ATY 253 Exam 1 UNCG
primate hypothesis 3
angiosperm hypothesis Appearance of primate features coincides with radiation of flowering plants in Cenozoic era and appearance of fruit Primates have evolved strategies to adapt to new environments Best theory
relative dating
any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects
absolute dating
any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years
Eukaryote
appeared 1.2 billion years ago A three dimensional structure that contains a variety of structures called organelles DNA in nucleus
Primate Tendencies
arboreal adaptation: adaptive in trees dietary plasticity: wide variety of foods high parental investment: larger birth spacing, higher parental investment
empirical
based off of observations (what science is)
Describe the general process of DNA replication
Unzip double helix (DNA), then is carried by an enzyme
Why is it that we resemble our parents, but do not look exactly like them?
dominant, recessive, polygenic traits
monogenic
each gene has a distinct biological effect
Ardipithecus
earliest recognized hominin genus ethiopia/forest habitat transitional chewing complex bipedal
molecular dating
Uses genetic materials to create an evolutionary tree and estimates when each branching took place uses mathematical formula to estimate how long it has taken for mutations to form not as accurate as other forms
James Hutton
father of modern geology; uniformitarianism originator of one of the fundamental principles of geology—uniformitarianism, which explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time.
Biological/Physical anthropology
focus on evolution and biocultural variation of humans and our living & past relatives
Why is it that only mutations in the gametes are evolutionarily significant?
gametes are what gets passed on
Primate adaptations
generalized skull structure enhanced touch enhanced vision reduced smell dietary versatility
genetic drift
genetic change due to chance
What is the relationship between genetic drift and population size?
genetic drift is change due to chance and that may be the result of a natural disaster or something else that may wipe out part of the population
natural selection
survival of the fittest
blending inheritance
the (incorrect) idea that the father's characteristics would mix with the mother's characteristics creating a blend of the two
Euprimates
the Euprimates appeared 56 mya first true primates from the Eocene had clear primitive characteristics, postorbital bar, convergent eye orbits and larger brains. Euprimates were ancestral to Promisians.
genome
the complete set of genetic information for an organism or a species that represents all of the inheritable traits
What did most people take for granted about species and the earth in the 16th and 17th centuries?
everything was young
Archaeology
examines past cultures - could be considered to be socio-cultural working with cultures that no longer exist
Biocultural Perspective
examining biological, cultural, and social aspects that make up a human over all time and space humans are products of biology and culture culture is not genetically inherited, but is learned
gene flow
exchange of genes between populations Ex: blood type
Allan's Rule
extremities decrease in length in colder environments □ Low surface area: mass retains body heat □ High surface area: mass dissipates body heat
Carl von Linné(Carolus Linneaus)
famous for his work in Taxonomy, the science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms
natural selection
the process by which some organisms with features that enable them to adapt to the environment preferentially survive and reproduce thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population
Fossils
the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. bones and teeth are 99%
Anthropology
the study of human life and culture and their development
Physical Anthropology
the study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution
Archeology
the study of past people and cultures through their material remains
uniformitarianism
the theory that processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today
How does lactose intolerance, sickle-cell anemia, & HIV resistance demonstrate that evolution is currently occurring in humans? What sorts of evolutionary forces are at work?
these are the result of a mutation that has been passed on
How does bone react to activity levels?
they strengthen or weaken
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes 23 in body
genetic adaptation
trait inherited and non-reversible
polymorphism
trait with two or more variants
Describe the general process of protein synthesis
transcription (copying) translation (making a new one)
regulatory gene
turn other genes on and off
homozygous
two copies of the same allele
What is science?
