Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory

In recent extensions of the work on multiple modeling it was found that an interesting implication was that children reacted best to the situation of:

Do as I say and as I do!

____________________ expectations are beliefs of individuals that they can produce certain behaviors.

Efficacy

Efficacy expectations are to be equated with people's actual skills.

False

Test-anxious college students tend to perform poorly because they spend much of their time paying attention to relevant cues.

False

The applied value of social cognitive theory is very low.

False

Verbal persuasion is the most influential source of efficacy expectations.

False

Behavior is not always imitated accurately or completely and must be shaped by others through successive-approximation principles.

True

Efficacy expectations influence people's choices of activities.

True

Our behavior is regulated to a large extent by anticipated outcomes.

True

Proximal goals help focus people's attention and provide them with feedback that sustains their efforts.

True

The primary source of efficacy expectations is personal mastery experiences.

True

We acquire behavior through observational learning when we watch the behaviors of others and then repeat their actions.

True

____________________ persuasion occurs when parents encourage their children to believe they can succeed on various tasks.

Verbal

In Berkowitz's experiment on modeling and aggression, it was found that:

aggressiveness in participants was facilitated after they witnessed acts of violence that seemed justified.

If June finds that she can not shop in stores and supermarkets because she finds the crowds too threatening, we would say that she suffers from:

agoraphobia.

Individuals who are afraid of public places are called:

agoraphobics.

Studies have shown that viewers are more apt to behave aggressively if they identify with:

an aggressive hero.

Based on our prior experiences, we learn to ____________________ outcomes.

anticipate

Bandura feels that most of our behavior is not controlled by immediate external reinforcement but is based on the accumulated results of earlier experiences. Our behavior is, therefore, regulated to a large extent by:

anticipated or expectancy outcomes.

A study with modeling and high test-anxious students showed that the greatest positive impact on these students was from the:

anxious coping model.

Because their efficacy expectations are poor, abnormal individuals:

are more likely to avoid threatening situations they believe exceed their coping skills.

Ozer and Bandura provided mastery training for women who were very fearful of a sexual assault and found that the women:

became much more confident about their ability to successfully defend themselves in case of attack.

In their research on modeling, Bussey and Bandura found that:

boys and girls tend to imitate same-sex models.

Bandura believes that the portrayal of violence in the media:

can, under the right circumstances, facilitate aggression in some people.

In Bandura's view, learning from response consequences is largely a(n):

cognitive process.

The provision of appropriate models can:

considerably shorten the acquisition process.

In Bandura's opinion, parents who continually belittle and criticize their children are likely to:

create low efficacy expectations in them.

According to Bandura, cognitive events:

determine how environmental events will be interpreted.

The individual's belief that he or she can execute the behavior required to produce certain response consequences is called a(n):

efficacy expectation.

Bandura believes that behavior occurs as a result of a complex interplay between inner processes and:

environmental influences.

People with high efficacy expectations tend to:

expend maximum effort in trying to solve challenging tasks.

According to Bandura, Jim is more likely to expect to:

fail when he is very physiologically aroused and tense as he tries to answer the test items.

According to Bandura, people are more likely to expect to:

fail when they are physiologically aroused.

It has been observed that we often maintain a variety of behaviors in the absence of external rewards. These behaviors involve the development of self-control processes. Which of the following is not a sub-process of self-control?

fear of our instincts.

Bandura maintains that the use of violence to punish wrongdoers:

gives viewers the impression that violence is justifiable.

Bandura's theory:

has high applied value.

Bandura's theory:

has impressive empirical validity.

Bandura's social cognitive theory has very ____________________ applied value.

high

John tends to be rather self-centered and doubtful about his intellectual abilities. It is likely that he is also:

high in test anxiety.

To eliminate aggression, Bandura maintains that we need:

individual corrective effort and group action aimed at changing current societal practices.

In Bandura's view, modeling:

is a viable alternative to traditional psychodynamic approaches to therapy.

Even though observers tend not to perform the actions of punished models, they have still:

learned the disapproved behaviors that could be elicited under positive conditions in the future.

In his theory, Bandura places:

less emphasis on the biological determinants of behavior than on observational learning.

If Bill sees one of his peers rewarded for volunteering to help the elderly, he is:

likely to help the elderly himself.

