology consisting of 550 statements, 16 of which are repeated.

Define ethnocentrism

An orientation that holds one's own culture, ethnic, or racial group as superior to others

Name some examples of tricyclics (a type of antidepressant).

Anafranil (clomipramine), Asendin (amoxapine), Elavil (amitriptyline), Norpramin (desipramine), Pamelor (nortriptyline), Sinequan (doxepin), Surmontil (trimipramine), Tofranil (imipramine), Vivaltil (protriptyline).

Define the feminist theory

Analyzes the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to better women's lives. Movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women.

Describe the role of communication in the lives of African Americans

Animated; individuals try to get their opinions heard; often includes physical touch; direct; touch; show respect at all times; history of racism; and sense of powerlessness impacts interactions

Which general personality disorders are included in Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic category?

Antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder

What is exposure to discrimination linked to?

Anxiety and depression as well as other mental health and behavioral problems

What are some impacts of trauma on clients' self-image?

Anxiety; denial; agitation; irritability or rage; flashbacks or intrusive memories; feeling disconnected from the world; unrest in certain situations; being "shut down," being very passive; feeling depressed; guilt/shame/self-blame; unusual fears; impatience; having a hard time concentrating; wanting to hurt oneself; being unable to trust anyone; feeling unlikable; feeling unsafe.

Define a strength

Any ability that helps an individual (or family) to confront and deal with a stressful life situation and to use the challenging situation as a stimulus for growth.

Define aversion therapy.

Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus.

Define information

Anything people perceive from their environments or from within themselves. People act in response to information.

What are personality disorders?

Are associated with ways of thinking and feeling that significantly and adversely affect how a client functions in many aspects of life. Is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of a client's culture. The pattern is manifested in cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control.

Describe family systems theory

Argues that in order to understand a family system, a social worker must look at the family as a whole, rather than focusing on its members. It searches for the causes of behavior, not in the individual alone, but in the interactions among them members of the group. All parts of the family are interrelated.

Define cognitive dissonance

Arises when a person has to choose between two contradictory attitudes and beliefs. The most dissonance arises when two options are equally attractive. Three ways to reduce dissonance are to (a) reduce the importance of conflicting beliefs, (b) acquire new beliefs that change the balance, or (c) remove the conflicting attitude or behavior. This theory is relevant when making decisions or solving problems.

Describe characteristics of sexuality in adulthood.

Around age 50, women experience menopause- no production of eggs or estrogen. Adult men slow testosterone production after age 25.

Define the system theory term equifinality

Arriving at the same end from different beginnings

What are neuropsychological tests?

Assess and measure cognitive functioning (e.g., how a particular problem with the brain affects recall, concentration)

Describe the biological section of the biopsychosocial assessment

Assesses a client's medical history, developmental history, current medications, substance abuse history, and family history of medical illnesses. Of note: mental health symptoms can exacerbate medical problems. Medication side effects can mask or exacerbate psychiatric symptoms or illnesses.

Describe the psychological section of the biopsychosocial assessment

Assesses a client's present psychiatric illness or symptoms, history of the current psychiatric illness or symptoms, past or current psychosocial stressors, and mental status. Exploration of how the problem has been treated in the past, past or present psychiatric medications, and the family history of psychiatric and substance-related issues is also included.

What is internal consistency reliability?

Assesses the consistency of the results across items within a test. Validity is the degree to which what is being measured actually is what is claimed to be measured. It attempts to minimize systemic errors that may yield reliable results but do not actually assess the constructs of interest. There are different means to assess validity.

What is parallel forms reliability?

Assesses the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain.

What is discriminant validity?

Assesses the degree to which constructs are different from (diverge away from) other constructs to which they should be dissimilar

What is convergent validity?

Assesses the degree to which constructs are similar to (converge on) other constructs to which they should be similar.

What is concurrent validity?

Assesses whether constructs distinguish between groups that should be able to be distinguished.

What is step 2 of the phases of intervention and treatment?

Assessment of strengths and needs to be used in the intervention process

What are 5 case management activities?

Assessment, planning, linking, monitoring, and advocacy

What is the second step in stress management?

Assist clients in identifying what aspects of a situation they can control

Describe medication-assisted treatment approach to substance use disorder

Assist with interfering with the symptoms associated with use.

How are children specifically affected by neglect and abuse

At risk of academic problems and school failure due to difficulty following rules, being respectful, staying in their seats and keeping on-task, temper tantrums, and/or difficult peer relationships

Describe what the classic model of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development refers to as statuses, not stages. Preencounter:

At this point, the client may not be consciously aware of his or her culture, race, or ethnicity and how it may affect his or her life.

Describe self-esteem in childhood

Relatively high self -esteem which gradually declines over childhood. May be because children's self-views are unrealistically positive. As children develop cognitively, they begin to base their self-evaluations on external feedback and social comparisons, and thus form a more balanced and accurate appraisal of their academic competence, social skills, attractiveness, and other personal characteristics.

What is the Gottman method for couples therapy?

Based on the notion that healthy relationships are ones in which individuals know each other's stresses and worries, share fondness and admiration, maintain a sense of positiveness, manage conflicts, trust one another, and are committed to one another.

Define the system theory term differentiation

Becoming specialized in structure and function

Describe the genital stage

Begins at puberty. Sources of pleasure include the genitals; sexual urges return. No fixations at this stage.

Describe histrionic personality disorder

Behave melodramatically or "over the top," constantly displaying an excessive level of emotionality; attention seeking

Define negative reinforcement.

Behavior increases because a negative (aversive) stimulus is removed (i.e. remove shock).

What does individual self-actualization occur through in group work

Release of feelings that block social performance // Support from others (no being alone) // Orientation to reality and check out own reality with others // Reappraisal of self

Describe the stage in spiritual development where individuals are unwilling to accept a will greater than their own.

Behavior is chaotic, disordered, reckless. Tend to defy, disobey, extremely egotistic- lack empathy for others. Very young children can be at this stage. Adults that don't move beyond this stage may engage in criminal activity because they cannot obey rules. Known as the "egocentric stage" associated with childhood.

Define biofeedback.

Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. ADHD and anxiety.

Define and describe defense mechanisms.

Behaviors that protect people from anxiety. They are automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activities to exclude unacceptable thoughts, urges, threats, and impulses from awareness for fear of disapproval, punishment, or other negative outcomes. Sometimes confused with coping strategies, which are voluntary.

What are behavioral indicators of physical abuse

Being wary of individuals (parent or caretaker if a child is being abuse) and behavioral extremes (aggressiveness or withdrawal), as well as fear related to reporting injury

What are some temperamental and dispositional factors that are strengths/protective factors that can assist clients when they experience challenges

Belief in trustworthiness of others; Belief in justice; Self-esteem, self-worth; Sense of mastery, confidence, optimism; Ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty; Ability to make sense of negative events; Sense of humor; Lack of hostility, anger, anxiety; Optimistic, open; Ability to grieve; Lack of helplessness; Responsibility for decisions; Sense of direction, mission, purpose

What class of drugs are used to treat anxiety and what are some examples?

Benzodiazepines. Examples are Ativan (lorazepam), Buspar (buspirone), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Xanax (alprazolam). There is a high abuse potential of these drugs and they can be dangerous when combined with alcohol or illicit substances.

Describe the role of spirituality in the lives of White Americans

Religion is a private affair, but mainly Protestant and Bible based

Define negative punishment

Removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e. removing something positive, such as a token or dessert)

Define time out.

Removal of something desirable- negative punishment technique.

Define echolalia

Repeating noises and phrases. It is associated with Catatonia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Schizophrenia, and other disorders.

Define the defense mechanism conversion

Repressed urge is expressed disguised as disturbance of body function, usually of the sensory, voluntary nervous system (as pain, deafness, blindness, paralysis, convulsions, tics)

What are objectives?

Brief, clear statements that describe the desired outcomes. They are distinguished from goals by the level of specificity. Express intended outcomes in general terms and objectives express them in specific terms.

What is the respiratory system?

Brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs.

What are goals?

Broad, general statements of what the program intends to accomplish. Describe broad outcomes and concepts expressed in general terms (e.g. clear communication, problem-solving skills). Should provide a framework for determining the more specific objectives of a program and should be consistent with the mission of the agency. A single goal may have many specific subordinate objectives.

How can social workers engage in advocacy?

By convincing others of the legitimate needs and rights of members of society. Can be at local, county, state or national levels.

What is silence as a communication technique?

By social workers, which can show acceptance of clients' feelings and promotes introspection or time to think about what has been learned (very effective when used with a client who is displaying a high degree of emotion)

How can advocacy sometimes be achieved?

By working through the problem solving process as it relates to a problem, including acknowledging the problem, analyzing and defining the problem, generating possible solutions, evaluating each option, implementing the option of choice, and evaluating the outcomes.

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

CBT works by changing clients' attitudes and their behavior by focusing on the thoughts, images, beliefs, and attitudes that are held (cognitive processes) and how this relates to behavior, as a way of dealing with emotional problems

What is confrontation?

Calling attention to something

Describe the values in the lives of White Americans

Capitalism; poverty is a moral failing and wealth is held in high esteem; physical beauty is valued with white skin, blond hair, and thin body being the ideal; sports are an important part of life (baseball, American football, basketball); democracy and freedom; individual rights

What are major chronic conditions related to disability

Cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal conditions including arthritis and osteoporosis, mental health conditions such as dementia and depression, and blindness and visual impairment

What are the indicators of addiction and substance abuse?

Causing problems at work, home, school, and in relationship // Resulting in neglected responsibilities at school, work, or home // Dangerous behaviors (i.e. driving while on drugs, using dirty needles, having unprotected sex, binging/purging despite medical conditions) // Causing financial and/or legal trouble (i.e. arrests, stealing to support shopping, gambling, or drug habit) // Causing problems in relationships, such as fights with partner or family members of loss of old friends // Creating tolerance (more of the behavior or substance is needed to produce the same impact) // Out of control or causing a feeling of being powerless // Life-consuming resulting in abandoned activities that used to be enjoyed // Resulting in psychological issues such as mood swings, attitude changes, depression and/or paranoia

Name some examples of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's- a type of antidepressant).

Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)

What are some behavioral warning signs of suicide?

Change in eating and sleeping habits // Drug and alcohol use // Unusual neglect of personal appearance // Marked personality change // Loss of interest in pleasurable activities // Not tolerating praise or rewards // Giving away belongings // Isolation from others // Taking care of legal and other issues // Dramatic increase in mood (might indicate a client has made a decision to end his or her life) // Verbalizes threat to commit suicide or feelings of despair and hopelessness ("I'm going to kill myself" "I wish I were dead" "My family would be better off without me" "The only way out for me is to die" "It's just too much for me to put up with" "Nobody needs me anymore"

What are second-order changes in strategic family therapy?

Changes to the systematic interaction pattern so the system is recognized and functions more effectively.

What is relabeling in strategic family therapy?

Changing the label attached to a person or problem from negative to positive so the situation can be perceived differently; it is hoped that new responses will evolve.

Describe the first stage of the three-stage model for adolescent cultural and ethnic identity development called "unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity"

Characterized by a lack of exploration of culture, race, and ethnicity and cultural, racial, and ethnic differences- taken for granted without much critical thinking. Usually children at this stage. Ideas provided by parents, the community, or the media are easily accepted. Children generally not interested and will take on the ideas of others.

Describe the second stage of the three-stage model for adolescent cultural and ethnic identity development called "cultural, racial, and ethnic identity search"

Characterized by the exploration and questioning of culture, race, and ethnicity in order to learn more about them and practice belonging. Questioning where beliefs came from and why they are held. Can arise at a turning point/growing awareness can be an emotional time.

Describe the authoritarian parenting style

Children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. This style generally leads to those who are obedient and proficient, but are lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem.

Describe the stage in spiritual development where individuals have blind faith in authority figures and see the world as divided simply in to good and evil and right and wrong.

Children who learn to obey parents and authority figures are in this stage. "Religious" people may have blind faith in a spiritual being and do no question its existence. Good, law-abiding citizens may never pass this point. Known as the "conformist" stage.

What are the most common causes of disability among older adults

Chronic diseases, injuries, mental impairment, and/or malnutrition

What is step 1 when referring clients for services?

Clarifying the need or purpose for the referral: Social workers should refer clients to other professionals when the other professionals' specialized knowledge or expertise is needed to serve clients fully or when social workers believe that they are being effective or making reasonable progress with clients and additional service is required.

Describe the third stage of the three-stage model for adolescent cultural and ethnic identity development called "cultural, racial, and ethnic identity achievement"

Clear sense of identity and can successfully navigate it in the contemporary world. Increase in self-confidence and positive psychological development.

Describe what the classic model of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development refers to as statuses, not stages. Internalization and commitment:

Client has developed a secure sense of identity and is comfortable socializing both within and outside the group with which he or she identifies.

Describe contemplation stage

Client is ambivalent or uncertain regarding behavior change; thus behaviors are unpredictable; A client may be willing to look at the pros and cons of behavior change, but is not committed to working toward it; Social worker can emphasize a client's free choice and responsibility, as well as discussing the pros and cons of changing. Useful to discuss how change will assist a client in achieving his or her goals in life. Fear can be reduced by producing examples of change and clarifying what change is and is not.

What is the Rorschach Ink Blot test?

Client responses to inkblots are used to assess perceptual reactions and other psychological functioning.

What are contraindications for group work?

Client who is in crisis; suicidal; compulsively needy for attention; actively psychotic; and/or paranoid

What is covert modeling as a role model technique?

Clients are asked to use their imagination, visualizing a particular behavior as another describes the imaginary situation in detail

When are clients more susceptible to emotional and psychological trauma

Clients are more likely to be traumatized by a stressful experience if they are already under a heavy stress load or have recently suffered a series of losses. Clients are also more likely to be traumatized by a new situation if they have been traumatized before- especially if the earlier trauma occurred in childhood

What role does psychoeducation have in emotional and behavioral change?

Clients feel less helpless about situation and more in control of themselves.

What is the first step in stress management?

Clients monitor their stress levels and identify their stress triggers.

Define the system theory term entropy

Closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy

Name some individual strengths

Cognitive abilities, coping mechanisms, personal attributes, interpersonal skills, or external resources

What levels of development should clients be making objectives at?

Cognitive- mental skills (knowledge), affective- growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self), psychomotor- manual or physical skills (skills).

Name methods to enhance strengths

Collaboration and partnership between a social worker and client // Creating opportunities for learning or displaying competencies // Environmental modification- environment is both a resource and a target of intervention

How can you use collateral sources in problem identification?

Collateral sources include family, friends, other agencies, physicians. May have treated client in the past, family and friends may also provide important info about the length or severity of issues or problems. Collateral information is often used when the credibility and validity of information obtained from a client or others are questionable. Data from neutral parties has higher integrity. Using multiple information source (or triangulation) is an excellent method for social workers to have accurate accounts upon which to make assessments or base interventions. It is essential that a social worker get a client's informed consent prior to reaching out to collateral sources.

How does community organization work?

Community organization enhances participatory skills of local citizens by working with and not for them, thus developing leadership with particular emphasis on the ability to conceptualize and act on problems. It strengthens communities so they can better deal with future problems.