understanding how the natural world works
homo erectus
upright man 1.8-3 mya large brow ridges low flat forehead large brain size modern form of bipedalism external nose reduced teeth size thick cranial bones new tool types
Charles Lyell
used Hutton's work to confirm that the earth was old
mitosis
production of new diploid non-sex cells (somatic)
meiosis
production of new gametes(sex cells)
kwashiokor
protein deficiency but with adequate calories
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
provided first serious model of passing physical traits from parents to offspring (1744-1829) 1st explicit evolutionist Gradation of species towards perfection his evolution: External pressure produces a need (adaptation) Response: use or disuse of organ/capacities Enlarges/strengthens organs Acquired characteristics are heritable Evolution
Central paradox of race
race both exists (b/c we make it exist) ...and does not exist (no scientific classification)
Genetic drift
random changes in gene frequency over time
George Cuvier
recognized fossils are the remains of extinct animals and plants
senescence
related to aging; related decline in physiological/behavioral function
point mutation
replacement of a single base
Gametes
reproductive cells goes through meiosis
fitness
reproductive success of a particular genotype
structural gene
responsible for body structures
structural protein
responsible for physical characteristics
sexual selection
selection for features that gain mating success
coding DNA
sequences coded to produce a specific protein
gamete
sex cell
Bergmanns' Rule
slender, lighter populations inhabit warmer climates and thicker and heavier in colder climates
founder effect
small group migrates to an unoccupied region and become isolated
microevolution
small scale; such as change inn allele frequency; occurring one generation to the next
Why is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation important?
states that the amount of genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
relative dating methods
stratigraphic dating: drawing a profile then comparing profile from one area to that of surrounding areas (law of superposition) Faunal dating: Using faunal (animal) remains from stratigraphic layers to determine age of other remains in same layer cultural dating: Same as faunal dating but uses cultural artifacts as opposed to animal remains
What are the differences between and structural proteins and genes on the one hand, and regulatory proteins and genes on the other?
structural proteins make are fibrous proteins regulatory proteins any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription.
What are the three tenets of Darwin's theory of natural selection and how do they fit together to contribute to change over time?
struggle for existence populations are naturally variable
Primatology
study of non-human primates
biocultural approach
studying humans in terms of the interaction between biology and culture in evolutionary adaptation
What is anthropology?
"Anthropos" means human being "Logos" means reason/speech Literally means to discuss human beings The study of humankind in all places, at all times (past, present, future)
Somatic cells
"Body cells" Have the full 46 chromosomes divide by Mitosis
Chromosomes
"Bundles" of DNA Contains genetic codes 46 total (23 pairs)
Gregor Mendel
"Father of genetics," discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden with pea plants
Meiosis
"Half"
regulatory protein
(enzymes): regulates chemical reactions
What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology? What sorts of questions do they attempt to answer?
- Archaeology: Excavation & reconstruction of past cultures - Cultural Anthropology: Study of diversity and evolution of human cultures -Linguistic Anthropology: Study of diversity and evolution of human languages -Biological Anthropology: Study of humans as members of the biological world
How does the scientific method work?
- Hypothesis - Gather repeatable data to test hypothesis (through observations) - Reject or falsify - Support or fail to reject - Partial fit - Modify
mammal traits
- have hair or fur - give birth to 'live young' - mothers nurse their young with milk - heterodont - warm-blooded -large brain -increased learning and behavioral flexibility
A. Afarensis
Lucy ~3 mya small brain double arches, parabolic tooth rows, reduced canines, no divergent big toe
Charles Darwin
Proposed a mechanism for change (1838): natural selection
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics
Telomeres
Repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome
Mitosis
Replication
Charles Darwin
Responsible for the theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Lyell
Uniformitarianism; wrote the book "Principles of Geology"
Darwin's Postulates
1) There is a struggle for existance 2) There is a variations in features related to survival and reproduction 3) Variation is passed from generation to generation
How does the scientific method work?
1. Observations of the natural world lead to... 2. Hypotheses that are generated to explain observations 3. Predictions are made based on hypotheses 4. Data are collected in field or lab and... 5. Statistically analyzed in order to... 6. Falsify (or support) the Hypothesis, which leads to... 7. Formulate Alternative hypotheses... and collect more data
How much of the human genome actually codes for proteins?
1.5%
A. Sediba
2 mya has features of Australopithecus and homo long arms pelvis, non curved phalanges
A. Boisei
2.3-1.2 mya Grasslands
A. Garhi
2.5 mya grassland/lakeshore small brain, large teeth. curved foot Leg:arm Ratio
If two people with blood type A, both with the AO genotype, decide to have a child, what are the chances (that is, what is the probability) that their child will have blood type O?
25%
adolesence
5-10 year period after puberty; growth spurt
prenatal growth stage
9 months; trimesters
Nucleic bases (DNA)
A - adenine G - guanine C - Cytosine T - Thymine A --> T C --> G
complimentary base
A and T go together, C and G go together
genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection Ex:random disease wipes out part of population your only left to work with the ra mining population
Evolution
A change in the genetic structure of a population from one generation to the next
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Pseudoscience
A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence seeks confirmation
Briefly discuss, in your own words, the role that regulatory genes might play in producing the anatomical differences between these two species.
