BBE 1002 Final
Put the growing phases of a corn plant in chronologically order.
1 Germination Correct!2 Vegetative Growth Correct!3 Reproductive Development
Graphic of mushroom thing
1 Hyphae Correct!2 Fruiting Body Correct!3 Mycileum
Put these events from the Vaagen Brothers harvesting video (first video) in order:
1 Trees are selectively harvested Correct!2 Skidder moves trees to processor Correct!3 Trees are delimbed, cut to length, and sorted Correct!4 Logs are loaded onto the truck and transported to the sawmill
The EROI of ethanol is about __________.
1.2
If the biofuel I am producing has an energy content of 130,000 BTU and the planting, growing, harvest and processing of the biofuel requires 100,000 BTUs; what is the EROI of this biofuel? L23
1.3
About ____% of forests in the US are plantation forests.
10
Plantation forests, as indicated in the lesson, can be how much more productive than natural forests?
10
A person has an annual carbon footprint of 20,000 lbs CO2/year (typical for US). Over its lifetime, a tree in a forest will capture an average of 200 lbs CO2/year. How many of these average trees would be required to capture the carbon emitted by one person in one year?
100 trees
The topic of biorenewable resources draws on information from all over the world. As such, sometimes the measurements we use are in metric (e.g. kilogram, meter) and other times standard units (e.g. lbs, feet). Anything about the carbon cycle is done in the metric system. "Tons" in the carbon cycle refers to metric tons. How much is a metric ton?
1000 kilograms
How much of the energy used in the United States comes from renewable energy sources?
12%
Since this class is about biorenewable resources (stuff from plants) it is good to note that plants take up carbon from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. According to Figure 1, how much carbon do plants take up through photosynthesis?
123 billion metric tons
The European Union's Renewable Energy Directive II mandated that ________ percent of transportation fuels come from renewable sources b y 2030. L27
14%
The RFS2 calls for _____________ billion gallons of ethanol from corn in 2022.
15
Framed lumber is dried to __________ moisture content (dry basis).
15-19%
You are shopping at Menards and see a piece of oak board you want that is 6 feet long, 1 inch thick and 4 inches wide. It costs $12.39. What is the price per linear foot?
2.06
Yields from organic agriculture are about _____________ lower than conventional agriculture.
20-25%
The amount of carbon dioxide captured by a tree per year is a function of many things. When a tree is small it might just be a few pounds of carbon dioxide per year. When a tree is older it may be 500 pounds of CO2 per year. What might we use as an average rate of carbon dioxide capture for an assumed life span of 40 years?
200 lbs per year
Paper and paperboard products make up approximately what percentage of garbage (municipal solid waste)?
23%
According to the USDA how much organic carbon must a product contain to be considered part of the BioPreferred Program? L22
25%
What was one of the reasons, cited in the text, that there was a spike in oil prices in the 1970's?
US OIL PROD SLOWED
What is thermochemical conversion?
Using heat and catalysts to convert lignocellulosic biomass into products.
In the world of grain, production is typically measured in bushels. Bushel is a measure of ___________.
Volume
The functional unit in the LCA cradle to gate study on dimension lumber is a very common one for building materials. What was the functional unit?
Volume of dimensioned lumber
In the NASA video showing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere (A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2) what season showed the highest concentration of carbon dioxide in the northern hemisphere?
WINTER
What is the important difference between dry and wet milling?
Wet milling increases product value and flexibility by separating the corn into its individual components
Which of the following might a farmer consider when making planting decision? Select all that apply.
Which crop will be profitable Correct! Fertilizer prices Correct! Crop rotations Correct! Data from precision agriculture
In the deck board comparison, the GHG emissions (or global warming potential) is more for the _____________.
Wood Plastic Composite
What is the best definition of silviculture?
Working with nature to develop and maintain healthy forest systems
We do not typically put waste oil from restaurants into digesters because
a higher value product for oil is biodiesel.
