Bacterial Genetics

This type of bacteria lack one or more genes that enzymes require for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides (mutant bacteria). These substances are not added to a minimal media and cannot grow because its lacking the substance since it cannot make it. A) Auxotrophic bacteria B) Prototrophic bacteria C) Both A and B D) neither A or B.

A) Auxotrophic bacteria

The DNA fragment that can exist as a plasmid and integrate into chromosome is known as a ______. A) Episome B) Plasmid C) Sex Pilus D) Genome

A) Episome

A media that bacteria can only grow if they make ALL nutrients not provided in the medium and has only essential materials needed by the organism to survive is considered what type of media? A) Minimal Media B) Complete Media C) Amino acid drop out media D) Sugar media

A) Minimal Media

These are small circular DNA molecules that often carry antibiotic resistant genes and replicate independent of genome. A) Plasmids B) Genome C)Viral DNA D) Polypeptide chain

A) Plasmids

The _____ plates lack one or more nutrients and _____ bacteria can grow. A) Replica, certain B) Replica, All C) Complete, certain D) Complete, All

A) Replica, certain

What is this type of bacterial mutant that is resistant to some environmental toxins such as drugs, heavy metal, bacteriophages etc. For example, AmpR gene causes bacteria to be resistant to ampicillin, a common antibiotic related to penicillin. A) Resistance Mutants B) Chemoauxotrophs C) R mutants D) amino mutants.

A) Resistance Mutants

This type of phage can undergo lytic or lysogenic cycle. Also, the phage DNA is integrated into bacterial DNA, replicated with the bacterial DNA and passed on to progeny. This phage is called..... A) Temperate phages B) Noro phages C) Virulent phages D) Specialized phages

A) Temperate Phages

_____ is the process of transferring bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another via bacteriophage. A) Transduction B) Conjugation C) Conjunction D) Transformation

A) Transduction

Conjugation mapping is used for mapping the ____ features of the entire chromosome. A) major B) minor C) fine D) gross

A) major

What type of transduction occurs when a virus transfers viral and bacterial DNA to another bacterial cell and the DNA transferred is dependent on where the prophage integrated? A) specialized transduction B) virulent transduction C) randomized transduction D) generalized transduction

A) specialized transduction

To determine that bacteria exchange genetic material. A) 2 strains are use with the same growth requirements B) 2 strains are used with opposing growth requirements C) 2 wild type strains are used with opposing growth requirements D) 2 mutant strains are used with the same growth requirements

B) 2 strains are used with opposing growth requirements.

What is this type of bacterial mutant that can't use some nutrient that the prototrophs can use as food (usually sugar). For example, lac- mutants can't grow on lactose (milk sugar), but lac+ prototrophs can grow on lactose. A) Resistance Mutants B) Chemoauxotrophs C) R mutants D) amino mutants

B) Chemoauxotrophs.

A media that all bacteria can grow on (+/-), contains all materials needed by organism and contains essential materials not made by bacteria AND materials made by bacteria is considered what type of media ? A) Minimal Media B) Complete Media C) Amino acid drop out media D) Sugar media

B) Complete Media

The original plate contain the ______ medium that allows _____ bacteria to grow. A)Replica, No B) Complete, All C) Replica, All D) Complete, No

B) Complete, All

______ _______ is determined by comparing their time of entry during an interrupted mating experiment. A) Chromosome distancing B) Genetic distancing C) Mapping distancing D) Procedural distancing

B) Genetic distancing

A singular circular bacterial DNA molecule that is usually haploid are called ______. A) Plasmids B) Genome C)Viral DNA D) Polypeptide chain

B) Genome

Hfr strain is short for .... A) Haploid Factor Reference B) High Frequency Recombination C) Homozygous F Recombination D) Heterozygous F Recombination

B) High Frequency Recombination

What are the two types of transformation? I. Natural Transformation II. Artificial Transformation III. Interrupted Transformation IV. Transitional Transformation A) II and IV B) I and II C) III and IV D) II and III

B) I and II

Choose the correct strains that would be used to determine if bacteria exchange genetic material. I. Strain 1- positive for BIO, MET and PHE II. Strain 2- positive for PHE & THR III. Strain 1- positive for BIO & MET IV. Strain 2- positive for MET, PHE and THR. A) I & II B) II & III C) III & IV D) I & III

B) II & III

This type of bacteria can synthesize its' own nutrients from minimal media. It can grow in minimal media with only Carbon, Nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins, ions, nutrients. Also, it has genes required to MAKE everything else and does not have any mutated genes (+). A) Auxotrophic bacteria B) Prototrophic bacteria C) Both A and B D) neither A or B

B) Prototrophic Bacteria

The Genes that come out first are the genes ____ to the F plasmid origin of transfer. The genes that come out last are ___ from F plasmid origin of transfer. A) furthest, closest B) closest, furthest C) closest, closest D)furthest, furthest

B) closest, furthest

Which statement about time map is NOT true? A) Time could depend upon the Hfr strain B) the order would be the same and so would the starting point C) both A and B are not true D) both A and B are true

B) the order would be the same and so would the starting point. This is false because depending on the Hfr strain it will have the same order but the starting point will vary

What type of media is made with all amino acids except Leu-? A) Minimal Media B) Complete Media C) Amino acid drop out media D) Sugar media

C) Amino acid drop out media, If a bacteria grows on this media it MUST have a functional Leucine gene.