A good answer should include the following: (1) regulatory genes are responsible for switching other genes on or off; (2) therefore, shutting genes off, or turning them on, in different orders or at different times during an organism's development can lead to vastly different organisms, even if their are few genetic differences between the organisms.
cline
A gradual change in the frequency of a trait or allele in populations dispersed over geographic`` space
Hominin
A member of the tribe Hominini the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now extinct bi-pedal relatives
Gregor Mendel
A monk living in Brno, Austrian-Hungarian Empire (modern Czech Republic) Provided a mechanism for inheritance Bred and cross-pollinated pea plants (see lecture outline) Traits didn't blend Inheritance is determined by physical "units" that are passed down unchanged (genes) Offspring get one unit from each parent for each trait Trait may not show up, but can still be passed on Results were forgotten for 40 years
founder effect
A population isolated from parent population. The new population carries only the genetic variation present within its founders
Uniformitarianism
A principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes
Based on the available evidence, let's develop a hypothesis to explain the high frequency of the D allele in these populations.
A reasonable hypothesis is that the high frequencies of the D allele are an evolutionary response to a faulty CD4 receptor , as individuals with the allele will live longer, and thus have more offspring, than those who do not. The hypothesis predicts that the frequency of the D allele should be highest in areas where the incidence of HIV/AIDS is lowest .
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Has empirical values (relies on experiments)
Allele
A variation of a gene (AA or Aa or aa) Dominant alleles - AA or Aa Recessive alleles - aa
Cenozoic Era
Age of mammals means new life
hominids
All great ape species including the extinct gorillas, chimps, orangutans, and humans No tail Larger body size Complex social behavior More stable Single young and extended care
haploid
All new cells have only one copy of each chromosome
somatic cells
Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells goes through mitosis
Why race fails as biology
Anywhere from 3 to 100+ different races have been proposed Disagreement surrounds the nature of human variation No objective, scientific answer for the amount of races
Primate Evolution hypothesis 1
Arboreal hypothesis Adaptation to life in trees Binocular vision Grasping feet/hands Intelligent 3-D spacing PROBLEM: The arboreal hypothesis was challenged because a lot of mammals are arboreal but except for primates, none have evolved the entire set of characteristics that define the order of primates.
Mendel
Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884) Lucky because he bred pea plants which have same gene
Lucy
Australopithecus afarensis 3.6-3 mya fossil was young adult female more than 40% of the individual was recovered 3.5 feet tall unsure why she died
Devine Creation or The Grand Design
Belief that God created everything the way it was meant to be and that species would never change
A. aethiopicus
Black Skull 2.5 mya grasslands small brain
biocultural
Every person is a product of both culture and biology
Alfred Russel Wallace
Came to the same conclusion as Darwin around the same time but doesn't get any credit
Cell division
Cells divide for growth of organism or to replace dead/damaged cells
Evolution
Change in allele frequency over time
Genes
Chemical factors that determine traits passed down from patent to child
Carl Linnaeus
Classified plants and animals into Taxonomies
Linguistic Anthropology
Comparative study of ways in which language reflects and influences life
Scientists must continuously develop new drugs to combat HIV. Using your knowledge of natural selection, explain, in your own words, why this is so.
Components of a good answer should include: (1) the fact that HIV populations within an individual are inherently variable, either because of mutations or preexisting variation within the population; (2) some of these strains are resistant to the drug therapy; (3) the resistant strains will reproduce at higher rates; (4) this will result in subsequent generations of viruses made up of higher frequencies of resistant strains.
Describe the relationship between DNA, amino acids, and proteins
DNA codes sequence of amino acids and amino acids make up protein
Codon (triplet)
DNA form 3 letter "words" Code for a specific amino acid
Mitochondrial DNA
DNA found in the mitochondria that is inherited only through mothers
Nuclear DNA
DNA that is present in the nucleus of a cell and that is inherited from both parents
Transcription
DNA transforms into mRNA in the nucleus of the cell
Absolute Dating Methods
Dendrochronology: tree rings to determine age (1 ring = 1 year) Radiocarbon dating: 14 c isotope of Carbon decays at a measurable rate. It takes 5,730 years for half of the 14C to turn into 14N.