Describe the role of family in the lives of American Indian/Alaska Natives

Complex family organizations that include relatives without blood ties; strong kinship bonds (multigenerational, extended families); group valued over individual; husband and wife show a tendency to communicate more with their gender group than with each other; harmony within the group is very important; common sharing of material goods; group decision making

What are intradisciplinary teams?

Composed exclusively of social workers who may have different levels of training and skill within the profession- "unidisciplinary." Useful in professional development, mentorship, and the provision of supervision.

Define problem identification

Concerns determining the problem targeted for intervention. Part of it is determining the issue in exact definable terms, when it occurs, and its magnitude. Often useful to determine that which is not the problem.

What is a critical feature of implementing a comprehensive risk management strategy?

Conducting a comprehensive ethics audit.

Define disorientation

Confusion with regard to person, time, or place

What is congruence?

Congruence is the matching of awareness and experience with communication. Communication is reflective of feelings.

Describe obsessive compulsive disorder

Conscientious, with high levels of aspiration; strive for perfection; never satisfied with achievements

What is the thematic apperception test (TAT)?

Consists of a series of of pictures of ambiguous scenes. Clients are asked to make up stories or fantasies concerning what is happening, has happened and is going to happen in the scenes, along with a description of their thoughts or feelings. Provides information on a client's perceptions and imagination for use in the understanding of a client's current needs, motives, emotions, and conflicts, both conscious and unconscious.

What are the signs of heroin use?

Contracted pupils; no response of pupils to light; needle marks; sleeping at unusual times; sweating, vomiting; coughing; sniffling; twitching; loss of appetite

Name the level, age, and orientation of stage three and four of Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Conventional level (follow stereotypic norms of morality). During early adolescence. Stage 3: Person acts to gain approval from others. "Good boy/good girl" orientation. Stage 4: Obeys laws and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social system. Rules are rules. Avoid censure and guilt.

What does the development, review, and implementation of crises plans require aimed at?

Crises stabilization, resolution, and mastery.

Describe the role of spirituality in the lives of Asians

Culture influenced by Confucian and Buddhist philosophies

Describe the spiritual stage of development where the individual starts enjoying the mystery and beauty of nature and existence.

Deeper understanding of good and evil, forgiveness and mercy, compassion and love. Religiousness and spirituality differ- not accepted on blind faith or out of fear. Does not judge people harshly or seek to punish. Loving others as one loves oneself, losing attachment to ego, and forgiving enemies. Known as "integration" or "universal."

Define the defense mechanism turning against self

Defense to deflect hostile aggression or other unacceptable impulses from another to self

Define the defense mechanism splitting

Defensive mechanism associated with borderline personality disorder in which a person perceives self and others as "all good" or "all bad." Splitting serves to protect the good objects. A person cannot integrate the good and bad in people.

Name the two categories of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and which needs are in those categories.

Deficiency needs (needs that arise due to deprivation): physiological, safety, social, esteem. Growth needs (come from a place of growth rather than a place of lacking): self-actualization.

Describe self psychology

Defines the self as the central organizing and motivating force in personality. As a result of receiving empathic responses from early caretakers (self-objects), a child's needs are met and the child develops a strong sense of selfhood. "Empathic failures" by caretakers result in a lack of self-cohesion.

Describe major and mild neurocognitive disorders

Dementia and amnestic disorder become major or mild neurocognitive disorder. Can be due to: Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Bodies, due to TBI, HIV infection prion disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, another medical condition, multiple etiologies. Frontotemporal NCD, vascular NCD, substance/medication induced.

What is the precontemplation stage of change?

Denial, ignorance of the problem

What is sympathy as a communication technique?

Denotes pity or feeling bad for a client

Define endogenous depression

Depression caused by a biochemical imbalance rather than a psychosocial stressor or external factors

Define exogenous depression

Depression caused by external events or psychosocial stressors

Describe how psychiatric factors can be a risk factor for alcohol and other drug abuse

Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, low tolerance for stress; other mental health disorders; feelings of desperation; loss of control over one's life

What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC)?

Designed as a measure of a child's intellectual and cognitive ability. It has four index scales and a full scale score.

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Designed for the testing of cognitive abilities. It provides verbal, performance, and full scale scores for children and adults.

Name some "other" antidepressants.

Desyrel (trazodone), Effexor (venlafaxine), Remeron (mirtazapine), Serzone (nefazodone), and Wellbutrin (bupropion).

Define the defense mechanism decompensation

Deterioration of existing defenses

Describe methods to assess the client's/client system's coping abilities

Determine how clients have attempted to cope with their problems in the past. Some clients: Have few coping abilities, but rely on rigid patterns that are unhelpful or cause further problems // Follow avoidance pattern by immersing themselves in work, withdrawing, or using drugs or alcohol // Attempt to cope by being aggressive or acting out // Become dependent and rely on family members or friends to manage difficulties for them.

Define seeking exceptions (method to identify more about client strengths, resources, and challenges)

Determining when the problem does not exist or occur (locations, times, contexts)

Describe individual psychology

Developed by Alfred Adler, believed that the main motivations for human behavior are not sexual or aggressive urges, but striving for perfection. Children naturally feel weak and inadequate in comparison to adults and this normal feeling of inferiority drives them to adapt, develop skills, and master challenges. Adler used the term compensation to refer to the attempt to shed normal feelings of inferiority.

Describe the psychoanalytic theory

Developed by Sigmund Freud. A client is seen as the product of his past and treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious. Personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses.

What is cognitive development?

Development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning. It is the emergence of the ability to think and understand.

What are some physical effects of discrimination?

Diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure

Describe genograms (family systems approach)

Diagrams of family relationships beyond a family tree allowing a social worker and client to visualize hereditary patterns and psychological factors

Describe responses to chronic illness/disability

Different factors affect response to chronic illness/disability. Clients vary in terms of their personal resources such as tolerance of symptoms, functional capabilities, coping strategies, and social supports.

What are the 8 major theoretical concepts of Bowenian family therapy?

Differentiation, emotional system, multigenerational transmission, emotional triangle, nuclear family, family projection process, sibling position, and societal regression

Name and define stage four of group development

Differentiation- acceptance of each other as distinct individuals (known as performing)

Describe changes in cognition from neurologic and organic disorders

Difficulty understanding language or using language to speak or write (aphasia), poor memory, inability to recognize familiar objects (agnosia) or familiar faces (prosopagnosia), inability to do simple arithmetic (aculculia)

What are the signs of cocaine use?

Dilated pupils; hyperactivity; euphoria; irritability; anxiety; excessive talking followed by depression or excessive sleeping at odd times; may go long periods of time without eating or sleeping; weight loss; dry mouth and nose

Define the defense mechanism displacement

Directing an impulse, wish, or feeling toward a person or situation that is not its real object, thus permitting expression in a less threatening situation (i.e., a man angry at his boss kicks his dog)

Immediately after disclosing the abuse, what is an individual at risk for?

Disbelief by others (especially if victim is a child or perpetrator is a spouse/partner of an adult) // Being rejected by others // Being blamed for the abuse and the consequences of disclosing the sexual abuse

What is step 3 when referring clients for services?

Discussing and selecting options: Social workers are prohibited from giving or receiving payment for a referral when no professional service is provided by the referring social worker.

Define substance use disorder

Disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. Each specific substance (other than caffeine, which cannot be diagnosed as a substance use disorder) is addressed as a separate use disorder (alcohol use disorder, stimulant use disorder, etc.). Mild substance use disorder in DSM-5 requires two to three symptoms from a list of 11. Drug craving is added to the list, and problems with law enforcement is eliminated because of cultural considerations that make the criteria difficult to apply.

Define dissociation

Disturbance or change in the usually integrative functions of memory, identity, perception, or consciousness (often seen in clients with a history of trauma)

Describe changes in the sense from neurologic and organic disorders

Disturbances of smell and taste, partial or complete loss of vision, double vision, deafness, and ringing or other sounds originating in the ears (tinnitus)

Define self-censorship as a cause of groupthink

Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed

Describe self-esteem in older adulthood

Drops around age 70. May be due to loss of employment due to retirement, loss of spouse or friends, and/or health problems.

What are some behavioral warning signs of someone being a danger to others: violence?

Drug and alcohol use; Marked personality changes; Angry outbursts; Preoccupation with killing, war, violence, weapons, etc.; Isolation from others; Obtaining guns or other lethal methods.

Describe the social model and how it is believed to explain the causes of substance abuse

Drug use is learned and reinforced from others who serve as role models. A potential substance abuser shares the same values and activities as those who use substances. There are no controls that prevent use of substances. Social, economic, and political factors, such as racism, poverty, sexism, and so on, contribute to the cause.

Describe the identity vs. role confusion stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

During adolescence. Explore possibilities and begin to form own identities based on outcome of their explorations. If sense of who they are is hindered, then comes sense of confusion about self and role in the world.

Describe age and characteristics of the sensorimotor stage

During ages 0-2 years old. Child: retains image of objects, develops primitive logic in manipulating objects, begins intentional actions, play is imitative, signals meaning- infant invests meaning in event (i.e. babysitter arriving means mother is leaving), and symbol meaning (language) begins in last part of stage.

Describe the age and characteristics of the formal operations stage

During ages 11 years old to maturity. Child/adult has: higher level of abstraction, planning for future, thinks hypothetically, and assumes adult roles and responsibilities.

Describe the age and characteristics of the preoperational stage

During ages 2-7 years old. Child will: progress from concrete to abstract thinking, can comprehend past, present, future, experience night terrors, acquire words and symbols, magical thinking, thinking is not generalized, thinking is concrete, irreversible, egocentric, cannot see another POV, thinking is centered on one detail or event. *Imaginary friends may emerge.

Describe the age and characteristics of the concrete operations stage.

During ages 7-11 years old. Child: has beginnings of abstract thinking, play games with rules, cause and effect relationship understood, logical implications are understood, thinking is independent of experience, thinking is reversible, and rules of logic are developed

Describe the generativity vs. stagnation stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

During mid-adulthood. Success includes raising children, productivity at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Failure includes becoming stagnant, feeling unproductive. Describe the integrity vs. despair stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development.

Describe the ego integrity vs. despair stage

During senior years. Contemplate accomplishments and develop sense of integrity if satisfied with progression of life. If see life as being unproductive and failing to accomplish life goals, become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness.

Describe the intimacy vs. isolation stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

During young adulthood. Share more intimately with others and explore committed relationships. Success leads to comfortable relationships and sense of commitment, safety, and care. Avoiding intimacy and fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression

Describe Ego-Dystonic

Dystonic = behavior "dis-n-sync" with the ego (guilt). If a client is bothered by some of his or her behaviors, he or she would be ego-dystonic (ego alien)

Define the Humanist personality theory

Emphasize the importance of freewill and individual experience. Emphasize the concept of self-actualization, which is an innate need for personal growth that motivates behavior.

Define the psychodynamic personality theory

Emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality.

What is empowerment?

Empowerment aims to ensure a sense of control over well-being and that change is possible

Define the defense mechanism compensation

Enables one to make up for real or fancied deficiencies (i.e., a person who stutters becomes a very expressive writer; a short man assumes a cocky overbearing manner).

Name and describe the fourth stage of crisis intervention

Encourage an exploration of feelings and emotions. A social worker should validate a client's feelings and emotions and let him or her vent about the crisis. The use of active listening skills, paraphrasing, and probing questions is essential. A social worker should also challenge maladaptive beliefs

What is the pretend technique in strategic family therapy?

Encourage family members to "pretend" and encourage voluntary control of behavior

Define the system theory term throughput

Energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals

What is step 1 of the phases of intervention and treatment?

Engagement with client, group, or community

Describe characteristics of sexuality in infants and toddlers

Erections are possible in utero, at birth, but no ejaculation until puberty. Infants rub and touch genitals for pleasure and can experience orgasms through masturbation. By about age 2, children know their gender. Aware of differences in genitals of males and females- differences in urination.

Describe the authoritative parenting style

Establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. More democratic. Parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Generally tends to result in those who are happy, capable, and successful.

What does active listening do?

Establishes trust and respect, so clients will feel more comfortable confiding in social workers. Helps build a therapeutic alliance

Define scaling motivation (method to identify more about client strengths, resources, and challenges)

Estimating the degree to which client feels hopeful about resolution

Define ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial ethnic group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place of origin. Can share the same race but different ethnicities.

What is step 5 of the phases of intervention and treatment?

Evaluation of efforts

Describe narcissistic personality disorders

Exaggerated sense of self-importance; absorbed by fantasies of unlimited success; seeking constant attention; oversensitive to failure

What is content validity?

Examines whether all of the relevant content domains are covered/the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

What is face validity?

Examines whether the assessments "on their face" measure the constructs. Does the test appears to be appropriate for a given measurement?

Define Illusion of invulnerability as a cause of groupthink

Excessive optimism is created that encourages taking extreme risks

Define the system theory term negative entropy

Exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation

Define comorbid

Existing with or at the same time; having two different illnesses at the same time

Define psychotic

Experiencing delusions or hallucinations

What are family dynamics and what do they influence?

Family dynamics are the patterns of relating or interactions between family members. Family dynamics often have a strong influence on the way individuals see themselves, others, and the world, and influence their relationships, their behaviors, and their well-being.

How does family therapy treat the family?

Family therapy treats the family as a unified whole- a system of interacting parts in which change in any part affects the functioning of the overall system. Social roles and interpersonal interaction are the focus of treatment.

What are the five basic institutions?

Family, religion, government, education, and economics

What is the relapse stage of change?

Feelings of frustration and failure

Describe the uninvolved parenting style

Few demands, low responsiveness, and little communication. Fulfill basic needs, but are generally detached from their children's lives. Result in lowest ranking across all life domains. Tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem, and are less competent than their peers.

What might an assessment include examination of?

Frequency, intensity, and duration of suicidal or violent thoughts // Access to or availability of method(s) // Ability or inability to control suicidal/violent thoughts // Ability to not act on thoughts // Factors making a client feel better or worse // Consequences of actions // Deterrents to acting on thoughts // Whether client has been using drugs or alcohol to cope // Measures a client requires to maintain safety

Describe the Oedipus complex

Freud believed it developed during the phallic stage. Refers to a male child's sexual desire for his mother and hostility towards his father, whom he considers to be a rival for his mother's love.

Describe the psychosocial stages of development

Freud believed that personality solidifies during childhood, largely before age 5. He proposed five stages of psychosexual development: the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage. He believed that at each stage of development, children gain sexual gratification or sensual pleasure from a particular part of their bodies. Each stage has special conflicts, and children's ways of managing these conflicts influence their personalities.

Describe castration anxiety

Freud thought that a male child who sees a naked girl for the first time believes that her penis has been cut off. The child fears that his own father will do the same to him for desiring his mother. Because of this fear, the child represses his longing for his mother and begins to identify with his father.

Define social needs

Friendship, intimacy, affection, and love are needed- from one's work group, family, friends, or romantic relationships.

Describe the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development.

From 1 to 3 years old. Start to be more independent at this age. Encouragement and support in independence leads to confidence and security in being able to survive in this world. If criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves leads to feeling inadequate to survival and may become overly dependent on others, lack of self-esteem and feel sense of shame and doubt in own abilities

Describe the industry versus inferiority stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development.

