ATI Infection Control

stages of infection

1. incubation 2. prodromal stage 3. illness stage 4. convalescence stage (Illness Prevention Is Critical)

Which product can affect the permeability of gloves?

a. Antimicrobial soap and water b. Alcohol-based antiseptic gel c. Petroleum-based hand lotion d. Water-based hand lotion answer: c

convalescence

interval when acute symptoms dissappear, and one begins to recover

illness

interval when specific symptoms for the infection occurs

nonspecific innate immunity

is your immediate response to a foreign organism; activates phagocytes, inflammation, and complement system; does not have memory of past exposure

flora

a collection of bacteria normally found in a particular environment (ex: skin or GI)

contact precautions

a transmission based precaution that prevents spread of harmful germs by direct contact, using Standard Precautions, plus gown and gloves; applies to patients with stool inconsistencies, draining wounds, pressure ulcers, bag/tubes for fluid drainage

order of putting on PPE?

1. gather supplies and wash hands 2. apply gown 3. apply mask 4. apply googles 5. apply gloves *only apply if appropriate to precaution level

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

(MRSA) a strain of bacteria that becomes resistant to antibacterial actions; form of penicillin can be found on the skin, in surgical wounds, in the bloodstream, lungs, and urinary tract.

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(VRSA) is a bacterium commonly carried on the skin and within the nose of people. The bacteria can sometimes cause infections such as boils or pneumonia. is resistant to antibacterial actions

key points in hand washing

-use warm water - not too much water pressure you do not want splashing - rub hands 15-20 + seconds - keep hands lower than elbows (less contaminates --> most) - dry hands from fingers --> wrist

chain of infection?

1. causative agent (bacteria, fungus, etc) 2. reservoir (human, animal, etc.) 3. portal of exit from (means for leaving host, ex: E. coli come from the GI therefore thats their "portal of exit" or what they are leaving) 4. mode of transmission (coughing, sneezing, contact, etc. ) 5. portal of entry of host (may be the same as portal of exit just to another human/animal/etc.) 6. susceptible host (immune system is compromised so micro organism can grow)

order of taking of PPE

1. discard all used supplies 2. remove gloves 3. remove googles 4. remove gown 5. remove mask

You are about to irrigate a patient's open wound. Besides gloves, which other item of personal protective equipment (PPE) must you wear?

a. A sterile gown b. Goggles c. A face shield d. An N95 respirator answer: c

Which of the following is an advantage of using alcohol-based gel?

a. Its use takes less time than washing with soap and water does. b. It removes gross contamination better than soap and water does. c. Its protective nature reduces the need for frequent handwashing. d. It provides adequate protection before surgical applications. answer: a found that in a 8 hours shift nurses spend an entire hour cleaning/sanitizing therefore you want to limit that time as much as possible

After completing a procedure that required donning personal protective equipment (PPE) consisting of a gown, an N95 respirator, a face shield, and gloves, which of the following should the nurse remove first when removing PPE separately?

a. The gloves b. The gown c. The face shield d. The N95 respirator answer: a done b/c gloves are considered most contaminated

A patient has a nosocomial infection. This terminology means that the patient

a. became infected due to compromised immunity. b. was infected during a therapeutic procedure. c. inhaled pathogens in a healthcare setting. d. acquired the infection while hospitalized. answer: D

After assisting a newly admitted patient in removing his shoes and outerwear, you notice what appears to be soil or grime on your hands. You...?

a. cleanse your hands with an alcohol-based gel. b. wash your hands with soap and water. c. brush off the soil against a cloth surface. d. use a wet paper towel to remove the soil. answer: b

To decontaminate your hands with an alcohol-based gel, you rub them together until all of the gel has evaporated and your hands are dry. The primary reason you do this is that

a. drying provides the full antiseptic effect. b. residual alcohol can easily stain clothing. c. excess gel could transfer to the patient. d. slippery gel can make you drop supplies. answer: a

Contact precautions would be mandated for a hospitalized adult patient diagnosed with

a. hepatitis B. b. measles. c. meningitis. d. infectious diarrhea. answer: D

You are washing your hands with nonantimicrobial soap and water prior to repositioning a patient in bed. During the handwashing procedure, it is important to

a. make sure that the water is hot. b. continue for at least 15 seconds. c. use a liquid soap preparation. d. remove rings and watches first. answer: b

standard precautions mandate?

a. rinsing gloves that become visibly soiled during use. b. using antimicrobial soap for routine handwashing. c. disinfecting hands immediately after removing gloves. d. keeping gloves on when touching environmental surfaces. answer: c

You are caring for a patient diagnosed with mycoplasmal pneumonia. Droplet precautions have been instituted, so you must

a. wear a respirator. b. protect your eyes. c. use an air filter. d. wear shoe covers. answer: b

nosocomial

an infection required within a healthcare setting

hygiene/ cough etiquette

applies to everyone entering the health care setting

procedure mask

masks that are flat/pleated and affix to the head with ear loops that are used for any nonsterile procedure

standard precaution PPE?

gloves

contact precaution PPE?

gown, gloves

droplet precaution PPE?

gown, gloves, mask

airborne precaution PPE?

gown, gloves, mask (N-95), face shield if needed/avaliable

types of PPE?

gowns, gloves, masks, google/face wear

incubation stage

interval between when the pathogen entering the body and the first symptom appears

prodromal stage

interval from onset of general symptoms to more distinct symptoms

droplet precautions

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted from an infected person by pathogens propelled through the air only short distances (3 ft-6ft) to a susceptible person's eyes, nose, or mouth; -protect against droplets larger than 5 mcg (streptococcal phryngitis or pnemonia, scarlet fever, rubella, pertussis, mumps, mycoplasma, pneumonia, meningococcal pneumonia/sepsis, pneumonic plague - use PPE of gown, gloves, and mask

airborne precautions

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted from an infected person by pathogens that remain infective over time and distance (> 3 ft-6ft) and are propelled through the air to a susceptible person's eyes, nose, or mouth Reduce the spread of airborne droplet transmission of infectious agents such as rubella, varicella, and mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE = gown, glove, mask (N-95), and face/eye wear

asepsis

methods used to assure that the environment is pathogen-free as possible

standard precautions

precautions developed by the CDC that ensures that universial precautions and body substance isolation practices; used for ALL patients; helps to make everyone equal; involves mainly just hand washing practices and wearing gloves when appropriate

specific adaptive immunity

the body making antibodies in response to foreign organisms (antigens); requires time; provides permanent immunity

surgical masks

two types: premolded, and face conforming; made specifically so no blood/fluid penetration is possible

alcohol-based hand hygiene

used in absence of visible soiling of hands; preferred over soap/water b/c they kill more microbes, reduce drying of skin, and are convenient