The addition of _______ to a complete medium prevents growth of bacteria that are sensitive (don't have a resistance). Only bacteria with a resistance to this can grow. A) Sugar B) Amnio acids C) Antibiotics D) Lactose

C) Antibiotics

A virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells is called... A) Mast Cell B) Monocytes C) Bacteriophage D) Schwann Cell

C) Bacteriophage

What is the favorite lab organism that is common used and is known as a gut bacteria that can be easily grown on partially digested extracts made from yeast and animal products @ 37 degrees in a normal atmosphere? A)Clostridium difficile B)Staphylococcus aureus C) E. Coli D)Norovirus

C) Escherichi coli

Transduction mapping is for _____-scale mapping only. A) large B) Macro C) Fine D) Micro

C) Fine

The F plasmid from an F+ strain integrates into genome randomly. This is known as the ______ strain. A) Viral Strain B) Mutant Strain C) Hfr strain D) F Strain

C) Hfr Strain

Which statement about generalized transduction is false? I. Can be used to map genes II. Genes close to each other in the genome are more likely to be transferred together. III. Once the bacterial DNA is injected into the new bacterial cell by a virus it can get integrated into the genome by homologous recombination IV. Only transfers a few genes compared to specialized transduction A) I, III and IV B) I, III and IV C) I, II and III D) I, II, III and IV

C) I, II and III

Which are the three mechanisms of bacterial transfer? I. Transformation II. Transduction III. Configuration IV. Conjunction. A) I, III, IV B) I, II, III C) I, II, IV D) II, III, IV

C) I, II, IV

What are the two life cycles of a bacteriophage? I. Specialized Cycle II. Lytic Cycle III. Generalized Cycle IV. Lysogenic Cycle A) I and III B) III and IV C) II and IV D) I and IV

C) II and IV

The ____ phage reproduce through the lytic cycle only and always kill their host. A) Temperate B) Noro C) Virulent D) Specialized

C) Virulent

The _____ 2 genes are to each other, the _____ likely they are to be transduced by the same phage. AKA "co-transduction frequency". A) furthest, more B) closer, less C) closer, more D) furthest, less

C) closer, more

Which statement about the conjugation apparatus is NOT true? A) The sex pilus is made by a donor strain B) There is physical contact made between strains which shortens the sex pilus bringing the bacteria closer. C) contact does not initiate genetic transfer D) Many genes on F factor required for transfer.

C) contact does not initiate genetic transfer. It does initiate genetic transfer.

During the conjugation mechanism, the ______ Factor is encoded on a plasmid (extrachromosomal DNA). A) infertility B) double C) fertility D) protein

C) fertility

Which statement is not true about natural transformation? A) one strand of DNA fragment enters the cell, the other is hydrolyzed B) The single-stranded fragment pairs with the bacterial chromosome (recombination occurs) C)The remainder of the single stranded DNA fragment is transferred to dividing cells. D) when the cells replicated & divides, one of the resulting cells is transformed the other is not.

C)The remainder of the single stranded DNA fragment is transferred to dividing cells. False because these fragments are degraded before self replication

Which statement/s about the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage is true. A) The cell makes many copies of virus particles B) The cells burst open releasing newly assembled viral particles C) Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial genome D) Both A and B are true E) Both B and C are true

D) Both A and B are true

The method of gene transfer in bacteria where DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another through direct contact via sex pilus is called? A) Transformation B) Transduction C) Configuration D) Conjunction

D) Conjunction

Which statement about specialized transduction is true. I. Only occurs when phage DNA Integrates into the genome to make a prophage II. Produces viral particles with both phage and host DNA, linked in a single DNA molecule III. Occurs when prophage imperfectly excises from genome IV. Only transfers a few genes A) I, II and IV B) II, III and IV C) I, II and III D) I, II, III and IV

D) I, II, III and IV

The Hfr DNA is transferred in a.. A) perpendicular manner B) Parallel manner C) Horizontal manner D) Linear manner

D) Linear manner

Making identical copies of bacteria on a petri plates with different media types is called... A) Petri Dish Plating B) Bacterial Resistance Plating C) Differentiation Plating D) Replica Plating

D) Replica Plating

_______ is the process by which a bacterium will take up extracellular DNA. A) Transduction B) Conjugation C) Conjunction D) Transformation

D) Transformation

Which statement about Prokaryotic organisms is true? A) They have no membrane-bound organelles B)They have no DNA in the nucleus C) They are considered unicellular D) all of the above statement are true

D) all of the above statement are true.