Production of cereal grains is becoming more efficient. We are getting more grain per area of cropland. How much yield increase has occurred since 1960?
about 175%
In the article the author mentions the European Union is leading the way in terms of e-waste recycling. How much did they mention they currently recycle?
about 35%
On average, each person in the US consumes about ________ lbs of mineral, metal, and fossil resources per year. Hint: You may need to do some math and remember that 1 ton = 2000 lbs.
about 40,000 lbs
About 35% of our total land on the planet is devoted to agriculture. This is significant. But not all of our total land is habitable (some are glaciers or other barren land). Looking specifically at habitable land, what percent is devoted to agriculture?
about 50%
What percent of all bioplastics produced are biodegradable?
about 50%
In the lesson, it was mentioned that a growing tree can often have more water (by weight) than its actual dry cell material. The information suggests that a wood freshly sawn from the recently fell tree would have a moisture content (dry basis)
above fiber saturation point
Mr. Green suggests wood is the only building material that can help with climate change. He said wood is the only real option because it _________________.
both captures and stores carbon dioxide
Shrinking and swelling is primarily a problem because of the need for ____________ in any construction project.
dimensional stability
Wood shrinks when its cell walls lose water. This happens when wood
dries below FSP
Pretty cool the way they can take a round log and get a bunch of rectangular lumber. The pattern of the cut is determined primarily by ____________.
economics (yield)
According to Dave Morris's 'The Once and Future Carbohydrate Economy', "In 1820, Americans used two tons of [plant matter] for every one ton of [coal/oil]... But by 1975 Americans used ________ ton(s) of [coal/oil] for every one ton of [plant matter]."
eight
Biorenewable resources are a subset of non-renewable resources.
false
Using corn starch as a source of sugar for ethanol production is equally popular everywhere in the world.
false
Concerns with the use and disposal of traditional plastics include (select all that apply):
harmful to the health of aquatic organisms Correct! toxicity of additives Correct! use of non-renewable resource as feedstock
In order to meet the global demands of our growing population, the number of acres of cereal cropland has _____________ since 1960.
increased by about 15%
Which of the following reasons were given for why countries import resources?
it's cheaper because of cheap labor. There is no local supply. It's cheaper because of relaxed environmental regulations.
The EROI for wood to energy is ____________ than the EROI for coal to electricity.
less
The energy density of ethanol is __________________ than gasoline.
less
Biogas is a great technology. About how much of our total electricity supply (utility scale) comes from biogas?
less than .5%
To prepare transparent wood you need to first remove what component?
lignin
The "Not in my backyard" argument prioritizes ___________ environmental issues over _____________ environmental issues
local, global
One enhancement of particle board over lumber and plywood is _________.
more uniform
Which of the following options for a growing tree results in permanent carbon sequestration? L17
none of these options
In plants, sugar-rich fluid flows down from the leaves through the __________cells.
phloem
In the NASA video showing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere (A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2) the red colors in the northern hemisphere start to fade (concentrations are reduced) because of ____________.
plant uptake of carbon dioxide
"Better" is a relative term. We have to think about what we are comparing it to and what features need to be "better". To assess if something is environmentally better we would _____________.
review credible lca
What were some of the other benefits that trees provide (other than wood products)?
scenic beauty Correct! wildlife habitat Correct! pollinator habitat Correct! rainwater filtration
In the first video the Vaagen Brothers were conducting _____________.
selection harvesting
Most of the biodiesel in the US is from
soybean oil
Besides wood, what other bio-materials could be used as a fiber source for making paper? (select all that apply)
straw Correct! cotton Correct! grasses
I always forget . . . what is the term used to normalize the force by the area sustaining the force?
stress
Select the monomers used for making PET.
terephthalic acid ethylene glycol
Paper is made from pulp of primarily which part of the plant (wood) materials?
tracheids
The easiest and best way to reduce emissions from transportation is to ____________.
travel less
Which of the following are considered biorenewable?
trees sewage animal manure
As stated in the lesson, sawmills use energy; about what percent of the energy used in a US sawmill is generated from wood waste?
up to 80%
Globally consumption of minerals is about 12 tons per person per year. However, this is slightly misleading because
wealthy developed countries consume much more and poorer countries consume much less.
In 2017 the US had about __________ million bushels of corn in surplus (termed "carry out").
2500
If you watch the animation called "Pumphandle", it tracks CO2 concentrations back 800,000 years. In the animation, pre-industrial concentrations were about ___________.
280 ppm
What percent of US greenhouse gas emissions is from transportation?
29%
From the video, the taconite in the Mesabi formation contains about ___% iron.
30%
How much biobased content is there in the current Plant Bottle?
30%
The US imports about _______% of the copper it consumes.