Mesozoic Era
Dinosaurs and kpg boundary mass extinction evidence of asteroid theory in Yucatan
Describe the basic structure of DNA
Double helix, made up of nucleotides ATCG
A. Anamensis
Earliest form of Australopithecus yet discovered; found in Kenya and dating to 4.2 m.y.a. Woodlands Large canines, parallel tooth rows. curved
Archbishop Ussher
Earth was created on October 23rd, 4004 B.C.
Gametes
Eggs and sperm half DNA Divide by meiosis
Science in Bio. Anthropology
Empirical - based on observation and experiences Explanation that best fits observations and accounts for the most phenomena Hypothesis - possible and testable explanation Theory - based off of multiple verified hypotheses (ex: theory of gravity)
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
Cultural Anthropology
Examines social and cultural patterns
John Ray
First to use latin naming for genus and species
natural selection
Genetic change in frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
Genotype is genetically expressed (DNA) Phenotype is physically expressed
Heterozygous
Has different allele (Aa)
How was the theory of natural selection incomplete as conceived by Darwin?
He didn't know how traits are inherited
What makes anthropology different/unique?
Holistic - recognizes that many factors contribute to what humans do (looking at psychology, biology, history, etc.) Cross-cultural perspective - examines the diversity of human experiences on their own terms (without imprinting our own values/beliefs/thoughts) Fieldwork - they live among people, conducting interviews, researching their surroundings **Every person is a product of biology and culture
What is the holistic approach and how does it make anthropology unique?
Holistic approach studies all aspects of humankind in present and past unlike other social sciences where they only focus on one aspect
Genetics
How traits are transmitted from one generation to the next
What do bio. anthropologists do?
Human evolution - paleoanthropology - reconstruct history/timeline Molecular ant. - includes genetics, mapping human genome Primatology - study of non-human primates; brings insight to our own species Modern human bio. and variation - high alt. adaptation Forensic ant. - focus on human skeleton, remains
Hominin
Human like primate that appears to be more closely related to present day humans than to present day chimpanzees. Part of the larger hominoid group.
Why race fails as biology: variation
Humans differ biologically Between pop. (polytypic) variation: diff. race Within pop. (polymorphic) variation: same race Racial classification emphasizes between pop. variation... and minimizes/ignores within pop. variation Implication: all "Africans" are the same
genetic bottleneck
If a population gets reduced dramatically in size the genetic diversity reduces.
Palezoic Era
Invertebrates, plants, fish, early reptiles
Georges Cuvier
Largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils. Advocated catastrophism.
Protein
Made from amino acids Make up: enzymes, structural components (hair, ligaments, etc), and Hormones
Bergman's rule
Mammals tend to have bulkier bodies in cold climates As mass increases the relative amount of surface area decreases Greater mass allows for greater heat retention
What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis gamete division (Sex cells) Mitosis cell division (body)
primate parenting
Mother child Long term High parental investment Blueprint for other social interactions Males and child Future access to girls Social relationships Protection from infanticide
Major evolutionary forces
Mutation - causes changes in allele frequency, added variation Gene flow - exchanging of genes Genetic drift - Natural selection
Alfred Wallace
Naturalist who came to a similar conclusion as Darwin that natural selection could explain the origin of species, biological diversity, and similarities among related life forms.
allele frequency
Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene
Scientific Method
Observation Hypothesis Gather repeatable data Must reject/falsify or support/fail to reject Partial fit? Modify hypothesis Observation - Generalization - Verification
Allen's Rule
Organisms in colder climates tend to have shorter extremities warm climates = longer apendages
What did most people take for granted about species and the earth in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Our ability to evolve
Gregor Mendel
Pea breeding experiments Discovered that: 1) Heredity is particulates a) one from mother, one from father 2) Genes are equally likely to be inherited from either parent
Which of the following concepts influenced Darwin in developing his theory of natural selection (select all that apply)?
Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies. There is biological variation in all members of a species. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
Plesiadapiforms
Primate like but not true primates Ancestral primate
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Homozygous
Process the same alleles for on each gene (AA or aa)
The Nature of Science
Scientific statements must be testable and falsifiable Statements cannot be right or wrong (only focus on natural world, not supernatural) Self-correcting (the replacement of inadequate hypotheses) Nothing is proven - science is on-going Parsimony - the simpler the process, the better
Science
Seeks falsification, builds on itself and is not absolute
What do we mean when we say biological anthropologists take a "biocultural approach" to understanding the human condition?
Seeks to understand both biological and cultural aspects of being human, around the world (across space) and throughout human existence (across time).
Prokaryotes
Single celled organisms appeared 3.7 billion years ago Thought to be the first form of life
What are Hox genes and why are they so important?
Some "control" genes are common to many organisms (they are homologous — inherited from our common ancestor). For example, Hox genes help lay out the basic body forms of many animals, including humans, flies, and worms. They set up the head-to-tail organization.
Based on genetic studies, we know that the D allele appears in frequencies as high as 16-20% in some populations. This value is much higher than would be predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What does this mean?
Some evolutionary force has increased the frequency of the D allele in these populations.
gene pool
Specific to population Small gene pool is bad because it decreases variation
Darwin's contributions
Struggle for existence: population ability to expand is infinite but environmental support is finite Variation in fitness: organisms in a population vary and effects ability to survive Inheritance of variation: transmitted from parent to offspring
What previous work did Darwin draw on in coming up with his theory of natural selection?
The Voyage of the Beagle (1831-36) Galapagos Island Darwin's Finches: The Galapagos Finches
Charels Lyell
The earth was much older than what Ussher was saying due to the change in the Earth's crust
Gene Flow
The exchange of genes between 2 populations
Genes
The fundamental unit of heredity A sequence of DNA bases carrying info for synthesizing a polypeptide protien
Genotype
The genetic coding of the trait
Phenotype
The physical expression of a genotype
genotype frequency
The proportion of a genotype among individuals in a population
Biological Anthropology
The study of human biology within the framework of evolution
Anthropology
The study of humans, past and present
polygenic traits
Traits that are influenced by genes at 2 or more loci
Describe how alleles are expressed in a simple dominant-recessive system
Tt, TT, tt
What are the three tenets of Darwin's theory of natural selection and how do they fit together to contribute to change over time?
Variation: All individuals within species are uniquely different Inheritance: Inter-individual differences are inherited Struggle for Existence: Inherited differences aid or impede individuals, survival and reproduction are the criteria, and the result is adaptation and evolutionary change
History of race concept
Western "racial worldview" -human populations form biologically distinct and discrete units -these units are inherently unequal in endowment -superficial differences reflect deep biological differences in psycho-behavioral features -all of these features are inherited, fixed, and unchangeable -recent invention: European exploration
Mutation
Whenever cells divide mutation may occur A random change in a gene creating a new trait that may help, cause harm, or have no effect.
Why race fails as biology: traits
Which traits are chosen as important are arbitrary Many traits do not co-vary - a lot of overlap Most traits are clinal - continuous gradation over space (ex: hair color - when does someone become a brunette or a dirty blonde, etc.) Discrete groups cannot be created with traits that vary continuously
In terms of genetics, what is evolution?
a change in the allele frequency within a population over many generations
monosomy
a condition with a loss of a chromosome
trisomy
a condition with an additional chromosome
cline
a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next
heterozygous
a pair of alleles that are different
polygenic
a phenotypic trait influenced by two or more genes
hypothesis
a possible & testable explanation for a specific event or phenomena
mutation
a random change in a gene or chromosome
Mutations
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
gene
a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coded to produce a specific protein
theory
a set of verified hypotheses that explains several related phenomena
Great Chain of Being
a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God.
Alloparenting
a system of parenting in which individuals other than the parents act in a parental role.
allele
a variant of a gene (ex: eye color)
scientific theory
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. Can test speculation by using hypothesis
gene pool
all the genetic information in a breeding population
What is the holistic approach and how does it make anthropology unique?
all times, all places
dominant allele
allele always expressed if present
recessive allele
allele only expressed if dominant allele is absent
Describe the relationship between DNA, amino acids,and proteins
amino acids make proteins and proteins make genes
Why anthropologists use the fossil record
because although a fossil is only a snapshot of a moment in evolutionary history, if you find enough of them, and if you can link them up through their anatomy, and if you can date them, you can construct a family tree that explains how organisms that once lived on Earth contributed to the life that inhabits it today. Anthropologists use the dating methods to interpret the fossil record
Why is it that we resemble our parents, but do not look exactly like them?