From 6 years old to puberty. Develop a sense of pride in accomplishments. If encouraged and reinforced in initiative feel industrious and confident about ability to achieve goals. If restricted children begin to feel inferior, doubting abilities and failing to reach potential.

Describe the trust vs. mistrust stage of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development.

From birth to one year of age. Learn trust based off of consistency of caregiver. If trust develops successfully then this leads to confidence and security. If unsuccessful, can lead to inability to trust and sense of fear about inconsistent world. Increase in anxiety, insecurity, feelings of mistrust.

Describe the role of spirituality in the lives of American Indian/Alaska Natives

Fundamental part of life; interconnectedness of all living things; sacredness of all creation; use of traditional and Western healing practices; medicine man, shaman, or spiritual leaders are traditional healers

Describe non-substance-related disorders

Gambling disorder is the sole condition in a new category on behavioral addictions. Its inclusion here reflects research findings that gambling disorder is similar to substance-related disorders in clinical expression, brain origin, comorbidity, physiology, and treatment

Define gender identity

Gender identity is the gender(s), or lack thereof, a person self-identifies as. Not based on biological sex.

Describe gender role theory

Gender role theory asserts that observed gender differences in behavior and personality characteristics are at least in part socially constructed, and therefore the products of socialization experiences. Looks at environmental vs. biological cause of gender roles. Proposes that the social structure is the underlying force in distinguishing genders and that sex-differentiated behavior is driven by the division of labor between two sexes within a society.

Define gender roles

Gender roles refer to the set of attitudes and behaviors socially expected from those within a particular gender identity. Gender identity usually conforms to anatomic sex in both heterosexual and homosexual individuals- not transgender.

Name and describe the fifth stage of crisis intervention

Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies. A social worker and a client must come up with a plan for what will help improve the current situation. Brainstorming possibilities and finding out what has been helpful in the past are critical

Name biological factors related to mental health

Genes play a factor in the development of psychiatric disorders

What are signs of marijuana use?

Glassy, red eyes; loud talking, inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness; loss of interest, motivation; weight gain or loss

What is primary prevention?

Goal is to protect people from developing a disease, experiencing an injury, or engaging in a behavior in the first place.

Describe self-esteem in adulthood

Gradually increases, peaking sometime around the late 60's. Increase tied to assuming positions of power and status that might promote feelings of self-worth. Also increasing levels of maturity and adjustment, as well as emotional stability.

Describe group work

Group work helps individuals to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences, as well as to cope more effectively with their personal, group, or community problems. Individuals help each other in order to influence and change personal, group, organizational, and community problems

What are some typical antipsychotics?

Haldol, haldol decanoate, loxitane, mellaril, moban, navane, prolixin, serentil, stelazine, thorazine, trilafon

Define miracle question (method to identify more about client strengths, resources, and challenges)

Having the client determine what would be different if problem did not exist

Define hallucinations

Hearing, seeing, smelling, or feeling something that is not real (auditory is most common)

Name risk factors of perpetrators of abuse, neglect, and exploitation

History of owning weapons and using them against others // Criminal history; repetitive antisocial behavior // Drug and alcohol use (substance use is associated with the most violent crimes) // Psychiatric disorder with coexisting substance abuse // Certain psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis, intense suspiciousness, anger, and/or unhappiness // Personality disorders (borderline and antisocial personality disorders) // History of impulsivity; low frustration tolerance; recklessness; inability to tolerate criticism; entitlement // Angry affect without empathy for others- higher anger scores associated with increased chance of violence // Environmental stressors: lower socioeconomic status or poverty; job termination

Name and describe the third stage of crisis intervention

Identify the major problems, including crisis precipitants. A social worker should determine from a client why things have "come to a head." There is usually a "last straw," but a social worker should also find out what other problems a client is concerned about. It can also be useful to prioritize the problems in terms of which problems a client wants to work on first

What questions can be included in a family history?

Identifying family members': Ethnic backgrounds (including immigration) and traditions; Biological ties (adoption, blended family structures, foster children); Occupations and educational levels; Unusual life events or achievements; Psychological and social histories, as well as current well-being; Past and present substance use behaviors; Relationships with other family members; Roles within the immediate and larger family unit; Losses such as those from death, divorce, or physical separation; Current and past significant problems, including those due to medical, financial, and other issues; Values related to economic status, educational attainment, and employment; Coping skills or defense mechanisms

Define scaling the problem (method to identify more about client strengths, resources, and challenges)

Identifying the severity of the problem on a scale from 1 to 10 according to the client

When should a social worker consider something a "duty to warn" situation?

If a client is deemed to be a danger to an identifiable third party, a social worker has a "duty to warn" under the Tarasoff decision, as well as the party in danger.

What are the more damaging and lasting impacts of abuse and neglect

Impaired language, cognitive, and physical development

Describe the values in the lives of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders

Importance of culture and welfare of all living in a community; focus on ensuring the health of the community as a whole; everyone has a responsibility to use his or her talents to the benefit of the whole; sharing is central

Describe antisocial personality disorder

Impulsive, irresponsible, and callous; history of legal difficulties; belligerent and irresponsible behavior; aggressive and even violent relationships; no respect for others. Blatant disregard for, and violation of the rights of others. Must be at least 18 years old with evidence of conduct disorder before age 15.

What is o (objective)?

In healthcare, the objective component includes vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiration), documentation of any physical examinations and results of lab tests. In other settings, this section may include other objective indicators of problems such as disorientation, failing school, legal issues, etc.

When can a social worker limit a client's right to self determination?

In situations where a client is seen to be a danger to self or others- then a social worker can seek involuntary treatment such as commitment to an inpatient setting

What is an interview in social work?

In social work, an interview is always purposeful and involves verbal and nonverbal communication between a social worker and client, during which ideas, attitudes, and feelings are exchanged

What is delirium?

In the neurocognitive category of the DSM-V. A disoriented reaction with restlessness and confusion that may be associated with fear and hallucinations

What is active listening as a communication technique?

In which social workers are sitting up straight and leaning toward clients in a relaxed and open manner. Attentive listening can involve commenting on clients' statements, asking open-ended questions, and making statements that show listening is occurring

What is sexual abuse

Inappropriate exposure or sexual contact, activity, or behavior without consent

What is using desirable posture or gestures as a communication technique?

Includes appropriate arm movements and attentive gestures

What is exhibiting desirable facial expressions as a communication technique?

Includes direct eye contact if culturally appropriate, warmth and concern reflected, and varied facial expressions

What is symbolic modeling as a role modeling technique?

Includes filmed or videotaped models demonstrating the desired behavior. Self-modeling is another form of symbolic modeling in which clients are videotaped performing the target behavior

Define role conflict

Incompatible or conflicting expectations

What is autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-V?

Incorporates Asperger disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)

Describe characteristics of sexuality in adolescent youth aged 13-19 years old.

Increased interest in romantic and sexual relationships and in genital sex behaviors, strong emotional attachments to romantic partners, most experience happens before the age of 20.

Define positive reinforcement.

Increases probability that behavior will occur- praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior

Describe the role of communication in the lives of American Indian/Alaska Natives

Indirectness; being still and quiet; comfortable with silence; value listening and nonverbal communication; may avoid making direct eye contact as a show of respect when talking to a higher status person

Describe individual vs. institutional discrimination

Individual discrimination is when an individual is treated differently whereas institutional discrimination refers to policies or practices that discriminate against a group of people based on characteristics

How does group work facilitate change?

Individuals are the focus of concern and the group is the vehicle of growth and change. When individual problems arise, they should be directed to the group for possible solutions as the group is the agent of change.

What is physical abuse

Infliction of physical injury defined as nonaccidental trauma or physical injury caused by punching, beating, kicking, biting, or burning.

What else should biopsychosocial assessments include?

Information about a client's spiritual beliefs, as well as his or her cultural traditions.

What is secondary data?

Information that has already been collected for other purposes

What is step 5 when referring clients for services?

Initial contact: Social workers who refer clients to other professionals should take appropriate steps to facilitate an orderly transfer of responsibility. Social workers who refer clients to other professionals should disclose, with clients' consent, all pertinent information to the new service providers.

What are some ways that trauma manifests physically (both physiological and behavioral symptoms)?

Insomnia or fatigue; using harmful substances; keeping to oneself; overworking; lethargy; eating problems; drug or alcohol abuse; needing to do certain things over and over; always having to have things a certain way; doing strange or risky things.

What are psychological tests?

Instruments used to measure an assortment of mental abilities and characteristics, such as personality, achievement, intelligence, and neurological functioning. Often take the form of questionnaires. May be written, verbal, or pictorial tests. May also be referred to as scales, surveys, screens, checklists, assessments, measures, inventories, etc.

What are some cognitive and appraisal skills that are strengths/protective factors that can assist clients when they experience challenges

Intellectual/cognitive ability; Creativity, curiosity; Initiative, perseverance, patients; Common sense; Ability to anticipate problems; Realistic appraisal of demands and capacities; Ability to use feedback

What is step 4 of the phases of intervention and treatment?

Intervention aimed at making change

Name and define stage three of group development

Intimacy- utilizing self in service of the group (known as norming)

Describe schizoid personality disorder

Introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant; absorbed with own thoughts and feelings and fearful of closeness and intimacy with others. Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression of emotions.

What are specialized clinical tests?

Investigate areas of clinical interest, such as anxiety, depression, PTSD

Describe communication theory

Involves the ways in which information is transmitted; the effects of information on human systems; how people receive information from their own feelings, thoughts, memories, physical sensations, and environments; how they evaluate this information; and how they subsequently act in response to the information.

What are the psychological consequences of abuse and neglect

Isolation, fear, inability to trust, low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. These difficulties can lead to relationship problems and the possibility of antisocial behavioral traits.

What are the two main types of evaluation?

Summative and Formative

Describe self-esteem in adolescence

Self-esteem continues to decline during adolescence, perhaps due to a decrease in body image and other problems associated with puberty, as well as the increasing ability to think abstractly coupled with more academic and social challenges.

Name and define stage five of group development

Separation/termination- independence (known as adjourning)

Describe the values in the lives of Asians

Shaming and obligation to others are mechanisms for reinforcing cultural norms; adhering to rules of conduct reflects not only on the individual, but also on the family and extended kinship network, including past and future generations; usually seek help from the family or cultural community

Define folie a deax

Shared delusion

What is reflecting or validating as a communication technique?

Shows empathetic understanding of clients' problems. These techniques can also assist clients in understanding negative thought patterns

What is sibling position as it relates to Bowenian family therapy?

Sibling position is a factor in determining personality. Where a client is in birth order has an influence on how he or she relates to parents and siblings. Birth order determines the triangles that clients grow up in.

What is the goal of single-subject research?

Single-subject research aims to determine whether an intervention has the intended impact on a client, or many clients who form a group

Signs of emotional development

Skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation. Reflected in the ability to pay attention, make transitions from one activity to another, and cooperate with others

What are manifestations of abuse and neglect

Social and emotional problems, poor relationships, substance use and dependency, risky or violent behaviors, and delinquency

What is the main way that family positively impacts well-being?

Social support is one of the main ways that family positively impacts well-being. Social relationships, such as those found in close families, have been demonstrated to decrease the likelihood of negative outcomes, such as chronic disease, disability, mental illness, and death.

What is Bowenian family therapy?

Social worker is interested in improving the intergenerational transmission process. It is assumed that improvement in overall functioning will ultimately reduce a family member's symptomology.

What is the social worker's treatment approach during a crisis?

Social worker sets up specific goals and tasks to increase a client's sense of mastery and control

Describe when social workers can terminate r/t fees

Social workers in fee-for-service settings may terminate services to clients who are not paying an overdue balance if the financial contractual arrangements have been made clear to a client, if a client does not pose an imminent danger to self or others, and if the clinical and other consequences of the current nonpayment have been addressed and discussed with a client.

What is clarifying and paraphrasing as a communication technique?

Social workers rephrase what clients are saying in order to join together information. Clarification uses questioning, paraphrasing, and restating to ensure full understanding of client's ideas and thoughts

When should social workers seek consultation?

Social workers should seek the advice and counsel of colleagues whenever such consultation is in the best interests of clients, but should only do so from colleagues who have demonstrated knowledge, expertise, and competence related to the subject of the consultation.

When should social workers terminate services?

Social workers should terminate services to clients and professional relationships with them when such services and relationships are no longer required or no longer serve client needs or interests. Social workers should take reasonable steps to avoid abandoning clients who are still in need of services. Social workers should withdraw services precipitously only under unusual circumstances, giving careful consideration to all factors in the situation and taking care to minimize possible adverse effects. Social workers should assist in making appropriate arrangements for continuation of services when necessary.

What is reframing as a communication technique?

Social workers show clients that there are different perspectives and ideas that can help to change negative thinking patterns and promote change

Describe Karl Marx's conflict theory

Society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Social order is maintained by consensus among those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources. Inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society's resources actively defend their advantages. The masses are bound by coercion by those in power.

What is ventolin?

Solution is used in inhalers for asthma.

Define somatization

Somatization is unconscious process by which psychological distress is expressed as physical symptoms. Persistent somatization is associated with considerable distress and disability. May lead to overutilization of medical care, including unnecessary medical tests, and even increased hospitalization rates. Not all somatizing clients are motivated by an unconscious wish to adopt the sick role, as is observed in clients with fictitious disorder.

What is a short-term group vs. long-term group?

Some groups have a very short duration, whereas others meet for a longer duration

What is positivist (pro-treatment)?

Some instances of criminal behavior are determined by factors, such as mental illness, that offenders find difficult to control. Typically social worker stance, commitment to both the offender and the community.

What are first-order changes in strategic family therapy?

Superficial behavioral changes within a system that do not change the structure of the system.

What are some other factors that are strengths/protective factors that can assist clients when they experience challenges

Supportive social institutions, such as church; Good physical health; Adequate income; Supportive family and friends

What is psychological abuse/neglect

Sustained, repetitive, and inappropriate behavior aimed at threatening, isolating, discrediting, belittling, teasing, humiliating, bullying, confusing, and/or ignoring. Can be seen in constant criticism, belittling, teasing, ignoring or withholding of praise or affection, and placing excessive or unreasonable demands, including expectations above what is appropriate

Describe Ego-Syntonic

Syntonic = behaviors "insync" with the ego (no guilt). When the ego is comfortable with its conclusions and behaviors, a client is said to be ego-syntonic

What is the action stage of change?

Taking direct action toward achieving a goal

What are "I" statements?

Tells others how their actions may cause clients to be upset, but are in contrast with "you" statements which are often seen as blaming or aggressive.

What is step 6 of the phases of intervention and treatment?

Termination and anticipation of future needs

Define ego strength

The ability of the ego to effectively deal with the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Those with little ego strength may feel torn between these competing demands, whereas those with too much ego strength can become too unyielding and rigid. Ego strength helps maintain emotional stability and cope with internal and external stress

Describe methods to obtain sensitive information

Start off with some open-ended and non-threatening questions to gather background and get client used to speaking about their situation before having to disclose more sensitive material. Builds some trust. Be aware of verbal and nonverbal clues when speaking with a client. Repeat a question or probe further into an area to see if there is something undisclosed which is causing the anxious behavior. Gauge/explore with client to see if individual treatment in lieu of or in conjunction with couples, family, or group treatment may be appropriate. Review with client the professional mandate for confidentiality and what information will be stored in a client file. React with acceptance/neutral stance, being neither judgmental nor confrontational and not interrupting when information is gathered.