People with low efficacy expectations tend to expend ____________________ effort on tasks and to give up trying after a short time.

little

A key feature of Bandura's theory is that it:

maintains that much of our behavior is regulated by anticipated outcomes.

According to Bandura, efficacy expectations are rooted primarily in personal ____________________ experiences.

mastery

Bandura's position does not stress:

maturational processes and their influences on behavior.

Which one of the following therapeutic techniques does Bandura utilize in the treatment of clients?

modeling.

If Matt sees a man rewarded for saving a child from drowning, he is:

more likely to imitate the man's behavior under similar circumstances.

According to Bandura, most of our behavior is:

not controlled by immediate external reinforcement.

According to Bandura, efficacy expectations are:

not to be equated with people's actual skills.

We acquire behavior through ____________________ learning after we watch what others do and repeat their actions.

observational

A strong emphasis in Bandura's theory is on:

observational learning.

Acquiring behavior by watching what others do is called:

observational learning.

Adults with high efficacy expectations tend to:

opt for challenging tasks which provide an opportunity for developing new skills.

In their second experiment on the use of modeling to help elderly patients overcome their fears in a bathing situation, Downs, Rosenthal, and Lichstein found that:

patients in the guided participation modeling condition successfully completed the bathing activity.

Research on test anxiety in students has shown that high test-anxious people tend to:

pay attention to irrelevant cues that subsequently interrupt their performances.

Bandura believes that efficacy expectations are rooted primarily in:

personal mastery experiences.

In Bandura's study on the clinical treatment of snake phobics, it was shown that:

phobics who were able to successfully handle the snakes had higher efficacy expectations and reductions in their heart rates and blood pressure.

In Bandura's view, if parents do not react to activities by their children that were punished in the past, these activities may take on, though contrast:

positive significance.

One construct that plays a major role in Bandura's theory is:

reinforcement.

Bandura thinks that:

reinforcers and punishers have useful informational value for the person.

Which one of the following strategies does Bandura think will be most effective in getting the media to modify and control the showing of aggressive behavior?

rewarding desirable practices (ones that curtail the showing of violence) by members of the media.

Vicarious reinforcement can have a significant impact on our behavior. It involves:

seeing other people rewarded for their behavior and then imitating it.

Carl tells himself that he will go to a party after he finished studying for his anthropology exam. He is using a form of self-regulation called:

self-reinforcement.

People tend to be influenced by models who are:

similar to themselves in terms of personal background.

Bandura believes that behavior is not caused solely by either personal dispositions or ____________________ influences.

situational

Bandura believes that media portrayal of violence can have harmful effects on our behavior and that of others. He further states that even "normal" individuals can aggress against each other if:

situational variables are conducive to violence.

Bandura's theory of personality is called a(n):

social-cognitive theory.

The name of Bandura's personality theory is:

social-cognitive theory.

In a study which examined violent video games, Bartholow and Anderson found that:

students who played violent video games were more likely to deliver intense punishment to their opponents in a subsequent competitive game than were students who played a nonviolent video game.

Actual performance accomplishments are:

the most influential source of efficacy expectations.

The belief that cognition, behavior, and the environment can operate interactively as determinants of one another is called ____________________.

triadic reciprocal determinism

In Bandura's opinion, cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental factors all influence one another. He calls this concept of interaction:

triadic reciprocal determinism.

If Dave's mother keeps telling him that he can achieve higher grades because he's so smart, she is trying to accomplish change in him through:

verbal persuasion.

The willingness to imitate the behavior of a model after observing that the model was reinforced for the behavior is called ____________________.

vicarious reinforcement

When Bandura says we solve problems symbolically without resorting to overt trial-and-error behavior, it is because:

we foresee the consequences of our behavior and modify our actions accordingly.

In a study concerned with the effects of multiple models on observers' imitative behavior, the results indicated that children:

who saw two models who practiced self-restraint in their self-reinforcement practices emulated their behavior very closely.

In a study examining college students' beliefs that they could successfully complete the training requirements for various occupations, Betz and Hackett found that:

women perceived themselves as much more efficacious in preparing for traditionally feminine than traditionally masculine occupations, with two exceptions (physician and lawyer).