B/B Section Bank Misses FINAL

A vDNA sequence encoding a protein is inserted into a host genome by IN. The protein is translated from the hypothetical mRNA sequence shown. 5-GGCAACUGACUA-3 Based on the passage, the segment of the original viral genome that encoded this protein had what nucleotide sequence? A. 5'-GGCAACUGACUA-3 B. 5'-TAGTCAGTTGCC-3 C. 5'-CCGTTGACTGAT-3 D. 5'-UAGUCAGUUGCC-3

A. 5'-GGCAACUGACUA-3 vDNA has to start out as an RNA retrovirus. vRNA ---> vDNA---> mRNA; it will be identical to the original vRNA genome Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "The structure, growth, physiology, and genetics of prokaryotes and viruses." The answer to this question is A because according to the passage, viral DNA integrated into a host cell genome by integrase would originate from a retrovirus. mRNA transcribed from retroviral DNA is either used to synthesize viral proteins, or used as the RNA genome for progeny viruses. Thus, the sequence of the nucleotide in the original viral genome will be the same as that of the transcribed mRNA. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to recall that HIV is a retrovirus with an RNA genome and use your understanding of reverse transcriptase to use a given transcribed mRNA sequence to determine the original viral genome sequence.

The six different isoforms of LEPR are produced by using different: A. Exons of the LEPR gene B. Isoforms of the LEPR gene C. Promoters of the LEPR gene D. Protein cleavage sites of LEPRb

A. Exons of the LEPR gene This is correct. This Biology question falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is A because different isoforms of proteins are expressed from single genes through alternative splicing of exons of the primary transcript. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recall that different isoforms are produced through alternative splicing of exons of the primary transcript.

Which event is NOT a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor? Increase in: A. GDP binding to Ga subunit of G protein B. Adenylate cyclase activity C. Protein kinase A activity D. cAMP generation

A. GDP binding to Ga subunit of G protein This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure and functions of the nervous and endocrine systems and ways in which these systems coordinate the organ systems." The answer to this question is A because following glucagon binding to its receptor and activation of its coupled G protein, activities of the adenylate cyclase and the protein kinase A, and level of cAMP are all increased. In contrast activation of the G protein promotes the dissociation of bound GDP and its exchange for GTP on the α subunit. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recall the intermediates and various steps in the G-protein signaling.

"GTPase Rac through the deamidation of the side chain of the residue at position 61" The amino acid residue at position 61 in Rac is most likely: A. Glutamine B. Leucine C. Arginine D. Tyrosine

A. Glutamine Arginine doesn't have =O This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is A because according to the passage, VopC removes an amide from the side chain of the amino acid residue at position 61 in Rac via a deamidation reaction. Of the options, only glutamine contains a side chain with an amide group. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recall structural characteristics of amino acids.

The pentose phosphate pathway results in the generation of: A. NADPH, which is used as a reductive agent in cellular respiratory processes. B. NADPH, which is used as an oxidative agent in cellular respiratory processes. C. NADH, which is used as a reductive agent in cellular respiratory processes D. NADH, which is used as an oxidative agent in cellular respiratory processes

A. NADPH, which is used as a reductive agent in cellular respiratory processes.

Which enzyme is used both in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? A. Phosphoglucomutase B. Glucose-6-phosphatase C. Hexokinase D. Glucokinase

B. Glucose-6-phosphatase Solution: The correct answer is B. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this question is B because glucose 6-phosphatase catalyzes the final step of both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recall the enzymes that participate in each pathway.

passage states that deletion of the gene encoding for mtKAS results in dissipation of the electrochemical gradient generated by the electron transport chain. Based on the information from the passage, the deletion of mtKAS most likely results in decreased level of: A. Protons in the mitochondrial matrix B. Protons in the mitochondrial intermembrane space C. Electrons in the mitochondrial matrix D. Electrons in the mitochondrial intermembrane space

B. Protons in the mitochondrial intermembrane space This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this question is B because the passage states that deletion of the gene encoding for mtKAS results in dissipation of the electrochemical gradient generated by the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain uses the free energy from redox reactions to pump protons from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space thereby generating an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore any event that causes the dissipation of the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane will result in decreased level of protons in mitochondrial intermembrane space. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you must work with the scientific model of chemiosmosis to answer the question.

Based on the information in the passage, which protein domain of STAT3 is NOT predicted to play a role in its signaling? A. Nuclear localization domain B. Signal sequence domain C. DNA binding domain D. Protein binding domain

B. Signal sequence domain This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is B because based on the passage, STAT3 is a nuclear protein, which means that it requires a nuclear localization domain for nuclear translocation and a DNA binding domain for binding to regulatory regions of targeted genes. The passage also states that in addition to forming a homodimer, STAT3 associates with LEPRb/JAK2 complex which infers the presence of a protein binding domain within the STAT3 sequence. In contrast, signal sequence domains are protein domains required for proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you must reach a conclusion based on the presence of different protein domains within STAT3 in context of its signaling.

The stereochemical designators α and β distinguish between: A. Enantiomers at an epimeric carbon atom B. Enantiomers at an anomeric carbon atom C. Epimers at an anomeric carbon atom D. Epimers at a non-anomeric carbon atom

C. Epimers at an anomeric carbon atom This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this item is C since the α versus β designation distinguishes between molecules with multiple chiral centers, but differ only in the configuration of the site known as the anomeric carbon atom. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question since you must recall and identify the distinction between α and β designations for molecules.

Which event is directly mediated by a ligand-gated ion channel? A. Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction B. Influx of Na+ across the axon membrane of a somatic neuron during action potential propagation C. Influx of Na+ across the motor end plate resulting in the depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane D. Re-entry of Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to end muscle contraction

C. Influx of Na+ across the motor end plate resulting in the depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular organisms." The answer to this question is C because the influx of Na+ across the motor end plate occurs when Na+ ion channels bind the ligand acetylcholine. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recall the mechanism by which action potentials are triggered in muscle fibers.

Which of the following compounds is NOT a gluconeogenic precursor or substrate? A. Lactate B. Glycerol C. Oxaloacetate D. Phosphogluconate

D. Phosphogluconate Solution: The correct answer is D. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this question is D because while lactate, oxaloacetate and glycerol are gluconeogenic precursors, phosphogluconate is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway and is not a precursor or substrate in gluconeogenesis. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recognize the enzymes that participate in metabolic pathway.

signal sequence domain

protein domains required for proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways