Basic anatomy & physiology final exam

The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ________.

corneum

Identify the cavity that houses the brain.

cranial

Label A points to the ________ cavity.

cranial

Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the________.

cytoplasm

________, a type of cell junction, anchor adjacent cells together and prevent cells from being pulled apart.

desmosomes

The ________ system rids the body of indigestible food residue in feces while the ________ system removes nitrogen-containing metabolic waste in urine.

digestive; urinary

The layer of the heart wall synonymous with the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is ________.

epicardium

Looking into a microscope, you notice cells swimming, propelled by a long tail. What cell structure must these cells have in order to be mobile?

flagella

Anaerobic glycolysis requires ________ to make ATP.

glucose only

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.

has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

The phospholipid tails are ________, which make the plasma membrane impermeable to water.

hydrophobic

Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms?

immune system

The skin and its derivatives (nails, glands, and hairs) form the ________.

integumentary system

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle associated with an atom?

ion

What organs are served by the renal arteries and veins?

kidneys

Identify the cavity that houses the heart and lungs (and other organs).

label C

Identify the cavity that houses the stomach, liver, and other digestive organs.

label E

The A band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________.

letter A

The epidermis is represented by ________.

letter A

The right atrium is indicated by______.

letter A

The I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________.

letter B

The layer responsible for whorled ridges on the epidermal surfaces is indicated by ________.

letter B

The tricuspid valve is indicated by_______.

letter B

The dermis is represented by _________.

letter C

The layer of skin containing blood vessels, nerves, and glands is represented by _______.

letter C

The pulmonary veins are indicated by______.

letter C

The H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by ________.

letter D

The hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue, is represented by ________.

letter D

The mitral (bicuspid) valve is indicated by_______.

letter D

The left ventricle is indicated by_____.

letter E

The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________.

long bones

Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to and from the heart and the ________.

lungs

The nose is _______ to the ears.

medial

What portions of the brain contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate?

medulla and pons

Which of the following are pigments that contribute to skin color?

melanin; carotene; hemoglobin

The organelle responsible for making the majority of ATP in a cell is the ________.

mitochondrion

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.

motor unit

Veins ________.

often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

The specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell are collectively called ________.

organelles

The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ________.

origin

The process of bone formation is known as ________.

ossification

What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?

osteoblast

Aerobic respiration requires ________.

oxygen

Label F points to the ________ cavity.

pelvic

What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?

plasma membrane

During a synthesis reaction, amino acids join to form ________.

proteins

The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of ________ an atom contains.

protons

An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) ________.

protons (hydrogen ions)

The elbow is _______ to the wrist.

proximal

Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?

pulmonary veins

Which muscle helps compress the abdominal contents during defecation or childbirth?

rectus abdominis

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?

self-antigens

Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?

serous

Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones.

short

Striated voluntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

skeletal

Which term does NOT describe smooth muscle cells?

skeletal

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

skin and mucous membranes

________ muscle tissue has no visible striations and is found in the walls of hollow organs.

smooth

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

Which of the following bones is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton?

sternum

The epidermis is composed of ________.

stratified squamous epithelium

Which layer of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells?

stratum corneum

The head and neck are________ to the feet.

superior

Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.

superior vena cava

The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints.

synovial

Where are the tonsils located?

throat (pharynx)

The nucleotides of DNA join in a complementary way in which adenine pairs with ________ while cytosine pairs with ________.

thymine; guanine

The membrane connections that prevent the leaking of fluid between cells are called ________.

tight junctions

The correct sequence of layers of a typical blood vessel, from superficial to deep, are ________.

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Polar covalent molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ________.

unequally between atoms

The nucleotides of RNA join in a complementary way in which adenine pairs with ________ while cytosine pairs with ________.

uracil; guanine

Label B points to the ________ cavity.

vertebral

Which of the following is classified as an INORGANIC compound?

water

What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?

A bands and I bands

The myofilament composed of actin is indicated by ________.

C

The nonpolar (hydrophobic) region of the phospholipid bilayer is indicated by letter _______.

C

The nucleolus is indicated by letter _________.

D

The mitochondrion is indicated by letter ________.

H

Which statement is true of antibody IgE?

IgE is involved in allergies.

Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?

IgG

Label E points to the ________ cavity.

abdominal

What is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract?

acetylcholine

During skeletal muscle contraction, to what do myosin heads bind?

actin filaments

Which muscle group adducts the thighs?

adductor group

________ tissue is commonly called fat.

adipose

What is covered by the endomysium?

an individual muscle cell

Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ________.

antagonists

Matter is best described as ________.

anything that occupies space and has mass

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?

blood cell formation

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

cardiac

Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ________.

cardiac muscle

Which type of connective tissue is avascular?

cartilage

Which of the following is the smallest unit of all living things?

cell

A splinter pierces through the epidermal layers of the sole of the foot in the following order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 4, 3, 5, 1

An atom with 13 electrons will have ________ electrons in the valence shell.

3

How many pairs of true ribs do humans have?

7

The polar (hydrophilic) region of the phospholipid bilayer is indicated by letter _______.

B

What process results in the exact duplication of DNA?

DNA replication

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is indicated by letter ________.

L