Authors, Authors, Authors Part One and Two--------And A Few more philosophers of note-AP Euro
John Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented. 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. John Calvin's publication that was the cornerstone of his theology; provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity
Novum organum
(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. he believed that people should gain knowledge through scientific investigation that depended on close observation English philosopher, statesman, scientist, juror, orator, essayist, and author. He served as both attorney general and Chancellor of England. He was a practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. After his deaths he was still very influential through his works. Urged scientists to experiment. A volume from Instauratio Magna that was published in 1620. Translates to New Method of Acquiring Knowledge . In it Sir Francis Bacon insisted on use of the inductive method. Should proceed from the particular/specific to the general, from the concrete to the abstract.
Voltaire, philosophical letters and candide
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. Author of Philosophical Letters and Candide. He believed that the best one could hope for in government was an enlightened monarch since human beings are very rarely worthy to govern themselves It's a love letter to England written during an exile from France. Voltaire compared the freedom of England to the repression of France. "England, where men think free and noble thoughts"
adam smith
(1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. "wealth of nations" advocated the idea of laissez faire; or government not involving themselves in the economy. (Scottish economist) in The Wealth of Nations, he created the concept of laissez-faire ( government should leave economy alone) & applied natural law to means of production & exchange (supply & demand); saw mercantilism as government interference in economy or free trade; believed that enlightened self-interest would create the best production & exchange for market conditions; government should only have 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army); defend citizens from injustice (police); & keep up public works (roads, canals, bridges) that private individuals could not afford to provide but that society needed
Thomas Moore, Utopia
1516 wrote Utopia about an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people, an ideal place. In Utopia, greed, corruption, war, and crime had been weeded out. an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII (Henry VIII killed him), and Lord Chancellor from October 1529 to 16 May 1532. Wrote the book "Utopia" A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place
Rene Descartes, discourse on method
17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism 17th century French philosopher who relied on mathematics and logic and believed that everything should be doubted until proved by reason. (Rene Descartes)- This written work used skepticism to come to the conclusion "I think, therefore I am" by questioning everything that anyone thinks they are certain of. Thus, the only thing we can be certain of is that we have doubt, and doubt is thought, and thought must come from a mind. He also concluded that because we know we are not perfect, there must be something perfect that gives us that knowledge, and that perfect thing is God. In this way his highly untraditional ideas did not conflict too much with Christianity.
social contract
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy "Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law. (1712-1778), greatly influenced by Diderot and Voltaire, committed to individual freedom, felt civilization destroyed the individual, believed the general will reflected the common interests of the people, and that it must be interpreted by a small, far-seeing minority, called for greater love and tenderness towards children Jean-Jacques Rousseasu wrote The Social Contract (or Principles of Political Right) in which he explained that the government is based on the idea of popular sovereignty. He argued that the general will, or the majority of social should determine who ruled and how.
Martin Luther, appeal to the christian nobility of the german nation
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. (1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation book written by Luther in which he urged German princes to destroy papal authority in Germany; he believed it was their public duty to bring about the moral reform of the church; his appeal to German patriotism gained him strong support
Adam smith, on the wealth of nation
A book published by Adam Smith in 1776. Insisted that individual self-interest, even greed, was compatible with society's best interests. Claimed an "invisible hand" of supply and demand naturally brought both interests in line. Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity, strong supporter of laissez faire, government has duty to protect society, free enterprise
Bossuet
Bishop who championed the cause of Divine Right of Kings during the reign of Louis XIV Louis XiV's tutor and political theorist. Defended the "divine right of kings" and cited examples of the Old Testament rulers divinely appointed by and answerable only to God. The tutor of French monarch Louis XIV, argued for the superiority of absolutism and explained in his work Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Scripture that Louis XIV had been placed on the throne of France by God and given a divine right theory of rule.
Mary Wollstonecraft, vindication of the rights of women
British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women A political pamphlet, written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, which attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism. Wollstonecraft's was the first response in a pamphlet war sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), a defence of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the Church of England. Mary Wollstonecraft --is regarded as one of the earliest feminist works -- it argues that women should receive the same educations provided to men of their social class, and that the two sexes are entitled to the same basic rights
Erasmus of Rotterdam, praise of folly
Dutch Humanist. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly. Dutch priest and humanist who produced a new Greek edition of the Bible and also called for a translation into the vernacular. He was disturbed by corruption in the church and called for reform. He wrote The Praise of Folly. Northern Renaissance humanist who condemned the dark ages, stressed education, studied classical writers of antiquity, and wrote in a "purified" Latin style. His focus on individual study of the Bible also echoed humanist ideas. Critiqued corruption of the Church.
Hobbes
English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign. English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Said that People are naturally bad and selfish; it should be necessary for citizens to give up their freedoms in exchange for protections
Montesquieu, Spirit of the laws
French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government "The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers
Bodin
French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV French lawyer/Author who stated that that sovereignty consists of someone who rules with out others consent and all power must be in their hands rench political philosopher whose exposition of the principles of stable government was widely influential in Europe at a time when medieval systems were giving way to centralized states. He is widely credited with introducing the concept of sovereignty into legal and political thought. philosopher on absolutism; "only a strong absolutist monarch can provide order
Abbe sieyes, what is the third estate?
