BBH 143 Exam 2

Nicotine is an __________ at acetylcholine receptors

agonist

How effective are smoking cessation treatments?

14-24% - Double the rate for quitting without help

How are the 16th and 18th amendments to the US constitution related to prohibition?

16th: Introduction of federal income tax 18th: prohibition

What are synthetic cannabinoids and how are they used?

Chemicals sprayed on dried shredded plants and they are made to alter your mind 2-100x stronger than THC

In 1988, what did the Surgeon General's report conclude?

Cigarettes are more addictive than cocaine or heroin

What is the irreversible liver damage associated with alcohol abuse?

Cirrhosis

How is THC excreted and how long does clearance take? How is the length of clearance related to the variable half-life?

Clearance can take 20-30 hours for urine (95%) and air (5%)

What were the first 2 states to legalize recreational use of cannabis and what were the Regulations?

Colorado and Washington - Up to 1 oz if over 21, can't drive high, up to 6 plants, and heavily taxed

What are delirium tremens and why can they be life threatening?

Hallucinations, tremors, seizures

What is the difference between marijuana and hashish?

Hash has higher concentration of psychoactive drugs and is a paste of sap from the plant

What is amotivational syndrome and what data supports the diagnosis of the syndrome?

Lack of ambition, less participation in social activities and lack of empathy

Why is the alcohol in beer and wine absorbed more slowly than the alcohol in a single shot of distilled liquor?

Lower concentration attributes to lower driving force for absorption

How do synthetic cannabinoids compare to THC in potency, negative side effects and addiction Liability?

More potent than THC - unpredictable and sever side effects such as rapid heart rate, vomiting, suicidal thoughts

Explain bootlegging

Putting liquor bottle into your boot to carry places and is synonymous with illegal trafficking

What was the La Guardia Report? What were the finding reported?

Report done in 1939 by the mayor of NY. He... - Formed a committee to determine the truth of the drug, found it non addictive - Was unable to determine any other crimes

What is the impact of cannabis consumption on psychosis and mood disorders?

Risk increase

What is the most common route of administration for caffeine and how long does it take for peak blood concentration to be reached?

Route: oral Peak blood concentration: 60 minutes

What are the withdrawal symptoms resulting from cessation of nicotine use? Which one symptom lasts the longest for most people?

Senses are affect from cessation Craving lasts longest among symptoms

List the moderate withdrawal symptoms seen after short-term alcohol consumption and in stage 1 of withdrawal from chronic consumption

Short term: agitated, can't sleep, depression Stage 1: tremors, hypertension, insomnia, loss of appetite

Describe how dose of caffeine, smoking and age affect half-life of caffeine.

Slows it down

What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 alcoholism? Which has the strongest genetic association?

Type 1 alcoholism - Self-medication: Rapid tolerance - Binge drinking - Later onset of alcohol-related problems(20s) - Do better in treatment Type 2 alcoholism - Steady drinker - Early onset of alcohol-related problems (teens) - Largely male - Son of alcoholic is 9x higher risk - Women with alcoholic fathers develop somatization disorder (seeks doctors) Type 2 alcoholism has the strongest genetic association

What factors contributed to the criminalization of marijuana?

Was said to be an assassin of the youth and used as a gateway drug

What type of brain damage is seen in people with alcoholism?

Wernicke-Korsakoff

What are the main points of the Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act of 2009? How did the tobacco companies respond?

- Gave FDA authority over tobacco products - Prohibited candy like flavors - Required disclosure of ingredients and graphic warning labels - Prohibited marketing towards youth Tobacco companies responded by increasing the price and began internationally marketing

What 3 non-pharmacological factors are associated with smoking?

- Sensory stimuli associated with smoking are reinforced - Nicotine deliver without smoking is not as rewarding - Denicotinized cigarettes reduce craving and withdrawal

Explain the relationship between smoking and schizophrenia.

- Smoking is a risk factor - The rate of smoking for SZ patients is higher than general population (68% for SZ and 11% for general). 2-3 times more

What is the legal limit for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to be considered 'driving under the Influence'?

0.08

Describe the temperance movement that began in America in the 1800's.

1790- physician benjamin rush published pamphlet of dangers of alcohol and encouraged abstinence. The movement began with upper class physicians and spread across middle class

Who made the first association between smoking and lung cancer and when was the association Made?

1939 by German scientists

In what year did the U.S. Surgeon General link cigarette smoking with lung cancer and coronary artery disease?

1964

Describe the changes in age restrictions on alcohol consumption since prohibition.

21 since the repeal of prohibition - 1970s: 18 years - 1986: switched to 21 years old

What is the LD50 of nicotine in humans? What are the symptoms of nicotine poisoning (exclude eye exposure)?

30-60 mg Side effects: nausea, burning, vomiting

What is the recommended daily limit for caffeine for a healthy adult?

400 mg

What is alcohol by volume (ABV)? How does ABV compare to proof as a measure of alcohol Content?

ABV is the % of alcohol in a given volume Proof = 2x ABV

What are the main differences between the effects of Acamprosate and Disulfiram in treating Alcoholism?

Acamprosate reduces craving, disulfiram causes sickness when paired with alcohol, does not reduce cravings

In 1966, how did the tobacco industry try to "address the health issues associated with Smoking"?

Added filters to cigarettes

THC is an ________ at cannabinoid receptors. Which type of cannabinoid receptor is in the brain and central nervous system?

Agonist CB1 - brain and central nervous system CB2 - peripheral organs

Are you more likely to overdose from drinking alcohol or smoking marijuana?