30%
Micro algae (sometimes referred to as algae) has the potential to produce__________ times more oil per acre than soybeans.
300
In an earlier lesson you learned about the history of the transition from wood to oil and coal as the primary fuel source. Since about 1800 there has been a 33% increase in carbon dioxide levels, globally. During this time period concentrations went from about ________________ to about ______________.
300 ppm to 400 ppm
The cool graphic on carbon dioxide concentrations over time (since like 800,000 BCE) showed some interesting things. What was the approximate concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in 1979?
330
Energy is measured in Watts/m2. Yep, the same 'watts' used when you are shopping for a light bulb. On average, how much solar energy reaches a square meter of Earth?
340 Watts/m2
The global temperatures in the last ice age were about _______degrees Celsius cooler than the current global temperature of 15C.
4
In the briefing paper example for milk production, about ______ percent of the emissions were from the consumer phase.
5
Approximately how much MSW does each person in the US generate each day?
5 lbs/day
How many times can paper be recycled before the fibers get too short?
5-7 times
Figure 2 showed the % consumption of different resources for the developed nations. It showed that in the year 2010 these countries consumed about __________ of the global petroleum consumption.
50%
In his video Hans Rosling indicated that 1/7th of the population (1 billion of the total of 7 billion) use about ________ of the energy.
50%
What was the R/P ratio for crude oil in 2010?
54 years
Figure 1 notes _________ billion metric tons of carbon being emitted from microbial respiration.
60
About _________________ of MSW is biomass (organic).
60%
About what percent of the corn grain is starch?
60%
Americans recycle about what percentage of the paper waste generated?
68%
According to the study cited in the lesson, biodiesel from soybean oil has a GHG reduction of ______ compared to petroleum diesel.
76%
What did Mr. Green say was the contribution of steel and concrete to global greenhouse gas emissions?
8%
Assume the world population at the end of 2017 was 7.4 billion people. The population growth rate in 2018 was 1.07%. How many more people were on the planet at the end of 2018?
80 mill more
According to Katie Fernholz, what percent of corn and soybeans produced in the US are genetically modified?
80%
It is interesting that the US biofuel industry is based primarily on ethanol and the EU biofuel industry is based on biodiesel. What % of EU biofuels is biodiesel?
80%
The carbon cycle is drawn out in Figure 1. How much carbon is being emitted from human activity?
9 billion metric tons
In the United States, what percent of plastic is recycled?
9%
How much of our transportation fuel in the US is from petroleum?
90%
What percent of bioproducts made from corn come from the starch in the kernels (as opposed to the cellulose in the leaves and stems)?
99%
What is an Environmental Product Declaration?
A certified document that communicates the life-cycle impacts of a product
What is a "working" forest?
A forest that is providing ecosystem services like filtration of rainwater, habitat for wildlife, and scenic beauty.
In Katie's video, she described how forest managers try to mimic natural conditions. Which two pictures did she compare?
A managed forest and forest after a fire disturbance
The term "lumber" refers to
A tree that has been harvested & processed for construction.
Which of the following are concerns with waste to energy systems? (select all that apply)
Air pol Traffic Odor
What are some features of Cross Laminated Timber? Select all that apply.
Alternating layers of lumber board Stiff and strong in all directions
The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) is an international certification system. Which two organizations implement the PEFC system in the United States? Select both.
American Tree Farm System (ATFS) Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)
An example of impact bending would be:
Baseball hitting a bat
Why is there more than one forest certification system?
Because forest certification is a private, market-driven issue.
Why is fermentation considered an "upstream" biotechnology process?
Because it occurs before recovery, purification, and packaging
How does bio-PET differs from PET?
Bio-PET is made from biomass.
In Figure 2 of the lesson text, (the global temp modeling graph) what do the different lines mean?
Black solid line Actual measured global temperatures Correct!Bluish-gray shaded area (that shows upward trend after 1980) A range of predicted temperatures based on various computer model runs that included man-made GHGs and land use changes. Correct!Green shaded area A range of predicted temperatures based on various computer model runs that did not include man-made GHGs and land use changes.
In the paper life-cycle, dioxins are formed during:
Bleaching of wood pulp
According to the 2017 U.S. Energy Information Administration's report on proven crude oil reserves by country, the top two countries are 1. Venezuela and 2. Saudi Arabia. Which country ranks third for largest volume of proven reserves?
