Automotive test 1
Duryea Brothers (FRANK CHARLES)
First to make and sell gas powered cars in US
Forced Induction Methords
Forced Ram Supercharging Turbocharging
Longitudinal torsion
Front left and back left on bump. Chassis twists in opposite direction Side and cross members are affected
POWER vs TORQUE
POWER= rate of doing work (depends on torque and rpm) Torque and rpm (measured) HP (calculated)
Four Stroke Engine
1 power stroke every 2 revolutions Valve and fuel injection run half engine speed energy from power stroke is stored in flywheel to proved energy for other stokes
Un-sprung mass
Part not support by springs Rotor, caliper, wheel tire, frame, brake Keep low as possible for better ride and handling
Asymmetrical tread
Pattern changes across tire large tread blocks for increased stability during cornering small inner blocks to disperse water and heat unidirectional
Tread Patterns
Symmetrical Asymmetrical Unidirectional
Compression Ratio
TDC to BDC
DOT age code
4007 40th week of 2007 Change if older than 6 years old
MEP Definition
Theoretical pressure on top of piston during power stroke. Used as a comparison of performance between diff engines. Above 200 only if forced induction Higher the better.
TPS
Throttle Position Sensor Around throttle body Uses potentiometer
3 Bearing on Crankshaft
Thrust Main Rod
TDC
Top dead center
Types of Chassis
Unibody Frame
Engine Management System
Uses voltage inputs from sensors and decides what actuators to use
Variable fan drive
Vary fans speed less power and reduces noise torque or temp driven
Fuel System Components
Vented fuel tank, pressure regulated circuit level indicator fuel pump fuel filter fuel lines
Chassis Stresses
Vertical Bending Longitudinal torsion Lateral Bending Horizontal Lozenging
Horsepower derivation
Watt say that hours could turn mill 2.4 times a min that was 12 in. formula 180lb*2.4*2pi*12/min=33000ftlbf/min
Frame Chassis
Weld body on the frame More comfortable and quieter ride. Put different bodies on different frames (cheaper) Heavy Durability Can be straightened if in collision Holds heavier loads
Axel Components
Wheel carrier Wheel bearings Links Springs Damper
Horizontal Lozenging
Wheel impact from road obstacles Distorts in parallelogram shape
Independent Suspension Rear
Wheels move individually Reduces body movement since wheels both wheels wont be subject to the same forces
Preignition
When heat source other than spark plug ignites air fuel mixture
Hot Wire Method
Wire with current going through is in air stream. Resistance increases when temp increases. Air cools it and rate tells flow.
External Wastegate
Added on exhaust manifold or header Advantage is that exhaust can be dumped downstream of tubine
Rotating Lobe Supercharger
Air drawn between blades and forces out the other side (top down) Air not compressed. Proportional to engien speed More throttle response at lower speeds compared to turbo
Suspension bushings
Bearnign of suspension to allow for movement of component while maintaining alignment Rubber
BOV
Blow-Off valve Prevents turbo surging On intake Between compressor discharge and throttle body Happens when throttle closed rapidly.
BDC
Bottom Dead center
aTDC
after TDC Retarded advance or retarded spark
CMP
Camshaft Position Sensor Around valve cover Tells what part of stroke cylinder is on
Vertical Bending
Cargo Weight concentrated across the middle. the side members will sag from vertical force(look at pic)
Vc
Clearence value Remaining volume above the piston when it reaches TDC to prevent piston from interacting with the valves.
2 forms engine block construction
Closed deck (top is closed) and Open deck (top free standing)
Cylinder Head and Gasket
Closes cylinders Gas porting system Hold spark plug Allows coolant flow
McPherson Suspension
Common because compact and low cost Shock absorber serves as link to control wheel position (eliminates upper control arm) Front or back
2 stoke
Compression Power
Interior cooling flow
Compressor Condnenser Receiver Drier evaporator and blower expansion valve
Exhaust Manifolds
Connect exhaust port to down pipe large port sizes and large radius bends
Solid (Beam) Axles Rear
Connect rear wheel on each side. If one wheel moves the other does too Leaf and coil springs Live if axle is powered
Connecting rod and bearings
Constraining link btwn piston and rotating crankshaft Connects to crankpin (large) and wrist pin (small) Divided in two halves so it can connect to crankpin
Ignition Systems
Contact breaker points and condenser Electronic Ignition
Crankshaft Assembly Function
Converts reciprocating motion at the piston to flywheel One piece contruction Timinnig belt on front and drives pullys and belt drives Flywheel attatched to rear of crank supported by regular and thrust bearings
ECT
Coolant Temperature Sensor outside of block
Charge Cooling (intercooler)
Cools air for more power. Air to air and air to water. Plastic and aluminum
CKP
Crankshaft Position Sensor Bottom of block Reads magnetic pulses Controls ignition timing coil on-time start of injection vtec
Fuel tank criteria
Crash resistance to environmental impremeability resisting to agin good workability manufactrability recyling
Sliding Vane
Cylindrical rotor with slits.
