B+B final exam

In the simplest form of nonassociative learning,

an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentation of a stimulus.

The _______ bottleneck refers to a filter that results from the limits of our attentional capacity.

attentional

Declarative episodic memory is also called

autobiographical memory.

People with damage to the _______ have trouble with tasks involving skill learning, such as the Tower of Hanoi problem.

basal ganglia

Eye-blink conditioning is an example of _______ conditioning and has been used to study mammalian cerebellar circuits.

classical

The _______ is an area of gray matter within the white matter of the of the forebrain, and is thought to play an important role in generating the experience of being conscious.

claustrum

People with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit a long-term reduction in

cortisol

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as a treatment for

depression

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated fluctuations of episodes of _______ and _______.

depression; mania

The frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) make up the cortical network called the

dorsal frontoparietal system.

The main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the _______ and _______ areas.

dorsolateral; orbitofrontal

An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

embryonic stem cells

Your friend asks you describe the house you grew up in and what the rooms looked like. Your recollection of your childhood house involves _______ memory.

episodic

The amygdala is directly involved in

fear conditioning

Patients like patient H.M. can learn to read mirror-reversed text even though they don't remember practicing it, which demonstrates that their problem is not in learning verbal material, but instead is in

forming new declarative memories.

Adult rats living in enriched conditions have more neurons in the

hippocampus.

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

Hemispheric specialization is also known as

lateralization.

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

left visual field.

After a tetanus there are _______ AMPA receptors, and these receptors are _______ effective, so the synaptic response to glutamate is _______.

more; more; strengthened

The drug clomipramine has been shown to bring about significant improvement in many people suffering from

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Reflexive attention is

oriented on the basis of sensory events.

Reaction time is slower for the processing of complex versus simple stimuli because the processing of complex stimuli

participation of more brain pathways.

When we focus on simple tasks or objects, our relatively light _______ allows for the processing of additional stimuli (i.e., multi-tasking).

perceptual load

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

phonemes; grammar

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

You are at a train station and hear an extremely loud crash. You, and everyone else, immediately orient their attention to the location of the sound. This is an example of _______ attention.

reflexive

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is challenged by data showing that clozapine

relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia via serotonin receptors.

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

restraining

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is used to test executive function. A subject doing the test is asked to

sort cards into piles according to the number, color, or shape of symbols on card, and every 10 cards the sorting rule changes.

People with depression show different sleep patterns, a major one being a striking reduction of time spent in _______ sleep.

stage 3

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough.

surface

In the _______ task, subjects are provided with a cue that predicts target location.

symbolic cuing

Some people who suffer from recurrent panic attacks have abnormalities in the

temporal lobe.

The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of

the failure of mechanisms to forget.

The historical account of the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of

the frontal lobes.

Williams syndrome provides evidence for

the heritability of language.

NMDA receptors are gated by

the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane.

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.

the same

In a symbolic cuing task, _______ attention is shown to enhance processing, reducing reaction time to the stimulus, and _______ cues decrease reaction time the most.

voluntary; valid

The concordance rate for depression disorders in identical twins is about _______ compared to _______ for fraternal twins.

40%; 20%

Atypical neuroleptics tend to be more effective on _______ receptors.

5-HT2A

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.

7

A clinician is debating whether to prescribe SSRI drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for an individual with significant depressive symptoms. In order to potentially reach the best outcome in this case, which option would the clinician would likely prescribe?

A combination of CBT and SSRIs for the greatest effect

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

Able is a morpheme

Which statement about schizophrenia and ventricular changes is false?

Almost all patients with both schizophrenia and enlarged ventricles have denser tissue in other brain regions.

Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia?

Amphetamine

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

A proposed treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder involves using beta-adrenergic antagonists drugs either just before or after the traumatic event. What is the effect of this treatment?

It blocks the effects of epinephrine in the amygdala.

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?

Micropolygyria

If we are directing attention in order to find a specific target in an array and ignore distracters, a subcomponent of N1, called _______, is triggered at occipitotemporal sites contralateral to the target.

N2pc

Which statement about long-term potentiation (LTP) is false?

NMDA receptors are fully active only when "gated" by a strong depolarization (via AMPA receptors) and the ligand calcium.

_______ pregnant women will show symptoms of depression.

One out of every 7

Which state is the deepest degree of unconsciousness?

Persistent vegetative state

Which procedure in animals produces a state that serves as a model of human depression?

Removal of the olfactory bulb

You have a distinct memory (memory trace) of falling off a slide when you were a child. You find this memory is getting more distant, and less vivid in your mind. What is most likely responsible for this change?

The memory is weakening due to interference from events that took place before and/or after the formation of your memory of falling off the slide.

Nondeclarative memory is said to deal with _______ questions.

"how"

A person whose brother has schizophrenia has a _______% chance of developing the disease as well.

17

The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice reaction time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately _______ ms.