Alcohol

Which of the negative health effects of smoking are associated with nicotine and which associated with other components of tobacco smoking?

Associated with nicotine: cardiovascular disease, Reduced lung function, gastrointestinal disorder, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, loss of bone density, periodontal disease and stained teeth, decreased fertility, erectile dysfunction, premature aging, wrinkling of the skin Associated with other components: Increased risk of cancer, reduced lung function

Why is the half-life of THC highly variable?

Becaused THC is stored in body fat

How is alcohol produced?

By fermentation of sugar by yeast or bacteria

What are congers and how do they contribute to hangovers?

Byproducts of fermentation - can amplify symptoms of a hangover

What was the first state to legalize medical marijuana and what were the regulations?

California in 1996 with doctors notes, grow up to 6 plants, have less than .5 oz, State ID - Dispensaries could sell with a license

What was required by the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937?

Determined that you must possess a stamp license to possess or distribute marijuana

What is the negative impact of e-cigarettes on the lungs?

E-cigs expose lungs to multiple carcinogenic and toxic chemicals from the liquid

Why do tobacco companies try to get adolescents to start smoking?

Earlier you begin the more likely you are to become addicted

What withdrawal symptoms do chronic cannabis users report when they abruptly stop using?

Emotional disturbances, sleep disruption, gastrointestinal disturbances

True/False: More adults use e-cigarettes than adolescents.

False

True/False: More heavy cannabis users will develop physical dependence but few will develop psychological tolerance.

False

True/False: The LD50 of caffeine in humans is too high for overdoses to result from consuming caffeine in beverages.

False

True/False: Rates of binge drinking in men & women decreased between 1992 & 2012.

False - Women = constant - Men = decreased

True/False: The potency of marijuana has remained steady since the mid-1990's.

False - it has increased

True/False: Smoking marijuana is associated with increased rates of chronic bronchitis and lung Cancer.

False - just chronic bronchitis

Which 2 age groups drink the most caffeine in mg/day? Which 2 age groups drink the most caffeinated soda?

For caffeine mg/day - 35-50 & 51-70 For Caffeinated soda - 20-34 & 35-50

Alcohol is an indirect agonist at ________ receptors.

GABA

Describe how caffeine modulates the effects of GABA in regulating sleep.

Gaba is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is released to induce sleep by adenosine Caffeine blocks the action of adenosine, blocking it from releasing Gaba which makes you stay awake

What are the medical benefits of marijuana consumption?

Glaucoma- decreases intraocular pressure by 25% Aids/HIV/Cancer- Increase appetite, decrease pain Other-reduce spasticity with MS, chronic pain, helps with sleep, anorexia, arthritis, epilepsy, and migraines

What role did Harry Anslinger play in the criminalization of marijuana?

He said it is an assassin of youth and a gateway drug, and also claimed the reports made in laguardia were not scientific

What is the difference between hemp and marijuana?

Hemp - lower THC levels than cannabis

Why do women have higher BACs than men after consuming the same amount of alcohol?

Higher body fat = less volume/weight for alcohol retention

What is the most common route of administration for nicotine and how long does it take for nicotine to reach the brain via this route?

Inhalation - reaches brain within 10 seconds of inhalation

Describe the effects nicotine has that are similar to activation of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system.

It is a stimulant that affects your glucose levels

Describe the metabolic process for alcohol. Which metabolite is toxic and associated with Hangovers.

Oxidation of alcohol to subsequently oxidized metabolites, acetaldehyde is associated with hangovers

If you wanted to speed up your rate of absorption of alcohol should you drink your rum in Pepsi or Orange juice?

Pepsi carbonation will facilitate absorption

List the ACUTE physical and psychological effect of THC.

Physical - loss of coordination Psychological - euphoria, increased awareness, creative enhancement, inability to concentrate

What is the one known positive health and 2 negative health effects of caffeine?

Positive: increased alertness and reduced fatigue Negative: nervousness or restlessness

Alcohol reduces activity in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. What is the result of the decreased activity in these brain regions?

Prefrontal Cortex: decision making Hippocampus: memory Cerebellum: balance coordination

What are the negative effects of alcohol that occur at BACs above 0.25%?

Stupor - unresponsive, nausea/vomiting, unable to move

What is the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana?

THC

How did the tobacco companies respond to the early scientific studies linking smoking to lung Cancer?

The disputed the claims - "Frank Statement to Cigarettes Smokers" was written

Why was prohibition an important political issue?

The federal government relied on taxes for income, as there was no income tax at the time.

What change in the brain is responsible for withdrawal effects from caffeine? What withdrawal symptoms occur when you stop drinking caffeine?

The intake of caffeine triggers the brain to produce more adenosine receptors. When the receptors are not utilized with regular amounts of caffeine, users can go through headaches, fatigue and irritability

What is the purpose of distillation in producing alcohol?

To produce drinks with higher alcohol percentages

True/False: Caffeine acts as a natural pesticide for the plants which contain it.

True

True/False: Caffeine is the most commonly-used psychoactive drug.

True

True/False: Egyptians produced wine and beer.

True

True/False: If you stop smoking, your health will return to that of a nonsmoker within 15 years.

True

True/False: Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit in the United States.

True

True/False: Men binge drink more than women.

True

True/False: The availability of appealing flavors contributes to the use of e-cigarettes by Adolescents.

True

What are the potential benefits and risks of using e-cigarettes?

Will help you quit cigarette smoking but increase the nicotine addiction

Caffeine is an antagonist at ________ adenosine receptors.

upregulation