Toothed Timing Belt
No lube Light Easy to replace
Gear Train Drives
Not used Expensive Loud
Ball joints
allow for swiveling and suspension movement Locate wheel assemblies on lateral wishbones or control arms
Internal Wastegate
build in turbine housing and consists of flapper valve, crank arm, rod end and pneumatic actuator
OBD
On board Diagnostics
Intake Manifold V-Engine
One or two tier constructions runners to each cylinder
Dead Axle
Only supports vehicle and rotates
2 types of control system in ECU
Open Loop (set parameters. Cold start that uses more fuel. or open throttle) Closed Loop- normal fuel consumption. works to keep 14.7:1 ratio
Pressure Regulating devices
Orfice Tube Expansion valve
Mr. Olds created what kind of part system?
Other companies build car subassemblys
O2
Oxygen sensor Before and after Cat
Receiver Dryer
Ensures that expansion valve gets liquid refrigerant seperates gas and liquid removes moisture and dirt on high pressure side with expansion valve
EPA
Environmental protection agency
Engine block materials
cast iron and aluminum
3 reasons for open loop
cold start WOT acceleration MIL is on
Fixed fan drive
commercial vehicles rotated by crankshaft
Octane Ratins
compares gas mixture of heptane and iso-octane Measured and researched(motor) /2 if 87 then 13 heptane and 87 iso-octane
Turbocharging
compresses air to increase density, temp and pressure.
Symmetrical Tread Pattern
conssitant accross face same on both halves
Wastegate
control boost pressure of engine Bypass exhaust flow from turbine wheel
New Fuel System
cut our regulater, filter and return line tank-injectors
Progressive rate coil spring
deflects readily under light load and increase its resistance as load increases (soft ride)
Wheel offset
distance in mm betwen center line of wheel rim and line through face positive { I )} center { I) } negative { )I }
EVAP
Evaporative emission control system store and dispose of evaportated fuel vapors delivers fumes to intake manifold to be burnt with fuel uses charcoal that removed at night
Sprung Mass
Everything supported by the spring
Components of ICE
engine block and crankcase piston and rings connection rod and bearings crankshaft assembly and bearings cylinder head and gasket valve train and timing drive engine support mountings
What controls EVAP?
engine speed, intake air volume, coolant temperature and o2 sensor.
Coil springs
formed from single steel rod Absorb force by twisting Front suspension of most modern light vehicles Load depends on diameter of wire and spring, shape and spacing of coils
Tire sizes 31x10.5x15
height by width by rim
Primary Ingredient of gas
hydrocarbon Octane
Inline engines
in a line good balance for reciprocating parts
Orifice tube
inlet of evaporator or btwn outlet of condenser and inlet of evaporator controls flow into evaporator
Cylinder Bore
inside diameter
Pitch circle diameter
invisible circle through the center of lug 5x114.42 5 bolt pattern with 114.42mm diameter
Thermostatic contol
keeps engine from overheating by regulating flow of coolant rhough radiator
Cyclone filter
long service life disel trucks swirls air which seperates dust
Torsion Bars
long solid bar of allow steel. Chassis at one and and free to move at another at suspension control arm Bar twist around center to displace vertically Trailing arm can connect between axles as well Used as anti roll bar
Cooling fan
maintain air flow throuhg radiator Irregularly space blades to reduce noise level normally pull air through
Double Wishbone drawback
more costly MOre components and suspension pick up points
All season tires
most production cars Comprimise grip, performance, longevity, noise and wet weather saftey
Piston function
moving pressure transmitter and connecting rod guide Need to be light to reduce inertia forces Withstand high heat need to seal
Expansion valve
older vehicles and after market senses temp and pressure efficent at regulating refrigerant flow creates pressure differential atomizes regfrigerant as it enters evaporator
Leaf springs
oldest type ) All heavy vehicles solid axle rear has swinging shackle to change under loads
Valve Timing Drives
operates half speed of engine Driven from front of crank shaft Gear Train Chain and Sprockets Toothed Belt
Turbo Cycle
outside-filter-compressor-inter cooler-intake-exhaust-turbine
Vane meter sensor
paddle project intake from spring arm. Vane moves to airflow and voltage is generate in proporiton to the distance. Measure volume not mass
Single Bore Displacement Equation
pi/4 *B^2*stroke*#cylinders
Swing axle rear
poor handling camber changed by road lots of body roll
V
reduces length compared to inline More difficult balancing More elaborate intake manifold More costly than inline
Bump Stops
rubber that stop extreme suspension movement Rubber because doesn't need lube, easy to make and silent
Wet Weather tires
soft compound Most grip possible to heat up faster More sipping to disperse water
McPherson components
spring and short absorber called a strut Lower end fitted into knuckle of control arm Most FWD cars
Old fuel system
tank, pump, filter feed, injector, regulator, return/manifold
Bore/Stoke Ratio
tax to make it change increases size of valve ports lowers piston speed more rigid crankshaft due to smaller crank-throw reduces engine height
HP calcuation
torque * rpm / 5252
two-stroke vs 4
twice as many power stoke (not twice power) smoother flow at high speed mechanically simpler (light and less valves) Less fuel economy Higher chance of overheating Mixes fuel and oil for lube (bad for mother earth)
Trailing arm suspension
two trailing arms pivoted to car body Arms are large rigidly fixed to wheel at other end Only allows vertical movements When body moves wheels more to adjust camber (causes understeer)
Accumulator
used with orifice tubes meters refrigerants connected to low pressure side conneected to evaporator outle and stores excess refridgerant. stops liquid and debris from going into compressor
Oil bath and mesh air cleaning
uses oil bath and cotton or foam media to stop dirt Lower efficenty but higher performance
Spark advance
usually 10 degress of crank angle before piston reaches TDC
Piston displacement
volume of displacement swept by a single stroke.
Names for anti roll
Sway bar Roll bar Stabilizer bar
Stoichiometeric AF
14.7:1
Ethanol in today's fuel
15 but some can run on 85
Tire Size Notation 185 65 G R 13
185 is width in mm 65 (Aspect ratio) is the height of tire sidewell in mm percent .65*185 H is speed rating R radial constrction 13 diameter of rim in inches
Henry Fords contribution?
Designing for and using mass production
Wheel track
Distnace between tire to tire on same axel (measure from center)
Types of independent front suspension
Double A-arm (double wish bone) Macpherson strut
Radiator construction
Down flow Cross flow
Electric Fan drive
Driven by motor controlled and controlled by ecu mounted right on radiator
EDS
Electronic distribution system
Air suspension
Electronically controlled at all 4 hweels with adaptive damping system Best handling and comfort Change ride hight
William Durant was in charge of what company in 1916?
GM: Chevy Olds Buick Cadilac
Boxer
Good balance Lowe center of gravity Easy to cool with air Long manifolds more coolant lines harder to access cylinders
Cylinder Bore function
Guide and sealing surface Controlled surface Most important of black
Torsion Beam
Half-independent Connects both wheels together which allows limited degree of freedom. Poor handling and ride
Resin-Impregnated paper
Has resin, replaceable filter, high efficenty, long life, mounted in any position
Evvaporator
Heat absorption component Remove heat from inside of vehicle Dehumidifiys Mosisture and dust gets stuck and falls off Temp is 32f or 0C Enters bottom as low pressure liquid Absorbs heat and leaves as a gas
HO2
Heated Oxygen Sensors
HVAC
Heating Ventilation AC
Cowl
High pressure zone under windsheil
Rotating Impeller/Centrifual
Impeller turns fixed guide vanes (5 times engine speed)
Electronic Ignition Systems (HEI-high engine ignition)
Increaed energy during spark more consistent sparking (good for cold) Less restricted rate of sparking (mechanical is 400 per second) Stable ignition timing Reduced maintenance
Why independent suspension for front?
Lighter unsprung mass Both tires are not subject to same road impacts Allows camber to be adjusted individually
Wheelbase
Longitudinal distance between front and wheel axle centers
Types of engine blocks
Inline V Boxer VR W
4 stroke cycle
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
IAT
Intake Air Temperature Reads intake air charge to find temperature. built into MAF
What happens for each cycle?