250

The study by Soon et al. showed that brain activity associated with making a decision appeared in fMRI scans up to _______ seconds before subjects were consciously aware of making the decision.

5-10

Which intervention has been shown to reduce the symptoms of ADHD and improve task performance in affected children?

Allowing children to fidget and engage in more intense physical activity

Which symptom is an example of an obsession?

An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

Which last-resort psychosurgical intervention has been shown to produce reduction in the strength of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms?

Cingulotomy

Which method has not been used to treat depression?

Cingulotomy

_______ neural processing operations cannot be experienced through introspection and are therefore unconscious.

Cognitively impenetrable

"Where's Waldo?" is a puzzle in which one must find the right combination of features to identify Waldo in a busy scene. Which type of attentional process does this refer to?

Conjunction search

Which gene has been associated with schizophrenia?

DISC1

Which brain area(s) is/are implicated in encoding new declarative memories, as demonstrated by the case of patient N.A.?

Dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?

Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition

Which statement provides evidence that bipolar disorder has much in common with schizophrenia?

Families with a history of bipolar disorder are more likely than other families to contain individuals with schizophrenia.

The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on receptors for which transmitter?

GABA

Which statement explains a difference between H.M.'s symptoms and those typical of Korsakoff's syndrome?

H.M. had retrograde amnesia.

Which response is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?

Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers

What was the important discovery in Moran and Desimone's study on attention, which involved recording the activity of individual neurons in the monkey visual cortex while attention was shifted within each cell's receptive field?

It showed that when attention was focused on the preferred stimulus the cell produced many action potentials, but when attention (not gaze) was shifted, the stimulus provoked far fewer action potentials.

Which statement about synapses is true?

Just like muscles, synapses respond to training; they can form or die back depending on use.

Which potential antidepressant currently under study has the potential benefit that it relieves depression almost instantly, in contrast to SSRIs and SNRIs, which must be taken for several weeks before the effect is felt?

Ketamine (similar to PCP)

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?

Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization.

Which form of habituation represents a faster and faster habituation response across days, eventually leading to no response at all?

Long-term habituation

Which memory store holds the largest number of items?

Long-term memory

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.

Micropolygyria

Which component of an averaged-out ERP waveform is believed to reflect auditory attention?

N1

Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the _______ ERP component, whereas visual attention produces enhancement of the _______ component.

N1; P1

PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?

NMDA

Phencyclidine can produce a state resembling schizophrenia through its interactions with _______ receptors, suggesting that the neurotransmitter _______ may be involved in schizophrenia.

NMDA; glutamate

Which behavior would allow you to strengthen a memory (for example, while studying for exam)?

Repeated retrieval of the information

_______ amnesia is a loss of memories that formed prior to a brain damaging event.

Retrograde

Which drug type has been shown to inhibit the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

SSRIs

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true?

Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.

You feel a splinter in your hand and look down to examine it. Which brain area controls the movement of your eyes toward the object of your attention (the splinter)?

Superior colliculus

Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?

Voluntary

A patient speaks in a fluent manner, although her speech contains many paraphasias that make it unintelligible. She also demonstrates poor comprehension of verbal material. This patient is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Wernicke's

The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that

a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause.

Disturbance in reading is called

alexia

Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of the most of the hippocampus, surrounding cortex from the temporal lobes, and the

amygdala

Compared with controls, during emotional processing depressed people show increased activation in the _______, and during cognitively demanding tasks they show increased activity in the _______.

amygdala; frontal lobes

In the Wada test, a short-acting _______ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other.

anesthetic

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally.

Research shows that rats living in enriched conditions have more dendritic branches on cortical neurons and enhanced activity of _______ neurons throughout the cortex.

cholinergic

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Information about corneal stimulation is transmitted to an area of cerebellar neurons via

climbing fibers

Despite high levels of background noise, you are able to selectively tune in to what your friend is saying in a crowded cafe. This selective enhancement is referred to as the _______ effect.

cocktail party

The enlarged ventricles in the brains of some patients with schizophrenia

comes at the expense of volume of adjacent neural tissue.

You routinely order pizza from the same company, which is delivered in a red car with white stripes. After ordering pizza for a couple of years, you notice that any time see any red car with white stripes you feel hungry. For you, pizza delivery car has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

The three successive systems that are necessary for recall of a past event are encoding, ________, and retrieval.

consolidation

If the process of encoding were prevented during learning, then _______ and _______ would also be disrupted.

consolidation; retrieval

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

A person credited with having "eyes in the back of their head" more probably is skilled at

covert attention.

Synaptic plasticity can be demonstrated in relatively simple organisms like Aplysia. Short-term habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex to repeated stimulation of the siphon is related to a(n)

decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter released at the sensory-motor synapse.

Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men.

depression

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that

depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses.