What is reframing and relabeling?

Stating problem in a different way so a client can see possible solutions

Define the system theory term homeostasis

Steady state

Used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and what are some examples?

Stimulants. Adderall (amphetamine, mixed salts), Concerta (methylphenidate, long acting), Dexadrine (dextroamphetamine), Dexadrine Spansules (dextroamphetamine, long-acting), Metadate (methylphenidate, long-acting), Ritalin (methylphenidate)

Describe strengths of a community setting that can be assessed

Strengths are positive features of the community that can be leveraged to develop solutions to problems. Strengths can include organizations, people, partnerships, facilities, funding, policies, regulations, and culture

What is multigenerational transmission in Bowenian family therapy?

Stresses the connection of the current generations to past generations as a natural process. Multigenerational transmission gives the present a context in history. The context can focus a social worker on the differentiation in the system and on the transmission process.

What is positive regard as a communication technique?

The ability to view a client of being worthy of caring about and as someone who has strengths and achievement potential

What is the circulatory system?

The body's transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that transport blood through the body. The heart pumps the blood and the arteries and veins transport it.

Define strength

The capacity to cope with difficulties, to maintain functioning under stress, to return to equilibrium in the face of significant trauma. to use external challenges to promote growth, and to be resilient by using social supports

Define context

The circumstances surrounding human exchanges of information

Define role

The collection of expectations that accompany a particular social position. Role theory examines how roles influence a wide array of psychological outcomes, including behavior, attitudes, cognitions, and social interaction

Describe the ego

The component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world. Some parts of the ego are unconscious, whereas others are preconscious or conscious. The ego operates according to the reality principle- the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world. The ego's role is to prevent the id from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways

Define manifest communication content

The concrete words or terms contained in a communication

Describe the conscious level of awareness

The conscious contains all the information that a client is paying attention to at any given time

Define metacommunication

The context within which to interpret the content of the message (i.e., nonverbal communication, body language, vocalizations)

What is the contract?

The contract (also called an intervention or service plan) may be informal or written. The contract specifies problem(s) to be worked on; the goals to reduce the problem(S); client and social worker role in the process; the intervention or techniques to be employed; the means of monitoring progress; stipulations for renegotiating the contract; and the time, place, fee, and frequency of meetings.

What is differentiation in Bowenian family therapy?

The core concept of the approach. The more differentiated, the more a client can be an individual while in emotional contact with the family. This allows a client to think through a situation without being drawn to act either by internal or external emotional pressures.

What is emotional fusion in Bowenian family therapy?

The counterpart of differentiation and refers to the tendency for family members to share an emotional response. This is the result of poor boundaries between family members. In a fused family, there is little room for emotional autonomy. If a member makes a move toward autonomy, it is experienced as abandonment by other members of the family.

In client/client system contracting and goal-setting techniques, what is "modify systems" as a change strategy?

The decision to help a client on a one-to-one basis or in the context of a larger system must take into consideration a client's preferences and previous experiences, as well as the degree to which a client's problem is a response to forces within the larger system and whether change can be readily attained by a change in the larger system

What is unversalization?

The generalization or normalization of behavior

What is the goal of placing a client based on assessed level of care?

The goal is to serve clients in the least restrictive environment, while ensuring health and safety and effective continuum of care.

Define passing

The goal of many transgender people is for their gender to be perceived correctly by others.

What occurs at the end of group work?

The group reviews its accomplishments. Feelings associated with the termination of the group are addressed.

Name the three components of personalities proposed by Freud

The id, the ego, and the superego

How are individuals who have been psychologically abused impacted

It can impact intelligence, memory, recognition, perception, attention, imagination, and moral development. Likely to be fearful, withdrawn, and/or resentful, distressed, and despairing. They are likely to feel unloved, worthless, and unwanted, or only valued in meeting another's needs.

When will an event most likely lead to emotional or psychological trauma

It happened unexpectedly // There was not preparation for it // There is a feeling of having been powerless to prevent it // It happens repeatedly // Someone was intentionally cruel // It happened in childhood

How does harm reduction complement prevention approaches?

It is based on the acceptance that, despite best efforts, clients will engage in behaviors such as substance use, and are unable or unwilling to stop using substances at any given time

How to develop and evaluate measurable objectives

It is essential that goals are written in observable and measurable terms. The following should be included: - Criteria: what behavior must be exhibited, how often, over what period of time, and under what conditions to demonstrate achievement of the goal? - Method for evaluation: how will progress be measured? - Schedule for evaluation: when, how often, and on what dates or intervals of time will progress be measured?

Who is psychoeducation provided to?

It is provided to those who are experiencing some sort of issue or problem with the rationale that, with clear understanding of the problem, as well as self-knowledge of strengths, community resources, and coping skills, clients are better equipped to deal with problems and to contribute to their emotional well-being

What is ego strength?

It is the ability of the ego to effectively deal wit the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It is a basis for resilience and helps maintain emotional stability by coping with internal and external stress.

Why is stress management important?

It provides tools to deal with threats and minimizes the impacts of psychological and/or physical reactions.

Define the defense mechanism repression

Key mechanism; expressed clinically by amnesia or symptomatic forgetting serving to banish unacceptable ideas, fantasies, affects, or impulses from consciousness.

Name some family strengths

Kinship bonds, community supports, religious connections, flexible roles, strong ethnic traditions

What is Kohlberg's theory?

Kohlberg's stages of moral development- people must pass through stages in order and become increasingly adequate at handling moral dilemmas.

Define role ambiguity

Lack of clarity of role

What are communication disorders in the DSM-V?

Language disorder; Speech sound disorder; Child-onset fluency disorder (stuttering); Social (pragmatic) communication disorder- This is a new condition that has impaired social, verbal, and nonverbal communication; Unspecified communication disorder.

Describe the role of communication in the lives of White Americans

Language- American Standard English; communication can be long-winded and impersonal

What are four orientations of the learning theories?

Learning theory is a conceptual framework describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. There is behaviorist, cognitive, humanistic, and social/situational.

What is limit-setting?

Limit setting is facilitative as clients do not feel safe or accepted in a completely permissive environment

Name some social problems that contribute to and result from poverty

Little or no education, poor basic nutrition and hygiene, disability or illness, unemployment, substance abuse, and homelessness. Communities comprised of the poor have fewer opportunities and resources to assist their members, leading to a greater likelihood that they will not be able to break out of the cycle that originally resulted in their economic insecurity.

Define the defense mechanism inhibition

Loss of motivation to engage in (usually pleasurable) activity avoided because it might stir up conflict over forbidden impulses (i.e., writing, learning, or work blocks or social shyness)

Define the defense mechanism introjection

Loved or hated external objects are symbolically absorbed within self (converse of projection; i.e., in severe depression, unconscious unacceptable hatred is turned toward self)

What is the endocrine system?

Made up of a group of glands that produce the body's long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development.

What is the skeletal system?

Made up of bones, ligaments, and tendons. It shapes the body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move.

What is the digestive system?

Made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair.

What is the nervous system?

Made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. It is the body's control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment.

What is the muscular system?

Made up of tissues that work with the skeletal system to control movement of the body. Some muscles are voluntary, others are involuntary. This means that they are controlled automatically by the nervous system and hormones.

What is the maintenance stage of change?

Maintaining a new behavior, avoiding temptation

Name and describe the second stage of crisis intervention

Make psychological contact and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship. In a crisis, a social worker must do this quickly, generally as part of assessment

Name what risk factors of perpetrators of abuse, neglect, and exploitation may include

Stressors: history of abuse; isolated with lack of social supports; low sense of self-competence and self-esteem; financial problems // Poor skills: rigid, authoritarian; low IQ; poor self-control; poor communication, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills // Family issues: marital discord, imbalanced relationship with marital partner (dominant or noninvolved); domestic violence; substance abuse

Describe the values in the lives of African Americans

Strong kinship bonds; strong work orientation; strong religious orientation; use informal support network- church or community; distrust of government; and social services- feel "big brother" doesn't care; don't like to admit they need help- strong sense of pride

Define stratification

Structured inequality of entire categories of people have unequal access to social unequal access to social rewards

What are the two distinct network forms?

Mandated network arrangements and self-organizing networks. Within each of these forms, there may be a lead organization or a model in which all organizations share decision-making power.

What is societal regression in Bowenian family therapy?

Manifested by the depletion of natural resources. Bowen's theory can be used to explain societal anxieties and social problems, because Bowen viewed society as a family- an emotional system complete with its own multigenerational transmission, chronic anxiety, emotional triangles, cutoffs, projection processes, and fusion/differentiation struggles.

Describe the role of communication in the lives of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders

Many Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander subgroups, representing different languages and customs; ability to speak English has a tremendous impact on access to health information, public services; Hawaii is the only state in the United States that has designated a native language, Hawaiian, as one of its two official state languages

Describe the stage in spiritual development where scientific skepticism and questioning are critical, because an individual does not accept things on faith, but only if convinced logically.

Many people working in a scientific or technical field may question spiritual or supernatural forces because they are difficult to measure or prove scientifically. Move away from simple, official doctrines.

How can sexual dysfunction be treated?

Many symptoms can be addressed medically. However, can also be due to childhood sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, stressful life events, etc.

Name the prominent people and describe humanistic learning theory.

Maslow. Learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs. Social workers aim to develop the whole person.

Define the defense mechanism identification with the aggressor

Mastering anxiety by identifying with a powerful aggressor (such as an abusing parent) to counteract feelings of helplessness and to feel powerful oneself. Usually involves behaving like the aggressor (i.e., abusing other after one has been abused oneself)

What are job/occupational tests?

Match interests with careers

Who might participate in roll play?

May be between supervisor and supervisee or social worker and client. Participation helps embed concepts- gives clarity to information that may be abstract or difficult to understand

What are outcomes?

May be knowledge, abilities (skills), and/or attitudes (values, dispositions) that have been obtained, outcomes are achieved results.

What is an indicator that a client is ready for termination?

May be marked when meetings between a social worker and client seem uneventful and the tone becomes one closer to cordiality rather than challenge, as well as when no new ground has been discovered for several sessions in a row.

What is cooptation?

May be used as a strategy to influence social policy as leaders will try to quiet dissention or disturbances not only by dealing with immediate grievances, but by making efforts to channel the energies and anger of dissenters into more legitimate and less disruptive activities. When coopting, incentives are offered and other efforts are made aimed at complacency.

Describe characteristics of sexuality in children aged 3-7 years old

May practice urinating in different positions, affectionate and enjoy hugging other children and adults, may imitate adult social and sexual behaviors- holding hands and kissing. May play "doctor" looking at other kids genitals and showing theirs. By age 5 or 6 become more modest and private about dressing and bathing. May role play house or being married. Most sex play at this age happens because of curiosity.

Describe what race means.

Meaning is not fixed. It's related to a particular social, historical, and geographic context. How race is defined has changed over time. Previously based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, or minority language groups. Today, primarily based on skin color.

What is empathy as a communication technique?

Means that a social worker understands the ideas expressed, as well as the feelings of a client

What are personality tests?

Measure basic personality traits/characteristics

What are educational tests?

Measure cognitive (thinking) abilities and academic achievement. Provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses that accurately identify areas for academic remediation and insight into the best learning strategies. Provide the necessary documentation for the legal purposes of establishing the presence of disabilities, but they do not guarantee that their findings will be accepted by schools and/or accommodations provided.

What are intelligence tests?

Measure intelligence (IQ)

Define direct pressure on dissenters as a cause of groupthink

Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group's views

Define belief in inherent morality as a cause of groupthink

Members believe in the rightness of their cause and ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions

Define collective rationalization as a cause of groupthink

Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions

Define self-appointed "midguards" as a cause of groupthink

Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group's cohesiveness, views, and/or decisions

Define modeling

Method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client.

Define shaping.

Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

What is descriptive statistics?

Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way (describes what the data shows)

Define stereotyped views of those "on the out" as a cause of groupthink

Negative views of the "enemy" make conflict seem unnecessary

Describe community development

Neighborhood work aimed at improving the quality of community life through the participation of a broad spectrum of people at the local level. A long-term commitment that aims to address imbalances in power and bring about change founded on social justice, equality, and inclusion.

Define contraindicated

Not recommended or safe to use

Define latent communication content

Not visible, the underlying meaning of words or terms

Describe changes in sensation symptoms of neurologic and organic disorders

Numbness of the skin, tingling or "pins-and-needles" sensation, hypersensitivity to light touch, loss of sensation for touch, cold, heat, or pain

Define the system theory term input

Obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system

What is secondary prevention?

Occurs after a disease, injury, or illness has occurred. It aims to slow the progression or limit the long-term impacts. It is often implemented when asymptomatic, but risk factors are present. May also focus on preventing injury.

What is summative evaluation?

Occurs at the end of services and provides an overall description of their effectiveness. Examine outcomes to determine whether objectives were met. Enable decisions to be made regarding future service directions that cannot be made during implementation. Ex: Impact evaluations and cost-benefit analsyses

Define group polarization

Occurs during group decision making when discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the members would adopt on their own.

Describe disability

Occurs when physical or mental health declines associated with aging, illness, or injury restrict ability to perform activities of daily living.

Define double blind

Offering two contradictory messages and prohibiting the recipient from noticing the contradiction

What are mandated network arrangements?

Often associated with a centralized structure

Define cultural identity

Often defined as the identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by his or her self-identification with that group or culture. Cultural, racial, and ethnic identities play a particularly large role among minority youth because they experience the contrasting and dominant culture of the majority ethnic group.

Describe the role of communication in the lives of Asians

Often indirect in order to avoid direct confrontation and maintain highly valued harmonious relationships; less emotional expressiveness (reserved) and demonstration of affection

Describe the role of communication in the lives of Hispanic/Latinos

Often speak Spanish; display varied emotional expressiveness depending on language being spoken

What effects can discrimination have on a macro level?

On a macro level discrimination restricts access to the resources and systems needed for good health, education, employment, social support, and participation in sports, cultural, and civic activities.

What is evaluation in relation to intervention planning?

Subjective reports of a client, in conjunction with objective indicators of progress, should be used to determine when goals or objectives have been met and whether new goals or objectives should be set. Client self-monitoring is a good way to involve a client so he or she can see and track progress himself or herself.

Define postmorbid

Subsequent to the onset of an illness

Describe the self-medication model and how it is believed to explain the causes of substance abuse

Substances relieve symptoms of psychiatric disorder and continued use is reinforced by relief of symptoms

What is behavior modification as a treatment technique that can be used with couples?

Successful couples counseling methods will address and attempt to modify any dysfunctional behavior so that couples can change the way each individual behaves with the other.

Define the biological personality theory

Suggest that genetics are responsible for personality. Heritability suggests link between genetics and personality traits.

What is formative evaluation?