Intake-A/F enters Compression- compresses power-ignition and expansion exhaust- leaves cylinders
2 types of wastegates
Internal External
ICE
Internal Combustion engine
Plenum chamber
Internal air pressure higher than atmosphere Located at cowl
KS
Knock Sensor Uses an accelerator to determine vibrations.
ATV tires
Large and medium rubber compound noisy on road and less contackt
Suspension springs
Leaf Coil Torsion bars
Axle Wrap
Leaf sprung vehicles axle hops up and down tracion bars help
William Deming famous for?
Lean manufacturing. Japan with toyota where it started
Typical front wheel drive rear suspenstion
Macpherson or double a frame No steering so no need for bearing in upper mounting on macpherson
Piston ring function
Maintain gas compression and seals all leaks. Scrapes oil so just enough for lubrication Transfer heat from piston to cylinder walls Prevent knocking
MAP
Manifold Absolute Pressure senor silicone tranducer. Voltage proportional to pressure in the manifold uses engines speed, air temp and pressure to determine flow rate By tps or on plenum
MAF
Mass Air Flow Sensor mass of air going into engine types vane and hot wire By air intake
MEP (Equation)
Mean Effective Pressure (con*torque)/displacement in^3 con=150.8 4 stroke =75.4 for 2 stroke
What controls ignition timing
Modified by knock, coolant and air temperatures. Uses look up tables in PCM
Unibody Chassis
Most common Sheet metal. Body and Chassis are one piece. Rigid (resists flexing better) Better handling Lighter weight Cheaper (less material) Crumple zones
Double Wishbone
Most ideal front and rear independent perfect camber control Old- parallel equal length wishbone arms (causes excessive tire scrubbing) New-unequal length, non parallel A-arm
Cradle
Mounts suspension onto a subframe Subframe absorb NVH (noise, vibration and harshenss) Subrame mounted by bushings
Fuel tank
Plastic, steel or aluminum designed to protect against damage Baffles to prevent surging during movement.
What causes detonation
Poor octane loss of egr raised CR due to carbon build up too much air/fuel bad spark plug
PFI
Port Fuel Injection
PCM
Powertrain control Module or ECM or ECU (electronic control module) Controls engine and vehicle Controls ignition and air fuel (most important)
What if use wrong heat range spark plug?
Preignition Could burn up ground electrode
Radiator cap
Pressurized cooling cap is combination of filler cap and prssure control valve spring loaded plate to maintain pressure Standard pressure is 15 psi
Dampening
Prevents spring from returning to original shape too quickly Done by shock absorber Piston filled with oil
Spark Plugs
Provides a gap for the current to jump which causes a spark Specified in size and heat ranges Hot plugs in cooler engines and cold in hot ones
Chassis
Provides strength to support vehicular component and payloads
Axel
Provides wheel location, motion and reaction to external forces
Valve Systems
Push Rod Overhead Cam
Intake Manifold
Receive mixture and distribute air fuel mix to cylinder head Circular cross sections for least resistance.
Methods of air Cleaning
Resin-impregnated paper Oil bath and mesh cyclone filter with paper
Two type of Axels
Rigid Independent
Chassis Joining Methods
Rivets Bolts Welds
2 types of lobe superchargers
Roots-normal Screw-weird lobes, compress air, cost more
Types of Superchargers
Rotating Lobe Sliding Vane Rotating Impeller
Unidirectional tires
Rote in one direction enhance acceleration better stopping
Fan cowl
Sheet metal or plastic casing prevented heated air from recirculating through radiator
Lateral bending
Side members subject to a frowny face ( From road camber, side wind, turning or collision Tires oppose lateral force which causes the bending
Why did toyota "Crown" fail in US?
Slow Couldnt hand US heat
Detonation
Spontaneous combustion of gases after natural spark. Called knock and ping
Basic Suspension Components
Springs Axles Shocks arms rods Ball joints
Solid axle coil springs
Springs vertical support and lateral support comes from control arms. attached to chassis and axle
Red Flag Act
Stop steam powered cars because they were a threat to the train
Fuel System Function
Store, transfer and filter gas required by carburetor or fuel injection system
Chain and Sprocket Drives
Subject to slight wear Needs to be changed often
Engine Diplacement
Total volume of all cylinders
Semi trailing arm
Trailing arm but pivoted half trailing(understeer) and have transverse (oversteer) which cancel out