Fill in the Blanks. Each _____ Hfr strain can have the F plasmid integrated at _____ parts in the chromosome. A) same, different B) same, same C) different, same D) different, different

D) different, different

What type of transduction occurs when the virus transfers bacterial DNA to another bacterial cell and the DNA transferred is random? A) specialized transduction B) virulent transduction C) randomized transduction D) generalized transduction

D) generalized transduction

Which statement is not true about the Hfr strain? A) has F plasmid integrated into bacterial chromosomal DNA B) transfers chromosomal DNA to F- strains C) This transfer begins at origin of transfer from F plasmid D) the amount of DNA transferred is not dependent on the length of time conjugation apparatus holds together

D) the amount of DNA transferred is not dependent on the length of time conjugation apparatus holds together.

True/False. Most of the bacteria on Earth can be grown in the laboratory today.

False, bacteria need specific nutrients, correct amount of O2 and proper temperature to grow.

True/False. Stains that are F+ do not have the F plasmid.

False, if they are F+ they do have the F Factor encoded on the plasmid.

True/False. Stains that are F- have the Fertility factor encoded on the plasmid.

False, if they have F- they lack the F factor on the plasmid.

True/False. A drop-out media that contains no tryptophand->mutant and wild type can grow.

False, only wild-type can grow, no auxotroph can't.

True/False. A complete media that has tryptophan->only the wild-type can grow, the auxotrophs cannont.

False, the mutant and wild-type can grow.

True/False. Bacteria are usually DIPLOID for a gene.

False, they are usually haploid -loss of function is not masked by a second allele ( no dominant or recessive alleles), Phenotype you see is the allele that the bacteria has.

True/False. Viruses are living.

False, they have unique biological structures, functions and traits

True/False. The transfer of DNA does not require physical contact.

False.

True/False. A large amount of chromosomes, many genes, can be transferred by transduction.

False. A small amount of chromosomes, a few genes can be transferred by transduction

True/False. E. coli that have F' types have absent characteristics and known for its' role as a recipient in conjugation.

False. F' presents as separate circular DNA, carrying some bacterial genes and is known as a donor.

True/False. DNA uptake occurring without outside help is known at artificial transformation.

False. It is known as Natural Transformation.

True/False. During interrupted mating, the LONGER amount of time a mating occurs, the LESS DNA is transferred.

False. The LONGER amount of time and MORE DNA is going to be transferred.

True/False. E. coli cells that is F- has a separate circular DNA and it's role in conjugation is known as the recipient.

False. The characteristics are absent in F- and is known as the recipient.

True/False. A prophage cannot live in dormant state for a long time.

False. They can.

True/False. Bacteriophages have 1 life cycle.

False. They have two cycles

True/False. Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.

True

True/False. The Auxotroph bacteria need some nutrient that the wild type strain (prototroph) can make for itself.

True

True/False. The genes on F factor is used to integrate F factor into host DNA, and alter its genotype/phenotype.

True

True/False. Transfer always starts at the same place (the origin of transfer).

True

True/Flase. E. Coli is considered a favorite lab organism and model for other bacteria because it has simple growth conditions.

True

True/False. During conjunction, the transfer of plasmid DNA or bacterial genomic DNA can add to the antibiotic resistance in the bacteria.

True, Antibiotic resistance genes are located on plasmids that can be transferred naturally. The transfer of the plasmids is not restricted to bacteria of the same or even related species.

True/False. Conjugative plasmids have genes that code for proteins require for the transfer to occur.

True, it contains the genes needed for transfer

True/ False. Bacteria that cannot make the amino acid tryptophan are called a trp- auxotroph.

True, to grow trp- bacteria-->you need to add tryptophan to the growth medium

True/False. A bacteriophage is composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat.

True.

True/False. An E. coli cell that is F+ present as a separate circular DNA and it is the donor cell.

True.

True/False. Bacteria that don't need tryptophan supplied since they make their own are called trp+ prototrophs.

True.

True/False. During the lysogenic cycle of a bacteriophage the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial genome AKA prophage.

True.

True/False. E. coli cells that have the Hfr factor are present, integrated into the bacterial chromosome and is known for being a high frequency donor in regards to its' roll in conjugation.

True.

True/False. For temperate phages the signal can cause prophage to excise from bacterial genome and enter lytic cycle.

True.

True/False. Temperate phages can follow both cycles.

True.

True/False. The DNA uptake that occurs with the help of special techniques and known as artificial transformation.

True.

True/False. The closer 2 genes are to each other, the higher the co-transduction frequency.

True.

True/False. The process of transformation was discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928 while working with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

True.

True/False. To identify bacterial mutants, it is determined by the growth on different media types such as amino acid drop out media and a complete media with antibiotics on it.

True.

True/False. Transduction occurs when the virus makes an error on packaging the DNA.

True.

True/False. Virulent phages only undergo lytic cycle.

True.

True/False. You can use different Hfr strains to determine the order of genes on a bacterial chromosome.

True.

True/False. You can use generalized transduction to map genes.

True.