Ongoing processes that allow for feedback to be implemented during service delivery. Allow social workers to make changes as needed to help achieve program goals. Ex: Needs assessments.

What is an open vs. closed group?

Open groups are those in which new members can join at any time. Closed groups are those in which all members begin the group at the same time.

What are attitudes/behaviors referred to as resistance (to change)?

Oppositional, reactionary, noncompliant, and/or unmotivated

Describe trauma-informed care

Organizations, programs, and services are based on an understanding of the vulnerabilities or triggers of trauma survivors that traditional service delivery approaches may exacerbate, so that these services and programs can be more supportive and avoid re-traumatization. Can also be viewed as an overarching philosophy and approach based on the understanding that many clients have suffered traumatic experiences.

Define the defense mechanism idealization

Overestimation of an admired aspect or attribute of another

What are examples of tertiary prevention?

Pain management groups, rehabilitation programs, and support groups

Define in vivo desensitization.

Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety provoking situations, takes place in "real" setting.

Describe the role of family in the lives of White Americans

Parents with young children; divorce common; personal desires put over family; parents try to be friends with their children; avoid physical punishment

Describe how family can be a risk factor for alcohol and other drug abuse

Parents, siblings, and/or spouse use substances; family dysfunction (i.e., inconsistent discipline, poor parenting skills, lack of positive family rituals and routine); family trauma (i.e., death, divorce)

Define the defense mechanism regression

Partial or symbolic return to more infantile patterns of reacting or thinking. Can be in service to ego (i.e., as dependency during illness)

What is partialization?

Partialization aims to break complex issues into simpler ones. A social worker may need to assist a client to break down problems or goals into less overwhelming and more manageable components.

Describe the role of family in the lives of Asians

Patriarchal system in which a wife has lower status and is subservient to her father, husband, and oldest son; obligation to parents and respect for elders; hierarchical family structure with strictly prescribed roles and rules of behavior and conduct

Describe dependent personality disorder

Pattern of dependent and submissive behavior; relying on others to make personal decisions; require excessive reassurance and advice

Name the prominent people and describe behaviorist learning theory

Pavlov, Skinner. Learning is viewed through change in behavior and stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. Social workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.

What is respondent/classical conditioning?

Pavlov. Learning occurs as a result of pairing previously neutral (conditioned) stimulus with an unconditioned (involuntary) stimulus so the conditioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by the unconditional stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus à unconditioned response Unconditioned stimulus + conditioned stimulus à unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus à conditioned response

What is the Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)?

A forced-choice, self-report inventory that attempts to classify individuals along four independent dimensions. The first dimension is a general attitude toward the world, either extraverted (E) or introverted (I). The second dimension, perception, is divided between sensation (S) and intuition (N). The third dimension is that of processing. Once information is received, it is processed in either a thinking (T) or feeling (F) style. The final dimension is judging (J) vs. perceiving (P).

Define the defense mechanism projective identification

A form of projection utilized by persons with borderline personality disorder- unconsciously perceiving others' behavior as a reflection of one's own identity

Define gender role

A gender role is a theoretical construct that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex.

What is a mission statement?

A general, concise statement outlining the purpose guiding the practices of an organization. Outcomes eventually flow from the mission statements of an agency

What is metoprolol?

A generic version of lopressor, is used to treat high blood pressure and also helps reduce the risk of repeated heart attacks. Also treats heart failure and heart pain or angina.

What is insight-oriented psychotherapy as a treatment technique that can be used with couples?

A good deal of time is spent studying interactions between individuals in order to develop a hypothesis concerning what caused individuals to react to each other in the way they do.

Define genogram

A graphic representation of a family tree that displays the interactions of generations within a family. It is used to identify repetitive patterns of behavior and to recognize hereditary tendencies.

What is Lisinopril (used to be sold under the brand names zestril and prinivil)?

A high blood pressure medication. Its main function is to block chemicals in the body that trigger the tightening of blood vessels. Also used to help treat heart failure.

Describe how social factors can be a risk factor for alcohol and other drug abuse

Peers use drugs and alcohol; social or cultural norms condone use of substances; expectations about positive effects of drugs and alcohol; drugs and alcohol are available and accessible

Define John Bowlby's definition of attachment

A lasting psychological connectedness between human beings that can be understood within and evolutionary context in which a caregiver provides safety and security for a child. Critical period is within first five years and attachment figure acts as a secure base for exploring the world.

What is crestor?

A lipid-lowering agent taken orally.

Define esteem needs

People need a stable, firmly based level of self-respect and respect from others.

Describe an exaggerated sense of inferiority

People overcompensate, rather than try to master challenges, they try to cover up their sense of inferiority by focusing on outward signs of superiority such as status, wealth, and power

Define straight/heterosexual

People who are attracted to a different gender

Define gay/homosexual

People who are attracted to a different gender. Gay women may prefer "lesbian."

Define bisexual

People who are attracted to both men and women

Define questioning/curious

People who are unsure about their sexual orientation

Define asexual

People who do not experience sexual attraction

Define Pansexual/queer

People whose attractions span across many different gender identities

Define the defense mechanism reaction formation

Person adopts affects, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors that are opposites of those he or she harbors consciously or unconsciously (i.e., excessive moral zeal masking strong, but repressed asocial impulses or being excessively sweet to mask unconscious anger)

Describe borderline personality disorder

Unstable in interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image; abrupt and extreme mood changes; stormy interpersonal relationships; fluctuating self-image; self-destructive actions

Describe how behavioral factors can be risk factors for alcohol and other drug abuse

Use of other substances; aggressive behavior in childhood; impulsivity and risk-taking; rebelliousness; school-based academic or behavioral problems; poor interpersonal relationships

What are antidepressants used for?

Used for the treatment of depressive disorders.

What are antipsychotics used for?

Used for the treatment of schizophrenia and mania.

What is inferential statistics?

Used to answer research questions or test models hypotheses- making "inferences." Makes inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample of data taken from the population in question.

What is lyrica?

Used to control seizures, as well as treat nerve pain and fibromyalgia.

What are antimanic agents (mood stabilizers) used to treat? What are some examples?

Used to treat bipolar disorder. Examples: depakene, depakote sprinkle; Lamictal; Lithium, eskalith, lithobid; tegretol, carbtrol; topamax.

What is Diovan used for?

Used to treat heart disease or heart failure.

What is vyvanse?

Used to treat hyperactivity and impulse control disorders.

What is levothyroxine sodium?

Used to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough of the thyroid hormone. This drug also is used to treat thyroid cancer and to help shrink an enlarged thyroid gland.

What is nexium?

Used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions involving excessive stomach acid.

Define the system theory term closed system

Uses up its energy and dies

What is questioning as a communication technique?

Using open- and closed-ended formats to get relevant information in a nonjudgmental manner

Describe qualitative research

Usually involves collecting information through unstructured interviews, observation, and/or focus groups. Data collection methods are usually very time consuming, so smaller samples are used (mainly questionnaires/surveys).

Describe other symptoms of neurologic and organic disorders

Vertigo, loss of balance, and slurred speech (dysarthria)

Describe the permissive parenting style

Very few demands on children. Rarely discipline their children and are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, more friend than parent. Results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation, experiencing problems with authority and tending to perform poorly in school.

How can you involve clients in problem identification?

View clients as experts in their lives; Clients should be asked about what they would like to see changed in their lives and clients' definitions of problems should be accepted; Clients should be asked about what will be different in their lives when their problems are solved; Clients should be asked about the paths that they would like to take to make desired changes.

Describe systems theory

Views human behavior through larger contexts, such as members of families, communities, and broader society. When one thing changes within a system, the whole system is affected.

Describe some muscle malfunction symptoms of neurologic and organic disorders

Weakness, tremor (rhythmic shaking of a body part), paralysis, involuntary (unintended) movements (such as tics), clumsiness or poor coordination, and muscle spasms

Describe the role of family in the lives of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders

Western concept of "immediate family" is completely alien to indigenous Hawaiians; family is not restricted to those related by blood; "we are all related"; ties that bind cannot be broken, even by death; cherish their ancestors, with generation upon generation of lineage committed to memory and beautiful chants composed to herald their ancestors' abilities

Define groupthink

When a group makes faulty decision because of group pressures. Ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups.

Define gender fluidity

When gender expression shifts between masculine and feminine, can be displayed in dress, expression, and self-description

What is assertiveness training?

When procedures are used to teach clients how to express their positive and negative feelings and to stand up for their rights in ways that will not alienate others. Promotes the use of "I" statements.

Describe what happens when children experience violence/trauma

When trauma or violence occurs during childhood, children may have problems regulating their behaviors and emotions. They may be clingy and fearful of new situations, easily frightened, difficult to console, aggressive, impulsive, sleepless, delayed in developmental milestones, and/or regressing in functioning and behavior.

Define role reversal

When two or more individuals switch roles

Define the defense mechanism intellectualization

Where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. Emotional aspects are completely ignored as being irrelevant. Jargon is often used as a device of intellectualization. By using complex terminology, the focus is placed on the words rather than the emotions.

What are the six ethnic and racial categories that the U.S. Census officially recognizes?

White American; American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian; African American; Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander; and people of two or more races.

Describe the values in the lives of Hispanic/Latinos

Wish to improve their life circumstances; belief in the innate worth of all individuals and that people are born into their lot in life; respect for dignity of self and others; respect for elders; respect for authority; very proud of heritage- never forget where they came from

Define extinction.

Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease.

What is interdisciplinary approach?

Working together with others from various professions

What are the three components of thought or emotion logs that clients keep especially when using CBT?

a) Disturbing emotional states b) The exact behaviors engaged in at the time of emotional states c) Thoughts that occurred when the emotions emerged *Homework for CBT patients

What do a social worker and client do in termination?

a) Evaluate the degree to whicn a client's goals have been attained b) Acknowledge and address issues related to the ending of the relationship c) Plan for subsequent steps a cliet may take relevant to the problem that do not involve a social worker

What are the goals of intervention during a crisis?

a) To relieve the impact of stress with emotional and social resources b) Return a client to a previous level of functioning (regain equilibrium) c) Help strengthen coping mechanisms during the crisis period d) Develop adaptive coping strategies

What is SOAP?

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

How does a social worker select intervention/treatment?

The intervention plan is driven by the data collected as part of the assessment. Assessment is informed by current human behavior and development research that provides key information about how clients behave and research about risk and resilience factors that affect human functioning.

What is family structure?

The invisible set of functional demands organizing interaction among family members.

Define Illusion of unanimity as a cause of groupthink

The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous

Describe the superego

The moral component of personality. It contains all the moral standards learned from parents and society. The superego forces the ego to conform not only to reality, but also to its ideals of morality. The superego causes clients to feel guilty when they go against society's rules

What is the nuclear family in Bowenian family therapy?

The most basic unit in society and there is a concern over the degree to which emotional fusion can occur in a family system.

What is hydrocodone/acetaminophen?

The most popular painkiller used to treat moderate to severe pain. Hydrocodone, a narcotic analgesic, relieves pain through the central nervous system, and it is also used to stop or prevent coughing. This drug can become habit-forming when used over an extended period of time.

What is the emotional triangle in Bowenian family therapy?

The network of relationships among three people. Bowen's theory states that a relationship can remain stable until anxiety is introduced. However, when anxiety is introduced into the dyad, a third party is recruited into a triangle to reduce the overall anxiety. It is almost impossible for two people to interact without tirangulation.

Define the trait personality theory

The personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is basically a relatively stable characteristic that causes and individual to behave in certain ways.

What is p (plan)?

The plan includes what will be done as a consequence of the assessment.

What is mindfulness?

The practice of paying close attention to what is being experienced in the present, both inside the body and mind and in the external world. It is a conscious effort to be with whatever is going on right now, without judging or criticizing what we find.

Describe the preconscious level of awareness

The preconscious contains all the information outside of a client's attention but readily available if needed- thoughts and feelings that can be brought into consciousness easily

What are the three different levels of awareness according to Freud

The preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious

What is social planning?

The process by which a group or community decides it goals and strategies relating to societal issues. Models of social planning in social work practice include those that are based on community participation.

Describe emotional and psychological trauma

The result of extraordinarily stressful events that destroy a sense of security, making a client feel helpless and vulnerable in a dangerous world. Traumatic experiences often involve a threat to life or safety, but any situation that leaves a client feeling overwhelmed and alone can be traumatic, even if it does not involve physical harm.

Define role discomplementarity

The role expectations of others differ from one's own

Define role complementarity

The role is carried out in an expected way

What is predictive validity?

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

Define physiological needs

These needs maintain the physical organism. Biological needs such as food, water, oxygen, constant body temperature. If deprived person will die.

Define the defense mechanism rationalization

Third line of defense; not unconscious. Giving believable explanation for irrational behavior; motivated by unacceptable unconscious wishes or by defenses used to cope with such wishes

What is structural family therapy?

This approach stresses the importance of family organization for the functioning of the group and the well-being of its members. A social worker "joins" (engages) the family in an effort to restructure it.

What is s (subjective)?

This component is a client's report of how he or she has been doing since the last visit and/or what brought a client into treatment.

What is a psychoeducation method?

This model allows a social worker to provide clients with information necessary to make informed decisions that will allow them to reach their respective goals.

What is internal validity?

This type of validity is focused on determining whether a study's findings are accurate, or are more the result of the influence of extraneous variables. Addresses the extent to which causal inferences can be made about the intervention and the targeted behavior.

Define neurologic and organic symptoms

Those that are caused by disorders that affect part or all of the nervous system or are biologically based.

How can a thoughts/behaviors be modified in a system?

Thoughts can be modified by feedback from others and behaviors can be modified through the actions of others in a system (by altering reinforcements). A social worker can also advocate for a client and seek to secure a change in a system on his or her behalf.

Name some examples of psychosocial stress

Threats to social status, social esteem, respect and/or acceptance within a group; threats to self-worth; or threats that are perceived as uncontrollable

How can social workers help facilitate the process of planning?

Through all stages: organizing community members; data gathering related to the issue- including identifying economic, political, and social causes; problem identification; weighing of alternatives; policy/program implementation; and evaluation of effectiveness

What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?

To change patterns of thinking or behavior that are responsible for clients' difficulties, and so change the way they feel.

What is the function of family?

To control and regulate sexual behavior, to provide for new members of society (children), to provide for the economic and emotional maintenance of individuals, and to provide for primary socialization of children.

What is the function of government?

To create norms via laws and enforce them, to adjudicate conflict via the courts, to provide for the welfare of members of society, and to protect society from external threats.

What is the goal of the problem-solving process?

To enhance client mental, emotional, and action capacities for coping with problems and/or making accessible the opportunities and resources necessary to generate solutions to problems.

What is the goal of family therapy?

To interrupt the circular pattern of pathological communication and behaviors and replace it with a new pattern that will sustain itself without the dysfunctional aspects of the original patter.

What is the function of economics?

To provide methods for the production and distribution of goods and services. To enable individuals to acquire goods and services that are produced.

What is the function of religion?

To provide solutions for the unexplained, to support the normative structure of the society, to provide a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations, to sustain the existing class structure, and to promote and prevent social change.

What is the function of education?

To transmit culture, to prepare for jobs and roles, to evaluate and select competent individuals, and to transmit functional skills.