In the shadowing experiment, subjects are presented simultaneously with different stimuli to each ear and asked to focus their attention only on one ear. The result is that subjects are unable to report much about the content in the unattended ear. Which form of attentional processing accounts for this difficulty?

early selection

Compared to animals placed in impoverished conditions, animals kept in enriched conditions have heavier, thicker cortices. This is evidence for the

effect of experience and learning on brain plasticity.

The _______ is (are) critically important for establishing gaze in accordance with _______ processes and cognitive goals.

frontal eye fields; top-down

LTP in the hippocampal formation depends on the excitatory neurotransmitter

glutamate.

The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is

glutamate.

Entorhinal neurons that fire selectively when an animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract map of the local environment are called _______ cells.

grid

The so-called _______ problem of consciousness refers to the difficulty of understanding the brain processes that produce a person's subjective experience.

hard

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they

have difficulty understanding the meanings of words.

Place cells, which are located in the _______, become active when an animal moves through its spatial environment or toward a particular location.

hippocampus

Bird species that cache food in many locations have a relatively large _______, which facilitates _______ learning, and allows the birds to find the food at a later time.

hippocampus; spatial

The "easy problem of consciousness" refers to understanding

how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences.

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

A viewer closely focused on a complex task, such as being asked to count how many times a group of people throw a ball back and forth, may miss other nonattended stimuli such as dancers moving through the group of people. This is due to an attentional phenomenon called

inattentional blindness.

Studies using fMRI show that in addition to face recognition, the fusiform region is also activated when identifying

individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories.

Tricyclic antidepressants

inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine.

The _______ likely evolved because it prevents reflexive attention from settling on unimportant stimuli for more than an instant, a reaction that would be adaptive in animals foraging for food and/or scanning for predators.

inhibition of return

In monkeys, direction of attention to particular locations regardless of stimulus modality is correlated with neural activity in the

lateral intraparietal area (LIP).

The _______ model of depression involves a repetitive stressful stimulus, such as electric shock, from which there is no escape.

learned helplessness

The drug _______ is often used to treat bipolar disorder.

lithium

Anthony is an accomplished gamer, playing all the popular video games. There is some evidence to support the claim that upon analysis of his brain there would be

longer-latency ERP components compared to nongamers.

People with Korsakoff's syndrome often show damage in parts of limbic system, especially the

mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus.

The _______ is not needed to encode sensory information into short-term memory or to retrieve that information from it, but is required to move information from short-term into long-term memory.

medial temporal lobe

The study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making is called

neuroeconomics

Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs that are also known as

neuroleptics

As a result of an industrial accident, Phineas Gage suffered bilateral damage to the _______ cortex.

orbitofrontal

Diminished social insight, distractibility, and emotional lability are associated with injuries to the _______ cortex.

orbitofrontal

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.

planum temporale; temporal

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.

posterior; phonological

A change in the processing of a stimulus on the basis of prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli is referred to as

priming

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

You and your friend are both looking at the cover of a green book. You both agree that the book is green but your personal experience of the green color may be different than your friend's. The purely subjective experiences of seeing the color is/are called

qualia

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences.

In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n)

retrograde transmitter

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right-handed individuals.

Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that

schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives.

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with

schizophrenia.

Knowing the meaning of word, without knowing where or when you learned it, describes _______ memory.

semantic

You are riding on bus and catch a very brief glimpse of a ravine with rushing water as you pass over a bridge. The impression you have of the view is called an iconic memory, or

sensory buffer.

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is

she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word.

An example of the evolutionary significance of the attentional spotlight is the ability to

shifting our attention around the environment, highlighting important stimuli for enhanced processing.

A friend gives you a phone number but you don't have your phone with you with so you concentrate on committing it to memory. As soon as you have called the number you forget it. The memory of the number would be classified as a _______ memory.

short-term

A patient is shown a hammer and a wrench but can only attend to and identify one of these objects at a time. This condition is called _______ and is associated with _______.

simultagnosia; Balint's syndrome

Hemispatial neglect may lead to a person's inability to notice stimuli on one half of the body, even if both halves have been stimulated simultaneously. This phenomenon is referred to as

simultaneous extinction

When the term schizophrenia was first introduced in the early twentieth century, one of the original descriptions indicated that functions of the mind (e.g., memory, perception, etc.) in the sufferer were

split from one another

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the two brain hemispheres is that the hemispheres have many connections and function as one. The solution to this has been to study _______ patients in which the _______ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres.

split-brain; corpus callosum

In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of

stress hormones.

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

In the _______ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional spotlight.

sustained-attention

A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is

tardive dyskinesia

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with

the motor theory of language.

How do researchers obtain an ERP (event-related potential) reading?

they take EEGs of participants doing a task repeatedly, and then average those readings.

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

The overall level of alertness of an individual is called _______, as distinguished from the process by which we select and focus on one or more stimuli, which is called _______.

vigilance; attention

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage.

within 3 months