Canada
What is syngas comprised of?
Carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Fungal hyphae are comprised of what substance?
Chitin
What is the difference between compostable and biodegradable?
Compostable includes stipulations about the time to degrade and ecotoxicity.
The type of loading shown in this image puts the post in
Compression parallel to the grain
Black liquor can be best described as:
Cooking liquid containing broken-down lignin
Which of the following is more commonly used as a source of sugar for the production of bioproducts? L18
Corn starch
Match
Correct!Biofuel transportation Correct!Bioenergy heat, electricity, transportation Correct!Biopower electricity and heat Correct!Biomass feedstock
Match the BMP to its definition.
Cover crops Using plants to provide seasonal cover when the soil would otherwise be bare Correct! Nutrient management Applying the right type of fertilizer at the right time in the right place Correct! Crop rotation Rotating which crop is planted in the field each year Correct! Conservation tillage Leaving crop residue on the soil surface Correct! Contour buffer strip Strips of perennial vegetation planted between bands of crops
What do we mean when we say "dedicated crops"?
Crops grown specifically for the production of bioenergy or bioproducts
The author of the assigned reading suggests two ways a person can reduce their environmental impact. What were they?
Cut down on purchases Stop eating meat
Based on the NIH graphic, what is meant by recombinant DNA?
DNA that has been formed artificially by inserting a desired gene into a host organism
Which of the following energy input categories is the largest for a dedicated wood to pellet plant?
Drying and milling processing
What are the 3 facets of sustainability for forest certification?
Economic, ecological, and social.
What are the options for using biogas? Select all that apply. L26
Electricity Production (CHP) Correct! Direct Heating Correct! Upgrade it and put it in the natural gas pipeline
A cradle to gate analysis of dimension lumber would include the following inputs (select all that apply):
Energy for packaging the lumber Correct! Energy for kiln drying the lumber Correct! Energy for harvesting the trees
The two things we need for calculating an EROI are:
Energy input and output
Which of the following groups was NOT specifically listed as a potential user of LCAs in the video?
Environmental activists
Which of the following is considered a second generation biofuel?
Ethanol from corn stalks
Countries in Europe (primarily the UK) are using biomass from the US because ___________.
Europe has a mandate for renewable energy
"Dovetail Partners" is a sustainable forest think tank located in California.
False
All bioplastics are biodegradable. L20
False
Anaerobic digestion is a relatively new technology.
False
Bio-oils produced from pyrolysis have the same chemical structure as oils produced from petroleum.
False
Biodegradable plastics easily breakdown in all environmental conditions.
False
Cellular respiration uses solar energy to produce sugar.
False
Figure 2 in the lesson suggests that cement consumption in the wealthy nations is going up over time.
False
If we want to create chemicals, the only step we need is a thermal pathway like combustion, gasification, or pyrolysis. L21
False
In the United States, paper is primarily made from trees specifically harvested for papermaking.
False
In the article Future developments in the forest sector, the authors mention use of cellulosic fibers for food additives is a relatively new phenomenon.
False
More plastic was produced by mass in 2015 than any other material.
False
Most certifying bodies keep their records private so there is no way to double check if a company is certified.
False
Most of the energy inputs for ethanol production are from the production of the corn. L25
False
Our global population growth rate is currently about 2.1%
False
Plantation forests typically grow GMO trees.
False
The EPA has declared that wood to electricity is not carbon neutral.
False
The United States imports most of the energy we use.
False
The cambium layer is near the inner core of the tree stem.
False
The products and fuels made through a biorefining are always chemically identical to the products and fuels made through petroleum refining.
False
The understanding of how greenhouse gases trap energy is a relatively new theory that scientists have been evaluating since about 1980.
False
True or False: Co-digestion is the process of mixing inorganic and organic waste streams together into the digester.
False
True or False: Developed countries like the U.S. and those in the European Union have nothing to do with illegal logging in tropical countries.
False
True or False: Feedstock for biogas production is limited to food waste.
False
True or False? Producing biogas is a complex process and is only used in developed countries.
False
True or False? Trees are the only plants with tracheid cells in the xylem.
False
True or false? Ethanol is the only bioproduct that must go through a purification process.
False
True or false? The dried distillers grains (DDGs) leftover from ethanol production are most commonly used as a source of energy to power the distillation process.
False
Wet wood takes more force to bend than when it is dry.