What are some traits usually considered to be indicators of positive ego strength?

Tolerance of pain associated with loss, disappointment, shame or guilt; Forgiveness of others, with feelings of compassion rather than anger; Persistence and perseverance in the pursuit of goals; and/or openness, flexibility, and creativity in learning to adapt. Those with positive ego strength are less likely to have psychiatric crises.

What are tic disorders in the DSM-V?

Tourette's disorder; Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder; Provisional tic disorder

Define transition

Transition is a time when individuals begin living as the gender with which they identify rather than the gender they were assigned at birth.

Define trauma and why does a social worker need to treat trauma

Trauma is the response that a client has to an extremely negative event. A social worker is needed to treat the stress and dysfunction caused by the traumatic event and to restore a client to his or her previous emotional state.

What is exploitation

Treating someone badly in order to benefit from his or her resources or work. It is when someone uses a situation to gain unfair advantage for himself or herself. It is more common when there is a power differential between parties due to social status, abilities, income, education, job position, etc.

Name Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development

Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, ego integrity vs. despair

Describe the role of spirituality in the lives of African Americans

Turn to community and/or religious leaders if assistance is needed; church is seen as a central part of community life

What might social workers want to ask about the extent of which clients do certain behaviors to help assess coping abilities?

Turn to work or other substitute activities to take their minds off things // Get upset and let their emotions out // Get advice from other about what to do // Concentrate on doing something about their problems // Put their trust in high beings // Laugh about their situations // Discuss their feelings with others // Use alcohol or drugs to make themselves feel better // Pretend that their problems do not exist // Seek out others who have similar experiences

What are achievement/Aptitude tests?

Typically used in education, measure how much clients know (have achieved) in certain subject or subjects, or have ability (aptitude) to learn

Define the defense mechanism isolation of affect

Unacceptable impulse, idea, or act is separated from its original memory source, thereby removing the original emotional charge associated with it

Define the defense mechanism substitution

Unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one more attainable or acceptable

What are some indicators of physical abuse?

Unexplained bruises or welts on the face, lips, mouth, torso, back, buttocks, or thighs, sometimes reflecting the shape of the article used to inflict them (electric cord, belt buckle, etc.) // Unexplained burns from a cigar or cigarette, especially on soles, palms, back, or buttocks- sometimes patterned like an electric burner, iron, or similar // Unexplained fractures to the skull, nose, or facial structure // Unexplained lacerations or abrasions to the mouth, lips, gums, eyes, and/or external genitalia

Define the defense mechanism identification

Universal mechanism whereby a person patterns himself or herself after a significant other. Plays a major role in personality development, especially superego development

What techniques may a social worker use during an interview?

Universalization, clarification, confrontation, interpretation, and reframing and relabeling

Describe factors of negative body image

- Distorted perception of shape or body parts, unlike what they really are - Believing only other people are attractive and that body size or shape is a sign of personal failure - Feeling body doesn't measure up to family, social, or media ideals - Ashamed, self-conscious, and anxious about body - Uncomfortable and awkward in body -Constant negative thoughts about body and comparisons to others

Describe some possible effects of a negative body image

- Emotional distress - Low self-esteem - Unhealthy dieting habits - Anxiety - Depression - Eating disorders -Social withdrawal or isolation

How is social policy influenced by legal issues/law?

- Essential to understand how new policies will influence or interact with existing laws - Policies may not be supported if they are believed to negatively impact on existing policies that are seen as beneficial

Describe the main tasks of stage 2 of the family life cycle: Leaving home

- Differentiating self from family of origin and parents and developing adult-to-adult relationships with parents - Developing intimate peer relationships -Beginning work, developing work identity, and financial independence

Describe the main tasks of stage 5 of the family life cycle: Family with young children

- Realigning family system to make space for children - Adopting and developing parenting roles - Realigning relationships with families of origin to include parenting and grandparenting roles -Facilitating children to develop peer relationships

What are methods to engage and work with involuntary clients/client systems?

- Acknowledging clients' circumstances and understanding how they came about given clients' histories - Listening to clients' experiences in order to try and understand how they feel about intervention - Engaging in clear communication because involuntary clients struggle to understand what is happening to them - Making clear what the purpose of the intervention is, what clients have control over and what they do not, what is going to happen next, and what the likely consequences will be if they do not participate - Assisting at an appropriate pace as progress may be slow - Building trust, even on the smallest scale, by consistently being honest and up-front about the situation and why a social worker is involved - Giving clients practical assistance when needed to help them fight for their rights - Paying attention to what is positive in clients' behavior and celebrating achievements - Showing empathy and viewing clients as more than the problems that brought them into services

Describe the main tasks of stage 6 of the family life cycle: Family with adolescents

- Adjusting parent-child relationships to allow adolescents more autonomy - Adjusting family relationships to focus on midlife relationships and career issues -Taking on responsibility of caring for families or origin

What are some impacts of out-of-home displacement?

- Associated with losses such as those due to health issues, financial concerns, or safety problems - May have change in roles which can cause poor self-image - Loss of possessions - Associated cost - Loss of relationships - Don't have same freedom/control

What should staff appearance look like for trauma-informed care?

- Attire connotes professionalism; easy to identify staff members - Clothing not sexually provocative

Describe stage 3: Stability of the theory of couples development

- Characterized by the redirection of personal attention, time, and activities away from partner and toward one's self - Individuals focus on personal attention, time, and activities away from partners and toward one's self - Individuals focus on personal needs in a manner that is respectful of others- autonomy and individuality are key - Acceptance that partners are different from one another - Partners learn to live independent lives while still identifying as and seeing the value of being part of an intimate relationship- i.e. "practicing" - "Rapprochement" - partners experience crisis that will threaten their identities or separateness. They may rely more heavily on companionship and intimacy, seeking more comfort and support from each other. -Some back and forth in this stage, but ultimate goal being intimacy that does not sacrifice separateness

What should staff behavior be like for trauma-informed care?

- Clearly demonstrate proper manners and respect - Make every effort to minimalize delays - Speak in clear, nonthreatening tones - Make eye contact - Smile and demonstrate a generally pleasant demeanor - Open physical stance, nodding - Open to change/not rigid

What are techniques to the motivational approach?

- Clearly identifying the problem or risk area - Explaining why change is important - Advocating for specific change - Identifying barriers and working to remove them - Finding the best course of action - Setting goals - Taking steps toward change - Preventing relapse

What roles can a social worker take on when functioning as an observer?

- Complete participant: living the experience as a participant - Participant as observer: interacting with those who are participating - Observer as participant: limited relationship with others participating- primarily observer - Complete observer: removed from activity- observer only

Describe the main tasks of stage 8 of the family life cycle: Later family life

- Coping with physiological decline in self and others - Adjusting to children taking a more central role in family maintenance - Valuing the wisdom and experience of the elderly - Dealing with loss of spouse and peers -Preparing for death, life review, and reminiscence

How is social policy influenced by knowledge/innovation?

- Create new opportunities to change, as well as information that current practices may need to be reformed - Technological advances are often drivers of changes in policy

What are some relaxation exercises as anger management techniques?

- Deep breathing - Meditation or repeating calming words/phrases - Guided imagery - Yoga - Stretching or physical exercise

Describe the five stages of grief by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

- Denial and isolation: Shock is replaced with the feeling of "this can't be happening to me" - Anger: The emotional confusion that results from this loss may lead to anger and finding someone or something to blame- "why me?" - Bargaining: The next stage may result in trying to negotiate with one's self (or a higher power) to attempt to change what has occurred - Depression: A period of sadness and loneliness will then occur, in which a person reflects on his or her grief and loss -Acceptance: After time feeling depressed about the loss, a person will eventually be at peace with what happened

Describe the main tasks of stage 4 of the family life cycle: Childless couple stage

- Developing a way to live together both practically and emotionally -Adjusting relationships with families of origin and peers to include partner

What are key clinical issues in family therapy?

- Establishing a contract with the family - Examining alliances within the family - Identifying where power resides - Determining the relationship of each family member to the problem - Seeing how to family relates to the outside world - Assessing influence of family history on current family interactions - Ascertaining communication patterns - Identifying family rules that regulate patterns of interaction - Determining meaning of presenting symptom in maintaining family homeostasis - Examining flexibility of structure and accessibility of alternative action patterns - Finding out about sources of external stress and support

How should a social worker facilitate empowerment?

- Establishing a relationship aimed at meeting a client's needs and wishes such as access to social services and benefits or to other sources of information - Educate a client to improve his or her skills, therapy increasing the ability for self-help - Help a client to secure resources, such as those from other organizations or agencies, as well as natural support networks, to meet needs - Unite a client with others who are experiencing the same issues when needed to enable social and political action

Describe stage 5: Co-creation of the theory of couples development

- Foundation of relationship is no longer personal need, but the appreciation and love of the other and the support and respect for mutual growth -Work on project together- business, charities, and/or families. Aims to make a contribution beyond the relationship itself

What may social workers help clients see in regards to coping/other self-care skills?

- How their histories have shaped them - Needs associated with medical and/or behavioral health conditions - Developmental issues related to various phases across the lifespan - The workings of systems in which they operate - Ways of coping in various situations

What are some questions to guide the selection of intervention modalities?

- How will the recommended modality assist with the achievement of the treatment goal and will it help get the outcomes desired? - How does the recommended treatment modality promote client strengths, capabilities, and interests? - What are the risks and benefits associated with the recommended modality? - Is there research or evidence to support the use of this modality for this target problem? - Is this modality appropriate and tested on those with the same or similar cultural background as the client? - What training and experience does a social worker have with the recommended modality? - Is the recommended modality evidence-based or consistent with available research? if not, why? - Was the recommended modality discussed with and selected by a client? - Will the use of the recommended modality be assessed periodically? When? How> - Is the recommended treatment modality covered by insurance? What is the cost? - How does it compare to the use of other options?

What are the standard elements of a case presentation?

- Identifying data (demographics, cultural considerations) - History of the presenting problem (family history) - Significant medical/psychiatric history (diagnoses) - Significant personal and/or social history (legal issues, academic/work problems, crisis/safety concerns) - Presenting problem (assessment, mental status, diagnosis) - Impressions and summary (interview findings) - Recommendations (treatment plan/intervention strategies, goals, theoretical models used)

What are examples of primary prevention?

- Immunizations against disease - Education promoting the use of automobile passenger restraints and bicycle helmets - Screenings for the general public to identify risk factors for illness - Controlling hazards in the work place and home - Regular exercise and good nutrition - Counseling about the dangers of tobacco and other drugs - Is the most cost effective

What should the social worker consider r/t cultural aspects of treatment?

- Individual vs. group treatment - Alternative treatment approaches (yoga, aromatherapy, music, writing) - Medication (western, traditional, and/or alternative) - Family involvement - Location/duration of intervention

Describe stage 1: Romance of the theory of couples development

- Individuals are introduced and learn about the other partner - Conversations and dates to learn about the other partner take place - Focus of this stage is attachment - Differences are minimized and partners place few demands on each other - Members engage in symbiotic or mutualistic relationships- often putting the needs of other before their own -Individuals who are coupling do not see themselves as unique

What are indicators that a social worker should use as evidence that a client may be resistant or not ready/able to fully participate in services?

- Limiting the amount of information communicated to a social worker - Silence/minimal talking during sessions - Engaging in small talk with a social worker about irrelevant topics - Engaging in intellectual talk by using technical terms/abstract concepts or asking questions of a social worker that are not related to client issues or problems - Being preoccupied with past events, instead of current issues - Discounting, censoring, or editing thoughts when asked about them by a social worker - False promising -Flattering a social worker in an attempt to "soften" him or her so the client will not be pushed to act - Not keeping appointments - Payment delays or refusals

Describe the main tasks of stage 1 of the family life cycle: family of origin experiences

- Maintaining relationships with parents, siblings, and peers - Completing education -Developing the foundations of family life

How is social policy influenced by external influences?

- Media can call attention to a problem - Public opinion - Cooptation

What are the three self-object needs

- Mirroring: behavior validates the child's sense of a perfect self - Idealization: child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable -Twinship/twinning: child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging

How is social policy influenced by social, political, and economic condition/resources?

- Needed to move policies through the policy process and/or implement - Social norms change over time and faster or impede social policy development or revision

Describe stage 2: Power Struggle of the theory of couples development

- Soon individuals see that they have difference from their mates - Unique qualities result in unique needs that require an ongoing process of defining oneself and managing conflict, which threatens intimacy - Differences are are the focus, time away from each other is often needed for the partners, and the bliss associated with initial stage dissolves - Differentiation, or seeing oneself as distinct within a relationship, must be managed so that so that these new feelings do not result in breakups as the illusion of "being one" fades - Critical effort made to balance the desire for self-discovery with the desire for intimacy -To survive this stage, individuals must acknowledge differences, learn to share power, forfeit fantasies of complete harmony, and accept partners without the need to change them

What should the environment of care for trauma-informed care look like?

- Soothing colors for decor and paint - Overall quiet; soft music - Neutral or pleasant aroma - Individual chairs with discrete seating areas - Individual bathroom options

How is social policy influenced by institutional influences?

- Structure of the institution - Policies can be complex or integrated into the practices of complex institutional systems- can be difficult to understand/change

What are some of client's culture's strengths that can be brought into the intervention process?

- Supportive family and community relations - Community and cultural events and activities - Faith and spiritual or religious beliefs - Multilingual capabilities - Healing practices and beliefs - Participation in rituals (religious, cultural, familial, spiritual, community) - Dreams and aspirations

What are examples of secondary prevention?

- Telling those with heart conditions to take daily, low-dose aspirin - Screenings for those with risk factors for illness - Modifying work assignments for injured workers

What is organizational understanding in trauma-informed care?

- Trauma policy/philosophy in place - Commitment to trauma-informed care articulated - All staff/clients/family members taught about trauma and its impact - Universal trauma screening for all patients - Trauma status continually assessed - Clear organization plan for dealing with behavioral crises - Discrete areas for calming or crisis management identified - Feedback valued and concerted outreach efforts made

What is healthy family functioning characterized by?

- Treating each family member as an individual - Having regular routines and structure - Being connected to extended family, friends, and the community - Having realistic expectations - Spending quality time, which is characterized by fun, relaxed, and conflict-free interactions - Ensuring that members take care of their own needs and not just the family needs -Helping one another through example and direct assistance

What are treatment considerations for trauma-informed care?

- Treatment goals reflect consumer preferences - Treatment integrated across disciplines - Offering choice of treatment provider when possible - Everyday language used - All statements of abuse acknowledged and addressed - Sensitivity to seating configuration and proximity of seating options - Co-occurring treatment needs assessed and incorporated into service provided - Culture of origin respected and incorporated into service provided - Recognize the importance of physical boundaries and aware that touch- sometimes even a handshake- could trigger trauma - Avoid jokes and stories which can serve as triggers

What are environmental changes as anger management techniques?

- Walking away or leaving situation - Avoiding people or situations in the future that evoke anger - Not starting conversations or entering situations that may cause anger when tired or rushed

Describe stage 4: Commitment of the theory of couples development

- When marriage is ideal, although often occurs earlier in romance stage -Acknowledge they want to be with each other and the good outweighs the bad, still work to do

What are some indicators of traumatic stress and violence?