because we only get half of their genes
What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology? What sorts of questions do they attempt to answer?
biological cultural archaeology linguistics
What are the major differences in life history between humans & other primates?
bipedalism
Pre-Australopithecines
bipedalism and non honing chewing
What makes us human?
bipedalism, chewing, tools and materials, domesticated food, hunting
somatic cells
body cells
Wolff's Law
bone develops where it is needed and recedes where it is not needed
How does the trajectory of growth & development of the brain, reproductive system, & body differ in humans?
brain grows fastest; growth spurts around adolescence; reproductive system develops around puberty
autosome
carry most of the info for the traits that make you who you are; not a sex chromosome
basic unit of life
cell
Why would natural selection vary by environment?
certain adaptations thrive better in certain environments
James Hutton
challenged the Bible that the earth is so young; founded modern geology
frameshift mutation
change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases
In terms of genetics, what is evolution?
change in allele frequency over tim
adaptation
characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce
taxonomy
classification of living things
why are there Robust Forms of Australopithecus
close relatives but not ancestors robust crania and teeth for heavy chewing diet of nuts/seeds but mostly vegetarian (grasses)
genotype
combination of alleles that an individual carries
karyotype
complete set of chromosomes
Socio-cultural anthropology
contemporary human culture researchers typically participate in the culture they are studying (participant observation) studying human behavior
Anthropology Sub-Disciplines
cultural anthro, archaeology, physical, linguistics
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid One long molecule Sugar and phosphate backbone forming a double helix shape
Describe how and why humans vary in response to temperature, UV radiation, diet, activity levels, & altitude.
depends on geographic location and how their bodies have adapted to it
life history
details of an organism's existence from conception to death ▪ Growth stages: • Prenatal (conception-birth) • Postnatal (birth-adolescence) • Adult (reproductive years- senescence)
Alleles
different versions of a gene Gene = alcohol Allele = tequila
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin
discovered the structure of DNA
the "race" concept
does not refer to cultural differences based on biological traits race - biologically distinct human group/sub-species
Primate intelligence
dominance hierarchy Communication Universal Gestures Grooming Emotions Aggression Empathy Primates are very intelligent, movie APE GENIUS with the example of the treat box
Georges-Louis Buffon
his Histoire Naturelle was a 44 volume encyclopedia of natural history, theorized that animals were formed from an internal mold, each family of animals had diverged from a common ancestor, but that ancestor had been specially created, theory of degeneration, but did have modern ideas such as biogeography and that the environment can influence the basic nature of animals
Linguistics
how does language and speech relate to culture
Fossil Record
how many or what fossils have been discovered and the information derived from them
What previous work did Darwin draw on in coming up with his theory of natural selection?
hutton and lyell's uniformitarianism
Dental Formulas
incisors, canines, premolars, molars Ancestral: 3:1:4:3 New world monkeys: 2:1:3:3 Old World Monkeys/apes/humans: 2:1:2:3
postnatal growth stage
infancy to childhood (0-7) juvenille/adolesence(7-20)
Alfred Wallace
influenced Darwin; also thought of natural selection
Georges-Louis Buffon
inspired Darwin; proposed lost species; said life came from natural events
Why is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation important?
it helps tell allele frequencies in a population when no evolution is taking place
malnourishment
lack of a specific nutrient(s)
undernourishment
lack of energy (calories)
hypoxia
less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body
Pre-Darwin
literal Biblical interpretation Lamarks example Species were unchanged since creation
General Characteristics of the Australopithecus
lived in africa 4-1 mya up to 9 species lineage relationships are still being studied but some general trends in morphical evolution are clear
Australopithecus evolution
loss of apelike aboreal adaptations non honing chewing slight increase in brain size
Au. afarensis locomotion
lucy was 3.5 ft males stand 5.5 ft short legs relative to arms shoulder similar to modern humans but slightly more angled phalanges same size of humans but still curved
What secular trends in human growth & development have we seen over the past 200 years or so?