False
Wood will shrink or swell when there is a moisture content change above the Fiber Saturation Point.
False
Worker's rights and good employment conditions are requirements specified in all forest certification systems.
False
If you want to produce bio-oil (not charcoal or biochar), which would you want to use?
Fast pyrolysis
In the first video, Tim and Kim talked about how data-intensive and complex the LCA process is. What did they mention that can be done to deal with all this information, streamline the process, and address the most impactful areas?
Focus on only the biggest contributors to the environmental impacts (hot-spotting).
The graphic in the introduction shows the system boundary for life cycle assessment of the production stage of (softwood) lumber. The first part of this production stage is ________________.
Forest management
You are walking along one sunny winter day and the suddenly you cry "Albedo! Too much albedo!"
Fresh snowfall.
The biggest environmental issue with wood to energy is ___________.
GHG emissions
Which environmental impact is the most important for our evaluation of if bioenergy is "better"?
GHG emissions
Which of the following occurs under high heat but low oxygen?
Gasification
Can I drive farther on one gallon of gasoline or one gallon of ethanol?
Gasoline
In many of the readings in forestry you will see the term "roundwood". This term refers to
Generally any wood that is cut and has a round cross section.
Which of these steps is NOT a typical part of the production of herbaceous crops?
Grinding
What is a monoculture?
Growing one crop species in a given area.
Which of the following options for a tree results in the quickest return of carbon to the atmosphere?
Harvested and used for energy
Many of the best wood products come from the ________________.
Heartwood
Which process turns plant oils into diesel that is chemically the same as petroleum diesel?
Hydrotreating
The LCA Briefing mentions that LCA is an internationally standardized process. The organization that developed the standards is called the International Standards Organization (ISO) - appropriate name I think... What is the official ISO standard number?
ISO 14040
When Dr. Howe said "When forests are valuable, we tend to have forests." What was he talking about? (Katie Fernholz also discussed this concept in her video)
If people buy and use wood products, we will have more trees.
Which of the following best describes the term 'attribution of impacts'?
Impacts from harvesting a tree should be divided between the different wood products.
Over the past 60 years, we've seen a substantial increase in wood consumption in the U.S. What has happened to our growing stock (volume of living trees) during that time?
Increased by 50%
Which two countries are the world's top palm oil producers?
Indonesia, Malaysia
Which of the following are true about fermentation? Select all that apply. L19
It can be used to make a wide variety of bioproducts Correct! It is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms Correct! It's a type of respiration that happens in anaerobic conditions Correct! It can be used to make beer
Why do peat soils matter so much for climate change?
It stores carbon
Which best describes the concept "it takes resources to extract resources"?
It takes water and fossil fuels to extract minerals or fossil fuels.
What inhibits the syngas platform from being used for producing ethanol fuel on a commercial scale?
It's inefficient and doesn't produce pure ethanol.
Which of the following was NOT a common problem listed with LCAs?
LCAs are still uncommon and not conducted frequently enough.
Figure 3 shows the carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere from the different sources. In 1900 the greatest CO2 emissions were from _________.
Land Use Change
From Austin's video, we can conclude that wood makes for a great construction material because the xylem area of a tree is ____________ .
Large and Strong
Why is fire not an issue in Mass Timber Construction?
Large lumber does not easily start on fire (think logs).
According to the Government Effectiveness map, which of the following sets of countries have the poorest control of corruption?
Libya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Yemen
What is the difference between management certification and chain-of-custody certification?
Management certification ensures responsible management, chain-of-custody ensures the origin of a material/product.
The first video in the lecture discussed a "Process Map" for an LCA. Match the order of the stages of a process map for any product for an LCA.
Material ExtractionStage 1 Correct!Manufacturing of the product Stage 2 Correct!Packaging and Transport (Distribution) Stage 3 Correct!Use Stage 4 Correct!End of Life Stage 5
Mechanical pulping produces weaker paper than chemical pulping because:
Mechanical methods physically tear the fibers from one another
According to Katie Fernholz, sustainable forestry seeks to: (select all that apply)
Meet the need for forest products today without compromising the future. Approach forestry from a holistic and ecosystem-based viewpoint. Maintain and protect biodiversity, productivity, and regeneration capacity.
Match the following to stages of their respective life cycle.
Mining of iron ore Extraction Making steel from iron ore Production Recycling a car End of life Driving a car Use Building a car Production
What does "laundering" timber refer to?
Mixing illegal timber with legal timber during transport or at the mill
A few reasons why Mr. Green is advocating for more wood buildings include (select all that apply):
More people need homes Building with wood is more environmentally friendly
Which of the following has the highest EROIel?
Natural gas to electricity
Which molecular species of gas is the most plentiful in Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen
Which of the following are regulations for organic agriculture?
No artificial fertilizers or pesticides No GMOs
If someone asked you if we should be concerned about running out of petroleum (crude oil) in about 40 years what would your response be?
No prob not
Where does tree growth occur? Select all that apply.
Outer region of tree stem Correct! Tips of the branches Correct! Tips of the roots
What is pesticide resistance?
Over repeated applications, the pest population becomes less and less susceptible to the pesticide.
An example of a type of biodegradable plastic is:
PLA
What is the most commonly used wood for construction in the US?
Pine
Which of the following are included in the lesson when mentioning about lumber production LCA? Select all that apply.
Plastic packaging waste Correct! Fossil fuel use by the sawmill Correct! Fossil fuel use by the trucks/trains that transport lumber
Match the following:
Plywood Layers of thin wood in opposite directions Correct!OSB Made with small wood strands/flakes Correct!Glulam Good material for creative design with shapes Correct!Wood-plastic composites Approximate equal mix of wood flour and plastic
What are some benefits to palm oil?
Possibly more environmental damage by having to produce the oil from other crops. Unique ingredients not found in other oils More oil per acre than other crops Provides jobs in some very poor countries.
How is lumber pressure treated?
Preservatives are forced into the wood under vacuum and pressure
Which of the following are thermochemical conversion processes? Select all that apply.
Pyrolysis Combustion Gasification
Identify the following as weather or climate events.
Record low temperatures on Jan 31, 2019 Weather Flooding in Indonesia Oct. 2018 Weather Average nighttime low temperatures are increasing in Minnesota in the winter Climate The frequency of droughts in Texas is increasing Climate
Match the terms with the definitions.
Refers to defining the product or system we are studying. Functional Unit Correct!Collecting all of the data that is needed for the LCA Inventory Analysis Correct!Where the LCA begins and ends in terms of scope. System Boundary
A lot of people recently have been pushing for a circular economy. What does that entail?
Refurbished, reused, and recycled raw materials help to provide a sustainable future
Forest area is decreasing in
SA and Africa
Match the forest harvest methods to their names.
Selection harvest Small groups of trees (or individual trees) in a given area are harvested over many years Correct!Clearcutting All trees in a large forested area are removed Correct!Shelterwood harvest Mature trees are removed in two or three harvests over a period of 10 to 15 years
According to the website on sustainability, the pillars of sustainability are ________.
Social Development Environmental Protection Economic Development
Specific gravity is a measure of _____________?
Solid material in a given volume of wood
Near the end of the discussion (first video in lecture) Kim suggested that where you live has a large part to play in your carbon footprint. What was she referring to?
Some areas of the country have cleaner electricity.
During which phase would you want to stop the fermentation and harvest your desired product?
Stationary phase
In most electric power plants ______________ is used to turn the turbine blades. L24
Steam
Which of the following are reasons we shouldn't just stop consuming palm oil altogether? (select all that apply)
Studies have shown that sustainable palm oil is a more environmentally-friendly biodiesel option than vegetable oil. Correct! Palm trees produce 4-10 times more oil than other crops per area. If we switched to soybean or rapeseed oil, more acres would have to go into production. Correct! Palm oil is a unique food ingredient that can't always be replaced. Correct! Millions of people depend on palm oil production to earn a living.
Although we can make so many biochemicals from fermentation, very few of them are produced in large quantities (more than 50,000 tons produced globally per year).
T
One consequence of climate change is longer growing seasons in northern climates.
T
What does the term nanotechnology mean?
Technology that deals with substances less than 100 nm in at least one dimension.
Katie tells us the two most important factors in where forests can grow are:
Temp and Precip
What are some key factors that must be regulated and monitored in the fermentation tank? Select all that apply.
Temperature Correct! Nutrient levels Pressure Correct! pH
In the first video of the lecture, we heard Kim talking about how Levi's did a preliminary LCA on jeans. What did they learn from this particular LCA? (It was done back in 2007--it has since been updated)
The biggest water impact was in the washing of the jeans by the consumer (use stage)
Corn grain is processed and fermented to create ethanol fuel. We will learn more about this later in the semester. For now, identify the feedstock of this process, based on the statement above.
The corn grain
One of the big environmental issues with mining of metals is the tailing ponds. What are "tailings"?
The leftover crushed rock after the metals are extracted.
What is the main difference between a starch molecule and a cellulose molecule described in the lesson?
The linkages between the glucose monomers
Annual agriculture halts natural succession. How did the first video define "succession"?
The natural process of change and development in an ecosystem over time.
Which contributed to the highest global warming potential for the cradle to gate life cycle of dimension lumber?
The production phase
Which of the following is the most critical for a home or office building in their impact on carbon emission?
The resources used during building occupancy
How do greenhouse gases work in regulating the energy balance of Earth's atmosphere?
They absorb infrared energy reflected from the earth.
Why did Greenpeace have a problem with the logging company Sodefor?
They believed Sodefor engaged in human rights violations.
How do genetically modified microorganisms produce the biochemicals we want?
They go about their normal lives. Since the chemical is now encoded in their DNA, it's automatically produced as they grow, live, and reproduce.
What is the difference between forestland and timberland?
Timberland is a specific category of forestland that is capable of producing large volumes of wood.
What is the purpose of pretreatment?
To increase the surface area of the biomass and open up the cell walls
What is the purpose of distillation in ethanol production?
To separate out and purify the ethanol
Which of the following are reasons a landowner/company might want to get their forests certified? Select all that apply.
To show their consumers their forests are sustainably managed. Correct! So that they can put an eco-label on their product and potentially charge more for it. Correct! To gain access to new markets.
Which of the following cell type is the conducting cells for water movement?
Tracheid
Nanocellulose is useful in which of the following applications?
Transparent coatings Correct! Enzyme immobilization Correct! Fire resistant coatings in conjunction with nanoclay
Which of the following best explains why trees have a higher lignin content than lettuce?
Trees grow much taller than lettuce and need the additional structural support.
A farm exclusively grows soybeans in 2021. The following year, on the exact same area of land, they only grow corn. This is an example of crop rotation.
True
According to this lecture, electricity from wood is better (i.e., smaller impact on climate warming potential) than coal if forests are managed properly.
True
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems capture and use heat that would otherwise be wasted.
True
Corn stover includes the leaves and stalks of the corn plant, but does not include the corn kernels.
True
Dr. Friedland suggested that Small-scale agriculture has a lower energy subsidy than industrial, large-scale agriculture.
True
Environmental certification is typically voluntary - companies and producers can choose if they want to comply.
True
Ethanol from corn is sometimes referred to as a first generation biofuel.
True
Hardwoods in general produce paper that is weaker than that made from softwoods.
True
In US, plywood layers are usually made up of softwood.
True
In the Forest Trends lesson, we learned that one of the issues our forests are facing today is habitat fragmentation. Modern, industrial agriculture contributes to habitat fragmentation.
True
Mr. Green indicated that mass timber panels are made with young small trees.
True
Mycoworks has a product comprised of fungal biomass which can be used to replace leather products.
True
Some countries in Europe are purchasing wood pellets from the United States.
True
The American Tree Farm Certification system mostly deals with family-owned forestlands.
True
The Great Hinckley Fire inspired a movement to change how forests were managed.
True
The Mesabi Iron Range mine video spent some time highlighting the steps the company took to protect the environment.
True
The majority of plastic produced is used for packaging purposes.
True
True or False: Consumers do not typically perform an LCA before making a purchase, though they might use the results from an LCA that have been summarized on a label or on a company's website.
True
True or False? As the kernel stages progress, the moisture content inside of the kernel decreases (AKA the kernels become drier).
True
True or False? Forest area in the United States has been stable (even increasing slightly) for the past 100 years.
True
True or False? Globally, tropical forests are being lost to deforestation faster than temperate forests.
True
True or False? Water vapor is considered a greenhouse gas.
True
True or false? Cellulose is an example of a polysaccharide.
True
Veneer of hardwood, as opposed to softwood, is often used for the top layer of engineered wood flooring.
True
Windows made of transparent wood have the potential to absorb energy from the sun during the day and release it into a building at night.
True