1) Addictive behaviors related to drugs, alcohol, sex, shopping, and gambling. 2) An inability to tolerate conflicts with others or intense feelings. 3) A belief of being bad, worthless, without value or importance. 4) Dichotomous "all or nothing" thinking. 5) Chronic and repeated suicidal thoughts/feelings. 6) Poor attachment. 7) Dissociation. 8) Eating disorders- anorexia, bulimia, and obesity. 9) Self-blame. 10) Intense anxiety and repeated panic attacks. 11) Depression. 12) Self-harm, self-mutilation, self-injury, or self-destruction. 13) Unexplained, but intense, fears of people, places, or things.

What client functions should be included in a mental status examination?

1) Appearance- facial expression, grooming, dress, gait 2) Orientation- awareness of time and place, events 3) Speech pattern- slurred, pressured, slow, flat tone, calm 4) Affect/mood- mood as evidenced in both behavior and client's statements (sad, jittery, manic, placid) 5) Impulsive/potential for harm- impulse control with special attention to potential suicidality and/or harm to others 6) Judgment/insight- ability to predict the consequences of her or his behavior, to make "sensible" decisions, to recognize her or his contribution to her or his problem 7) Thought processes/reality testing- thinking style and ability to know reality, including the difference between stimuli that are coming from inside vs. outside of herself/himself (psychotic?) 8) Intellectual functioning/memory- level of intelligence and of recent and remote memory functions

Name four standards on cultural competence and social diversity for social workers

1) Social workers should understand culture and its function in human behaviors and society, recognizing the strengths that exist in all cultures. 2) Social workers should have a knowledge base of their clients' cultures and be able to demonstrate competence in the provision of services that are sensitive to clients' cultures and to differences among people and cultural groups. 3) Social workers should obtain education about and seek to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability. 4) Social workers should also not use derogatory language in their written or verbal communications to and about clients

In what three ways are boundaries and rules determining who does what, where, and when crucial?

1- Interpersonal boundaries define individual family members and promote their differentiation and autonomous, yet independent, functioning. Dysfunctional families tend to be characterized by either a pattern of rigid enmeshment or disengagement. 2- Boundaries with the outside world define the family unit, but boundaries must be permeable enough to maintain a well-functioning open system, allowing contact and reciprocal exchanges with the social world. 3- Hierarchical organization in families of all cultures is maintained by generational boundaries, the rules differentiating parent and child roles, rights, and obligations

What must social workers do in relation to trauma?

1- Realize the widespread impact of trauma and understand potential paths for recovery. 2- Recognize the signs and symptoms of trauma in clients, families, staff, and other systems. 3- Respond by fully integrating knowledge about trauma into social work policies, procedures, and practices. 4- Seek to actively resist retraumatization.

What are the steps to examine risks in an ethics audit?

1. Appointing a committee or task force of concerned and informed staff and colleagues 2. Gathering information from agency documents, interviews with staff and clients, accreditation reports, and other sources to assess risks associated with client rights; confidentiality and privacy; informed consent; service delivery; boundary issues; conflicts of interest; documentation; client records; supervision; staff development and training; consultation; client referral; fraud; termination of services; professional impairment; misconduct, or incompetence 3. Reviewing all collected information 4. Determining whether there is no risk, minimal risk, or high risk in each area 5. Preparing action plans to address each risk, paying particular attention to policies that need to be created to prevent risk in the future and steps needed to mitigate existing risk 6. Monitoring policy implementation and progress made toward reducing existing risk, as well as ensuring that procedures adhere to social work's core ethical principles

What are steps in assertiveness training?

1. Clients think about areas in their life in which they have difficulty asserting themselves 2. Role plays designed to help clients practice clearer and more direct forms of communicating with others. Feedback is provided to improve responses and repeated.

What are structuring techniques used to help in resolving conflict?

1. Decreasing the amount of contact between the parties in the early stages of conflict resolution 2. Decreasing the amount of time between problem-solving sessions 3. Decreasing the formality of problem-solving sessions 4. Limiting the scope of the issues that can be discussed 5. Using a third-party mediator

What four things are critical in consultation?

1. Defining the purpose of the consultation 2. Specifying the consultant's tole 3. Clarifying the nature of the problem 4. Outlining the consultation process

What are the steps the social worker takes in the problem-solving process?

1. Engaging 2. Assessing (includes a focus on strengths and not just weaknesses) 3. Planning 4. Intervening 5. Evaluating 6. Terminating

What should social workers do r/t crises plans?

1. Plan and conduct a thorough biopsychosocial and lethality/imminent danger assessment 2. Make psychological contact and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship 3. Identify the major problems, including crises precipitants 4. Encourage an exploration of feelings and emotions 5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies 6. Restore functioning through implementation of an actual plan 7. Plan follow-up and "booster" sessions

What are methods to obtain and provide feedback?

1. Feedback may be either verbal or nonverbal, so social workers must make efforts to see what clients are trying to convey verbally or via their behavior and nonverbal cues in order to see whether interventions should be altered 2. When social workers involve consultants or others in feedback process related to client care, clients should provide consent 3. Social workers should ask for feedback in difficult circumstances- not just when circumstances appear neutral or positive. It can be tempting only to ask for feedback from people who will say something positive 4. Feedback is especially critical at key decision points (such as transferring or closing cases) 5. It is important to guard against influencing people to respond in a particular way; this influence may be unintentional, because a social worker may have more influence or power than the individual from whom feedback is sought 6. Confidentiality should be respected if the informant wants it 7. Always be clear about why feedback is needed and what will be done with the information 8. Documentation of feedback is essential 9. Be aware that feedback may be very different depending on when it is solicited. It is critical to realize how recent events may have influenced information received. Getting feedback repeatedly at several times may be needed to see if responses differ 10. A social worker must make sure that the communication method is appropriate. For a younger person, texting, email, or an online questionnaire may work, whereas a face-to-face conversation may be needed for others. The language should be jargon free and issues such as language, culture, and disability may affect the ways in which people both understand and react to requests for feedback. A social worker may want to use close-ended questions and/or open ones to capture needed data

What will research design do?

1. Identify the research problem clearly and justify its selection 2. Review previously published literature associated with the problem area 3. Clearly and explicitly specify hypothesis (i.e. research questions) central to the problem selected. 4. Effectively describe the data that will be necessary for an adequate test of the hypothesis and explain how such data will be obtained 5. Describe the methods of analysis that will be applied to the data in determining whether or not the hypotheses are true or false.

What are some ethical standards that must be followed when evaluating practice?

1. Obtaining voluntary and written informed consent from clients, when appropriate, without any implied or actual deprivation or penalty for refusal to participate; without undue inducement to participate; and with due regard for participants' well-being, privacy, and dignity 2. Informing clients of their right to withdraw from evaluation and research at any time without penalty 3. Ensuring clients in evaluations have access to appropriate supportive services 4. Avoiding conflicts of interest and dual relationships with those being evaluated

What are some ethical guidelines that can be helpful when social workers participate in interdisciplinary team collaboration?

1. Social workers who are members of an interdisciplinary team should participate in and contribute to decisions that affect the well-being of clients by drawing on the perspectives, values, and experiences of the social work profession. Professional and ethical obligations of the interdisciplinary team as a whole and of its individual members should be clearly established 2. Social workers for whom a team decision raises ethical concerns should attempt to resolve the disagreement through appropriate channels. If the disagreement cannot be resolved, social workers should pursue other avenues to address their concerns consistent with client well-being

Describe the stages of substance use disorder treatment

1. Stabilization: focus is on establishing abstinence, accepting a substance abuse problem, and committing oneself to making changes 2. Rehabilitation/habilitation: focus is on remaining substance-free by establishing a stable lifestyle, developing coping and living skills, increasing supports, and grieving loss of substance use 3.Maintenance: focus is on stabilizing gains made in treatment, relapse prevention, and termination

What are the four steps of managing conflict?

1. The recognition of an existing or potential conflict 2. An assessment of the conflict situation 3. The selection of an appropriate strategy 4. Intervention

What must social workers do in order to work effectively with families?

1. Understand the development of, as well as the historical, conceptual, and contextual issues influencing, family function 2. Have awareness of the impact of diversity in working with families, particularly race, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference, aging, and disabilities 3. Understand the impact of a social worker's family of origin, current family structure, and its influence on a social worker's interventions with families 4. Be aware of the needs of families experiencing unique family problems (domestic violence, blended families, trauma and loss, adoptive families)

Communication styles that can serve to inhibit effective communication with clients:

1. Using "should" and "oughts" may be perceived as moralizing or sermonizing by a client and elicit feelings of resentment, guilt, or obligation. In reaction to feeling judged, a client may oppose a social worker's pressure to change. 2. Offering advice or solutions prematurely, before thorough exploration of the problem, may cause resistance because a client is not ready to solve the problem. 3. Using logical arguments, lecturing, or arguing to convince a client to take another viewpoint may result in a power struggle with a client. A better way of helping a client is to assist him or her in exploring options in order to make an informed decision. 4. Judging, criticizing, and blaming are detrimental to a client, as well as to the therapeutic relationship. A client could respond by becoming defensive or, worse yet, internalizing the negative reflections about himself or herself. 5. Talking to a client in professional jargon and defining a client in terms of his or her diagnosis may result in a client viewing himself or herself in the same way (as "sick"). 6. Providing reassurance prematurely or without a genuine basis is often for a social worker's benefit rather than a client's. It is social worker's responsibility to explore and acknowledge a client's feelings, no matter how painful they are. A client may also feel that a social worker does not understand his or her situation. 7. Ill-timed or frequent interruptions disrupt the interview process and can annoy clients. Interruptions should be purposive, well-timed, and done in such a way that they do not disrupt the flow of communication. 8. It is counterproductive to permit excessive social interactions rather than therapeutic interactions. In order for a client to benefit from the helping relationship, he or she has to self-disclose about problematic issues. 9.Social workers must provide structure and direction to the therapeutic process on a moment-to-moment basis in order to maximize the helping process. Passive or inactive social workers may miss fruitful moments that could be used for client benefit. Clients may lose confidence in social workers who are not actively involved in the helping process.

Name and describe the six levels of cognitive development

1: Knowledge- rote memorization, recognition, or recall of facts 2: Comprehension- understanding what the facts mean 3: Application- correct use of the facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole. 4: Analysis- breaking down information into component parts 5: Synthesis: combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole 6: Evaluation: judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation

What is planning in relation to intervention planning?

A client and social worker must develop a common understanding of a client's preferred lifestyle. Goals are developed from this common understanding in order to provide a direction to help a client move toward this lifestyle. Specific action plans are developed and agreed upon in order to specify who will do what, what and how resources will be needed and used, and timelines for implementation and review.

Describe what the classic model of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development refers to as statuses, not stages. Encounter:

A client has an encounter that provokes though about the role of cultural, racial, and ethnic identification in his or her life. This may be a negative or positive experience related to culture, race, and ethnicity. For minorities, this experience is often a negative one in which they experience discrimination for the first time.

What is assessment in relation to intervention planning?

A client is the source of providing essential information upon which to define the problem and solutions, as well as identifying collateral contacts from which gaps in data can be collected.

Describe precontemplation stage

A client is unaware, unable, and/or unwilling to change; There is the greatest resistance and lack of motivation in this stage; Can be characterized by arguing, interrupting, denial, ignoring the problem, and/or avoiding talking or thinking about it; Social worker should establish rapport, acknowledge resistance or ambivalence, keep conversation informal, try to engage client, and recognize client's thoughts, feelings, fears, and concerns

Describe single-subject research

A client is used as his or her own control instead of looking at the average effect of an intervention between groups of people (experimental research). It is ideal for studying the behavioral change a client exhibits as a result of some treatment- can show a causal effect between the intervention and outcome.

What is intervention in relation to intervention planning?

A client must be actively involved in mobilizing his or her support network to realize continued progress and sustainable change. A client must bring to the attention of a social worker issues that arise which may threaten goal attainment. Progress based upon client reports, must be tracked and plans/timelines adjusted accordingly.

Define token economy.

A client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors. The tokens function as currency within the environment and can be exchanged for desired goods, services or privileges.

What is termination in relation to intervention planning?

A client should reflect on what has been achieved and anticipate what supports are in place if problems arise again. Although this is the last step in the problem-solving process, it still requires active involvement by both a social worker and client.

Define rational emotive therapy (RET)

A cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, non-distressing self-statements.

Define the system theory term subsystem

A major component of a system made up of two or more interdependent components that interact in order to attain their own purpose(s) and the purpose(s) of the system in which they are embedded

Define the defense mechanism symbolization

A mental representation stands for some other thing, class of things, or attribute. This mechanism underlies dream formation and some other symptoms (such as conversion reactions, obsessions, compulsions) with a link between the latent meaning of the symptom and the symbol; usually unconscious

What is group work?

A method of working with two or more people for personal growth, the enhancement of social functioning, and/or for the achievement of socially desirable goals.

Define delirium tremens (DTs)

A symptom associated with alcohol withdrawal that includes hallucinations, rapid respiration, temperature abnormalities, and body tremors

Define the system theory term open system

A system with cross-boundary exchange

What is policy analysis?

A systematic approach to solving problems through policies. Involves identifying the problem, developing alternatives, assessing the impacts of the alternatives (such as conducting a cost/benefit analysis), selecting the desired option, designing and implementing the policy and evaluating outcomes. The identification of alternative policy options and the evaluation of these alternatives is critical.

Define differential diagnosis

A systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of an entity where multiple alternatives are possible

Define transgender

A term for people whose gender identity, expression, or behavior is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth

Define sexual orientation

A term used to describe patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction- and a sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions. Sexual orientation exists along a continuum, with exclusive attraction to the opposite sex on one end of the continuum and exclusive attraction to the same sex on the other.

Other indicators or positive ego strength

Acknowledging their feelings- including grief, insecurity, loneliness, and anxiety; Not getting overwhelmed by their moods; Pushing forward after loss and not being paralyzed by self-pity or resentment; Using painful events to strengthen themselves; Knowing that painful feelings will eventually fade; Empathizing with others without trying to reduce or eliminate their pain; Being self-disciplined and fighting addictive urges; Taking responsibility for actions; Holding themselves accountable; Not blaming others; Accepting themselves with their limitations; Setting firm limits even if it means disappointing others or risking rejection; Avoiding people who drain them physically and/or emotionally

Describe the medical model and how it is believed to explain the causes of substance abuse

Addiction is considered a chronic, progressive, relapsing, and potentially fatal medical disease. Genetic causes: inherited vulnerability to addiction, particularly alcoholism. Brain reward mechanisms: substances act on parts of the brain that reinforce continued use by producing pleasurable feelings. Altered brain chemistry: habitual use of substances alters brain chemistry and continued use of substances is required to avoid feeling discomfort from a brain imbalance.

What is external validty?

Addresses how generalizable those inferences are to the general population

What is interrater or interobserver reliability?

Addresses the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon.

Describe what the classic model of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development refers to as statuses, not stages. Immersion-emersion:

After an encounter that forces a client to confront cultural, racial, and ethnic identity, a period of exploration follows. A client may search for information and will also learn through interactions with others from the same cultural, racial, or ethnic groups.