movement into cities
gene flow
movement of alleles from one population to another ○ Social factors, migration, travel ability
4 mechanisms of evolution
mutation: random change gene flow: flow of genes from one population to another genetic drift: random change in allele frequency natural selection: survival of fittest
catastrophism
natural disasters not evolution is responsible for geologic changes throughout earth's history
Darwin
natural selection Drew from geology, taxonomy, paleontology, demography, evolutionary biology
From a biological standpoint, why is "race" a problematic concept among humans?
no clear lines between races
pleiotropy
one gene has multiple biological effects
How much of the human genome actually codes for proteins?
only 1.5 percent of the genome actually contains instructions for making proteins
prokaryotes
organisms that lack a nucleus (bacteria)
eukaryotes
organisms with multiple cells & a cell nucleus
primate society
organized life in groups Diverse range of behaviors Reflective of environment Social signals: cultural currency Complex organization Kinship Age Sex Long term social relationships Especially mother and child
diploid
pairs of chromosomes
Human variation
phenotypical diverse species
nucleotide
phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base building blocks of DNA
phenotype
physical expression of genotype
melanin
pigment that determines skin color's darkness or lightness due to its concentration
acclimation
potential for change inherited but its reversible within a lifetime
developmental adaptation
potential for trait inherited but may not be expressed
Carl von Linné(Carolus Linneaus)
presented the binomial nomenclature taxonomy of plants and animals
primate hypothesis 2
visual predation hypothesis Visual informed predator First primate was specialized in hunting insects and small creatures Catching small prey was a driving force in primate adaptation PROBLEM: According to the angiosperm radiation hypothesis, the original primate adaptation was about getting fruit, not preying on insects.
A. Africanus
~3-2 mya Taung Child Grasslands small brain, leg:arm Ratio non curved phalanges
A. Platyops
~3.5 mya Small Brain flat face woodland habitat
adult growth stage
§ Adulthood (about 20+) § Biologically: fully adult dentition (teeth), all epiphyses fused, sexual maturity § Culturally and socially definitions vary § Marked by cell replacement versus making new things § Senescence-related to aging; related decline in physiological/behavioral function § Post-reproductive years in humans □ "Grandmothering" hypothesis: grandmothers play a role in helping to raise their daughter's children increasing the fitness of their daughters ® Inclusive fitness- fitness shared between your close relatives
linguistics
§ Anthropological _______________ □ Study of human language within cultural context □ Participant-observation - observation from within culture □ Historical relationship between languages
translation
§ Copied DNA segment moves outside the nucleus § Codons match up to exposed segment § Amino acids are bound together like a train
sex chromosome
§ Females - XX § Males- XY
Where does variation in organisms ultimately come from?
§ Recombination & crossing over § mutations
transcription
§ The body needs a protein § Check out book (segment of DNA) by "unzipping" it in nucleus § Complimentary bases match up t unzipped segment § -gene: section of DNA that codes for proteins
Primate Residence Patterns
• One-male, multi-female • One-female, multi-male • Multi-male, multi-female •All-male • One-male, one-female • Solitary Differ based on Food ability Environment Competition
What are the major stages of human growth & development, & what happens during each of these stages?
• Prenatal (conception-birth) • Postnatal (birth-adolescence) Adult (reproductive years- senescence)
hox genes
□ Guide the development of an organisms body
cultural anthropology
□ Study and explanation of modern cultural diversity □ Participant-observation methodology
archealogy
□ Study of material remains (artifacts) to understand past cultures □ Reconstruct daily lives of past peoples □ Culture change through time No dinosaurs
How was the theory of natural selection incomplete as conceived by Darwin?
○ "The laws of inheritance are for the most part unknown"
Describe the basic structure of DNA
○ "legs" are sugar and phosphate molecules ○ "rungs" are paired nitrogen bases ○ Nucleotide: phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base building blocks of DNA ○ Bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C )- same for all life on earth ○ A and T go together, C and G go together --- complimentary bases
How can the intrauterine environment affect the growth & development of fetuses?
○ Disease, alcohol, poor nutrition can impact developing child ○ Folate & neural tube defects Intimately tied to socioeconomic status
Physical (biological) anthropology
○ Evolution and biocultural variation of humans and our living and past relatives
What is the difference between growth & development?
○ Growth: increase in size (cells multiply) ○ Development: progression from immaturity to maturity (cells take on specific roles)
chromosome
○ Humans have 46 ○ come in pairs-diploid ○ One from mom, one from dad made up of genes