He believed that the nobility was useless, his motto became: "confidence from below, authority from above." Wrote What is the Third Estate? Reflecting increased political competition and a growing hostility toward aristocratic aspirations, the abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyés in1789 in his famous pamphlet What is the Third Estate? That the nobility was a tiny, over privileged minority and that the neglected third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation. When the government agreed that the third estate should have as many as delegates as the clergy and the nobility combined, but then rendered this act meaningless by upholding voting by separate order, middle class leaders saw fresh evidence of an aristocratic conspiracy. (700) Stating that the nobility was a useless caste which could be abolished, but the third estate was necessary. What is Third Estate? Everything! Using Rousseau's ideas of the social contract, Sieyès insisted that the Third Estate was the General Will of the nation. Class antagonisms built, making peaceful solutions impossible. When the Estates-General met in May it was boycotted by the Third Estate which insisted on one man, one vote. After six weeks of debate they were joined by the clergy, and the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly. Every head counts.
Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. (1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life. Book published by Galileo that stated that he supported Copernicus theories and because of this the pope summoned him to trial and he was forced to confess that Copernicus beliefs were false. Book written by by Galileo comparing the two systems, the Copernican system and the original way of viewing the solar system
Issac Newton, principia mathematica
In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion. Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good. 1684, England, Newton's publication of his studies and discoveries in physics. Integrated the astronomy of Copernicus, as corrected by Kepler's laws, with the physics of Galileo and his predecessors, as well as Newton's three laws of motion.
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." Born on May 3, 1469, in Florence, Italy, Niccolò Machiavelli was a diplomat for 14 years in Italy's Florentine Republic during the Medici family's exile. The Prince, a handbook for politicians on the use of ruthless, self-serving cunning, inspiring the term "Machiavellian" and establishing Machiavelli as the "father of modern political theory." 1469-1527 Niccolo, most important writer on POLITICS in the Renaissance. In The Prince rejected the Christian idea that state subject to divine law. Adopted SECULAR and AMORAL view of POLITICS. State existed for its own sake. Ruler should be concerned with preservation of power. Ends justified means. Yet most successful states of time were not in Italy but the New Monarchies. Politics in Italy was about virtu not involving loyalty as in New Monarchies.
Baldassare Castiglione, the book of the courtier
The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman. wrote The Book of The Courtier (outlined the qualities of a true gentleman/courtier). Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor.
Colbert
The financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies (1619-1683) Created mercantilism and was able to connect France through industries and trade routes. Louis XIV's finance minister. was the Finance minister and minister of marine and colonies for Louis XIV, and he worked under Mazarin. He was a strong proponent of mercantilism, had a desire to gain many colonies, and wanted to get as much gold and silver bullion as possible. Tax collection was very efficient under him. He increased the amount of tax money that went into the royal coffers from 1/4 to 4/5. A lot of the tax money came from the help of intendants, gov't chief agents.
John Locke, Essay concerning human understanding
This work by John Locke set forth a theory about how human nature was to form and learn their own ideas. Locke insisted that all ideas are derived from experience. Locke's essay concerning human understanding passed through many editions and translations. (p.606) All ideas are derived from experience. The human mind at birth is a "Tabula Rasa" (blank slate). One other major works Of European psychology during the 18th-century Locke per trade a person's mind of birth is a blank tablet whose content would be determined by sense experience.
Marsiglio de padua, defender of the peace
Wrote Defender of the Peace. Denies that temporal authority is subject to spiritual authority. Church must confine itself to spiritual functions. Final authority in the church is not the pope's but the general church council's that authority within the church should rest with a church council and not with the pope. He also asserted that the church was subordinate to the state. church and state seperate
Pico della mirandola, On the dignity of Man
Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish. Man's place within the universe lies somewhere between beasts and angels, but there are no limits to what he can accomplish. Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish
Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and people have natural rights, they are ruled to protect those laws.
Thomas a kempis
Wrote the Imitation of Christ which was a small devotional manual that emphasized interior experiences as essential to religious life. was concerned about what he considered a lack of piety, so he wrote the Imitation of Christ, and emphasized popular devotions
John Locke, Second treatise on goverment
a work written by John Locke before the Glorious Revolution that was read as justification for it. Locke described the relationship of a king and his people as a bilateral contract. If the king broke the contract, the people, by whom Locke meant the privileged and the powerful, had the right to depose him. The Glorious Revolution established a framework of government by and for the governemed that seemed to bear ou the arguments of this book Book written by John Locke that explored life without government and developed the idea that we need government to protect our property (life, liberty, and estate)
St. Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual exercises
founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits): missionaries decided to bring Catholic Christianity to Americas and Asia Founded the Jesuits "for the greater glory of God" a 30 day program created by Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits. A powerful method of growing in spiritual maturity and the love of God. Developed by Ignatius of Loyola; using your imagination to pray and gives a deeper relationship with God.