What are some of the effects of sexual abuse?

Aversive feelings about sex; overvaluing sex; sexual identity problems; and/or hypersexual behaviors // Feelings of shame and guilt or feeling responsible for the abuse, which are reflected in self-destructive behaviors (such as substance abuse, self-mutilation, suicidal ideation and gestures, and acts that aim to provoke punishment) // Lack of trust, unwillingness to invest in others; involvement in exploitive relationships; angry and acting-out behaviors // Perceived vulnerability and victimization; phobias; sleeping and eating problems

What do those who are victims of psychological abuse and neglect often do?

Avoid eye contact and experience deep loneliness, anxiety, and/or despair // Have a flat and superficial way of relating, with little empathy toward others // Have a lowered capacity to engage appropriately with others // Engage in bullying, disruptive, or aggressive behaviors toward others // Engage in self-harming and/or destructive behaviors (i.e., cutting, physical aggression, reckless behavior showing a disregard for self and safety, drug taking)

Which general personality disorders are included in Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful category?

Avoidant personality disorder, Dependent personality disorder, Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

What is operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner. Antecedent à response/behaviorà consequence Reinforcement aims to increase behavior frequency, whereas punishment aims to decrease it

Describe some pain symptoms of neurologic and organic disorders

Back pain, neck pain, headache, pain along a nerve pathway (sciatica)

Name the prominent people and describe social/situational learning theory

Bandura. Learning is obtained between people and their environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur.

What is restructuring?

Based on observing and manipulating interactions within therapy sessions, often by enactments of situations as a way to understand and diagnose the structure and provide an opportunity for restructuring.

Describe the strengths perspective

Based on the assumption that the clients have the capacity to gorw, change, and adapt (humanistic approach). Clients are the experts on their own lives, they have the knowledge that is important in defining and solving their problems; they ate resilient and survive and thrive despite difficulties.

What is the problem-solving approach?

Based on the belief that an inability to cope with a problem is due to some lack of motivation, capacity, or opportunity to solve problems in an appropriate way. Clients' problem-solving capacities or resources are maladaptive or impaired.

What are the basic assumptions of family systems approach

Each family is more than a sum of its members // Each family is unique, due to the infinite variations in personal characteristics and cultural and ideological styles // A healthy family has flexibility, consistent structure, and effective exchange of information // The family is an interactional system whose component parts have constantly shifting boundaries and varying degrees of resistance to change // Families must fulfill a variety of functions for each member, both collectively and individually, if each member is to grow and develop // Families strive for a sense of balance or homeostasis // Negative feedback loops are those patterns of interaction that maintain stability or constancy while minimizing change. Negative feedback loops help to maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback loops, in contrast, are patterns of interaction that facilitate change or movement toward either growth or dissolution // Families are seen as being goal oriented. The concept of equifinality refers to the ability of the family system to accomplish the same goals through different routes // The concept of hierarchies describes how families organize themselves into various smaller units or subsystems that are comprised by the larger family system. When the members or tasks associated with each subsystem become blurred with those of other subsystems, families have been viewed as having difficulties // Boundaries occur at every level of the system and between subsystems. They influence the movement of people and the flow of information into and out of the system // Concept of interdependence is critical- individual family members and the subsystems comprised by the family system are mutually influenced by and are mutually dependent upon one another

What are protective factors of suicide?

Effective and appropriate clinical care for mental, physical, and substance use disorders // Easy access to a variety of clinical interventions and support (i.e. medical and mental health care) // Restricted access to highly lethal methods // Family and community support // Learned coping and stress reduction skills // Cultural and religious beliefs that discourage suicide and support self-preservation

What are protective factors of someone being a danger to others: violence?

Effective programs combine components that address both individual risks and environmental conditions; building individual skills and competencies; changes in peer groups. Interventions that target change in social context appear to be more effective, on average, than those that attempt to change individual attitudes, skills, and risk behaviors. Effective and appropriate clinical care for mental, physical and substance abuse disorders. Easy access to a variety of clinical interventions and support (i.e. medical and mental health care). Restricted access to highly lethal methods. Family and community support. Learned coping and stress reduction skills.

Define hypomanic

Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that is less severe than full-blown manic symptoms (not severe enough to interfere with functioning and not accompanied by psychotic symptoms)

What is the urinary system?

Eliminates waste from the body in the form of urine. The kidneys remove waste from the blood. The waste combines with water to form urine.

Define the defense mechanism acting out

Emotional conflict is dealt with through actions rather than feelings (i.e., instead of talking about feeling neglected, a person will get into trouble to get attention).

What is psychological abuse

Emotional/verbal/mental injury

What are the three broad types of research?

Experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental

What is the preparation stage of change?

Experimenting with small changes, collecting information about change

Describe the family and environmental model and how it is believed to explain the causes of substance abuse

Explanation for substance abuse can be found in family and environmental factors such as behaviors shaped by family and peers, personality factors, physical and sexual abuse, disorganized communities, and school factors

Describe the role of family in the lives of Hispanic/Latinos

Extended family system incorporates godparents and informally adopted children; deep sense of commitment and obligation to family; family unity, welfare, and honor are important; emphasis on group rather than individual; male has greater power and authority

What influences the impacts of abuse and neglect

Extent and type of abuse or neglect, whether it was continual or infrequent, the age at which it occurred, the relationship to the perpetrator (if abuse), how the abuse or neglect was discovered and addressed upon disclosure, client personality traits, inner strength, and support systems

Define nonverbal communications

Facial expression, body language, and posture can be potent forms of communication

What are come client strengths that may be overlooked?

Facing problems by seeking help- rather than denying them; Taking risks by sharing problems with social workers; Persevering under difficult situations; Being resourceful; Meeting family and financial obligations; Seeking to understand the actions of others; Functioning in stressful situations; Considering alternative courses of action

Name social factors related to mental health

Factors such as socioeconomic situation, age, gender, social networks, level of support, life events, migration, and culture can all play a role in influencing the onset and course of mental illnesses.

Define dynamic risk factors

Factors that can be changed by interventions such as change in living situation, treatment of psychiatric symptoms, abstaining from drug and alcohol use, access to weapons, etc.

Define static risk factors

Factors that cannot be changed by interventions such as past history of violent behavior or demographic information

What is neglect

Failing to meet physical, emotional, or other needs

Define information processing block

Failure to perceive and evaluate potentially useful new information

Describe changes in consciousness from neurologic and organic disorders

Fainting, confusion or delirium, and seizures (ranging from brief lapses in consciousness to severe muscle contractions and jerking throughout the body)

Define delusion

False, fixed belief despite evidence to the contrary (believing something that is not true)

What is family homeostasis in strategic family therapy?

Families tend to preserve familiar organization and communication patterns; resistant to change.

What is community organizing?

Focused on harnessing the collective power of communities to tackle issues of shared concern. It challenges government, corporations, and other power-holding institutions in an effort to tip the power balance more in favor of communities.

Describe the social section of the biopsychosocial assessment

Focuses on client systems and unique client context, and may identify strengths and/or resources available for treatment planning. Included are sexual identity issues or concerns, personal history, marital/relationship status and concerns, work history and risks.

What does the Gottman method focus on?

Focuses on conflicting verbal communication in order to increase intimacy, respect, and affection; removes barriers that create a feeling of stagnancy in conflicting situations; and creates a heightened sense of empathy and understanding within relationships.

What is tertiary prevention?

Focuses on managing complicated, long-term diseases, injuries, or illnesses. The goal is to prevent further deterioration and maximize quality of life because disease is now established and primary prevention activities have been unsuccessful.

Describe ego psychology

Focuses on the rational, conscious processes of the ego. Is based on an assessment of a client as presented in the present (here and now). Treatment focuses on the ego functioning of a client, because healthy behavior is under the control of the ego. It addresses behavior in varying situations, reality testing: perception of a situation, coping abilities: ego strengths, and capacity for relating to others

What is step 6 when referring clients for services?

Follow-up to see if need was met: Social workers should always follow-up to ensure that there was not a break in service and that the new provider is meeting a client's needs

What are risk factors of being a danger to self: suicide?

History of previous suicide attempt (best predictor of future attempt; medical seriousness of attempt is also significant) // Lives alone; lack of social supports // Presence of psychiatric disorder- depression (feeling hopeless), anxiety disorder, personality disorder (a client is also at greater risk after being discharged from the hospital or after being started on antidepressants as he or she may now have the energy to implement a suicide plan) // Substance abuse // Family history of suicide // Exposure to suicidal behavior of others through media and peers // Losses- relationship, job, financial, social // Presence of firearm or easy access to other lethal methods

Describe the values in the lives of American Indian/Alaska Natives

Holistic; interconnectedness of mind, body, spirit, and heart; time is viewed as a circular flow that is always with us; follow nature's rhythms rather than linear time

Define self-image

How a client defines himself or herself, which is often tied to physical description, social roles, personal traits, and/or existential beliefs.

Describe avoidant personality disorder

Hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling to become involved with others unless sure of being liked; avoidance of social events or work that involves interpersonal contact

Describe psychosocial or psychological interventions treatment approach to substance use disorder

Modifies maladaptive feelings, attitudes, and behaviors through individual, group, marital, or family therapy.

What is a social work assessment?

More comprehensive process that may utilize the results from educational and psychological tests, but can also involve interviewing a client and/or family, reviewing a client's history, checking existing records, and consulting with previous or con current providers.

What are self-organizing networks?

More indicative of a decentralized structure

Describe the role of spirituality in the lives of Hispanic/Latinos

Most are Roman Catholic; emphasis on spiritual values; strong church and community orientation/interdependence

Define positive body image

Most of the time, a client has a realistic perception of and feels comfortable with his or her looks. This is key to well-being both mentally and physically.

What is motivation?

Motivation is a state of readiness or eagerness to change, which may fluctuate from one time or situation to another

Describe the role of family in the lives of African Americans

Multigenerational family systems; strong kinship bonds, including extended families and relatives without blood ties; informal adoption of children by extended family members; flexible family roles; women are often viewed as being "all sacrificing" and the "strength of the family"

When must attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder appear?

Must appear by age 12

Name some examples of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs- a type of antidepressant)

Nardil (phenelzine), Parnate (tranylcypromine), there are dietary restrictions of food that contain high levels of tyramine (generally food that has been aged)

Define safety needs

Need to feel safe from harm, danger, or threat of destruction. Clients need regularity and some predictability.

Name and describe the first stage of crisis intervention

Plan and conduct a thorough biopsychosocial-spiritual-cultural and lethality/imminent danger assessment. A social worker must conduct a biopsychosocial covering a client's environmental supports and stressors, medical needs and medications, current use of drugs and alcohol, and internal and external coping methods and resources. Assessing lethality is first and foremost

Name and describe the seventh stage of crisis intervention

Plan follow up. Follow-up can take many forms as it can involve phone or in-person visits at specific intervals. A postcrisis evaluation may look at a client's current functioning and assess a client's progress

What is step 4 when referring clients for services?

Planning for initial contact: Social workers may want to work with a client to prepare for the initial meeting. Preparation may include helping a client to understand what to expect or reviewing needs and progress made so that it can be discussed with the new provider.

What is step 3 of the phases of intervention and treatment?

Planning or design of intervention to address problem

Describe the role of spirituality in the lives of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders

Polytheistic, believing in many deities; belief that spirits are found in nonhuman beings and objects such as animals, waves, and the sky

What are the four operant techniques?

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

Name the level, age, and orientation of stage five and six of Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Postconventional (this level is not reached by most adults). During adulthood. Stage 5: genuine interest in welfare of others; concerned with individual rights and being morally right. Stage 6: guided by individual principles based on broad, universal ethical principles. Concern for larger universal issues of morality.

What is pro-punishment school of thought?

Postulates that punishment is the means to preventing

What is step 2 when referring clients for services?

Researching resources: When making a referral, it is critical that a social worker refers to a competent provider, someone with expertise in the problem that a client is experiencing. When researching resources, a client's right to self-determination should be paramount. In addition, if a client is already receiving services from an agency, it may be advisable to see if there are available services provided by this agency in order to avoid additional coordination and fragmentation for a client.

Define information processing

Responses to information that are mediated through one's perception and evaluation of knowledge received

Name and describe the sixth stage of crisis intervention

Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan. This stage represents a shift from a crisis to a resolution. A client and a worker will begin to take the steps negotiated in the previous stage. This is also where a client will begin to make meaning of the crisis event

What are some reasons that couples experience problems?

Retriggering emotional trauma and not repairing it; An inability to bond or reconnect after hurting or doing damage to one another; Lack of skills or knowledge

Which general personality disorders are included in Cluster A: Odd and eccentric category?

Schizoid personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder

Define economic justice

The ultimate goal is to create an opportunity for each person to create a sufficient material foundation upon which to have a dignified, productive, and creative life

Describe the unconscious level of awareness

The unconscious contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which clients have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives

What is evidence based practice?

The use of evidence-based practice requires social workers to only use services and techniques that were found effective by outcome research. Must research to guide practice.

What is consultation?

The utilization of an "expert" in a specific area to assist with developing a solution to the issue.

Define body image

The way one perceives and relates to his or her body and how one thinks he or she is seen.

Define sexual identity

The way people present their sexual preferences. May have private sexual identities that differ from public ones. Same sex attraction/sexual contact with others of same sex do not all see themselves as homosexual or bisexual.

What is Jean Piaget's theory?

Theory of cognitive development. Stages address the acquisition of knowledge and how humans come to gradually acquire it.

Describe the biopsychosocial model and how it is believed to explain the causes of substance abuse

There are a wide variety of reasons why people start and continue using substances. The model provides the most comprehensive explanation for the complex nature of substance abuse disorders. It incorporates hereditary predisposition, emotional and psychological problems, social influences, and environmental problems.

Name ways that social problems are aggravated by the status of particular groups in the society

There is a greater prevalence of poverty among people of color and female household heads // Poverty decreases the opportunities for employment, education, goods, and so on // Poverty creates greater stresses that lead to physical and mental illnesses, family breakdown, inability to work, and other problems // Discrimination creates deficits in social power

Define self-actualization needs

There is a need to be oneself, to act consistently with whom one is. Ongoing process. 1% of the population operates at this level.

What do you need to do if on lithium?

There is a small difference between toxic and therapeutic levels (narrow therapeutic index) that necessitates periodic checks of blood levels of lithium. Also, there is a need for periodic checks of thyroid and kidney functions, because lithium can affect the functioning of these organs.

What a side effect of clozaril?

There is an increased risk of agranulocytosis that requires blood monitoring.

What are risk factors of someone being a danger to others: violence?

Youth who become violent before age 13 generally commit more crimes and more serious crimes, for a longer time; these youth exhibit a pattern of escalating violence throughout childhood, sometimes continuing into adulthood. Most highly aggressive children or children with behavioral disorders do not become serious violent offenders. Serious violence is associated with drugs, guns, and other risky behaviors. Involvement with delinquent peers and gang membership are two of the most powerful predictors of violence.

What are the sources of power?

coercive, legitimate, expert, referent, reward, informational

What is test-retest reliability?

the consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice.