bbh exam 2

Nicotine is an _______ at acetylcholine receptors.

agonist at acetycholine

15. Are you more likely to overdose from drinking alcohol or smoking marijuana?

alcohol

Describe the affects nicotine has that are similar to activation of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system.

alertness, arousal, concentration

6. Why was prohibition an important political issue?

became an obvious class issue rich we able to access alcohol freely whereas poor people were cut off

11. Why is the half-life of THC highly variable?

because thc is stored in body fat

how caffeine modulates the effects of GABA in regulating sleep.

blocks adenosine from increasing GABA, which activates sleep

What change in the brain is responsible for withdrawal effects from caffeine?

brain expects adenosine to be dropped so it overproduces (upregulation) if not using caffeine during this period, then the upregulation has nasty effects

6. What was the first state to legalize medical marijuana and what were the regulations?

california in 1996, treated like alcohol but requiring a doctor's perscription

21. What are congers and how do they contribute to hangovers?

chemicals in darker colored alcohols makes hangovers worse

What are the withdrawal symptoms resulting from cessation of nicotine use? Which one symptom lasts the longest for most people?

craving, dizziness, insomnia, headaches, constipation with craving being the longest

17. What withdrawal symptoms do chronic cannabis users report when they abruptly stop using?

cravings, irritability, boredom, anxiety, sleep disturbances

What withdrawal symptoms occur when you stop drinking caffeine?

depression, sleepiness, headaches, lack of concentration, flu-like symptoms

15. Why is the alcohol in beer and wine absorbed more slowly than the alcohol in a single shot of distilled liquor?

don't have to metabolize other sugars and waters highly concentrated

14. List the ACUTE physical and psychological effect of THC.

dryness in mouth increase heartrate increased awareness and creative enhancement altered sense of time euphoria/sedation

23. What are delirium tremens and why can they be life threatening?

extreme level of alcohol withdrawal tremors and hallucinations

12. True/False: Rates of binge drinking in men & women decreased between 1992 & 2012.

false

16. True/False: More heavy cannabis users will develop physical dependence but few will develop psychological tolerance.

false

5. True/False: More adults use e-cigarettes than adolescents.

false

8. True/False: The potency of marijuana has remained steady since the mid-1990's.

false

22. List the moderate withdrawal symptoms seen after short-term alcohol consumption and in stage 1 of withdrawal from chronic consumption.

fatigue, depression, vomiting

24. What is the irreversible liver damage associated with alcohol abuse?

fatty liver hepatitis cirrhosis

In 1966, how did the tobacco industry try to "address the health issues associated with smoking"?

filtration system

5. Describe the temperance movement that began in America in the 1800's.

gin craze of 18th century made many alcoholics women's christian temperance movement rose along with suffragism income tax created in lieu of alcohol tax

1. What is the difference between marijuana and hashish?

hashish is based off of kief and compressed into a malleable block

What is the one known positive health and 2 negative health effects of caffeine?

headache relief disrupts sleep increases risk of panic attacks

1. What is the difference between hemp and marijuana?

hemp is a non-psychoactive material

10. Describe how drinking patterns - current use, binge use, & heavy use - change across age groups.

highest binge drinking in teens and seniors most consistent and regulated in adults

What non-pharmacological factor associated with smoking?

highly habitual

6. What is the negative impact of e-cigarettes on the lungs?

take in many carcinogens and toxic metals

4. What was required by the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937?

tax required you to possess a stamp to possess or distribute weed

Which 2 age groups drink the most caffeinated soda?

teens and children

3. What role did Harry Anslinger play in the criminalization of marijuana?

testified weed is responsible for violent crime

17. Why do women have higher BACs than men after consuming the same amount of alcohol?

women tend to weight less though those in the same weight still have less water and more fat then men

3. What are the potential benefits and risks of using e-cigarettes?

you avoid the use of tobacco however you are still taking in many carcinogens

1. How effective are smoking cessation treatments?

15-25% effective (2 times)

7. How are the 16th and 18th amendments to the US constitution related to prohibition?

16th amendment income tax 18th amendment prohibition

7. What were the first 2 states to legalize recreational use of cannabis

Colorado and Washington

Who made the first association between smoking and lung cancer and when was the association made?

Richard Doll in 1940s

Which 2 age groups drink the most caffeine in mg/day?

Seniors and adults

25. What type of brain damage is seen in people with alcoholism?

Wernicke-Korsakoff

14. What is the legal limit for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to be considered 'driving under the influence'?

.08

what year did the U.S. Surgeon General link cigarette smoking with lung cancer and coronary artery disease?

1964

What is the LD50 of nicotine in humans? What are the symptoms of nicotine poisoning (exclude eye exposure)?

30-60mg (30 cigarrettes) vomiting, weakness, increased heart rate

recommended daily limit for caffeine

400mg

27. What are the relapse rate at 1 and 2 years for people attempting to stop drinking?

60%

caffeine is an antagonist at _________ receptors

Adenosine

18. Alcohol is an indirect agonist at ________ receptors.

GABA

26. What are the main differences between the effects of Acamprosate and Disulfiram in treating alcoholism?

acamprosate simply reduces craving for alcohol disulfiram makes you sick if you ingest alcohol

13. Describe the metabolic process for alcohol. Which metabolite is toxic and associated with hangovers.

acetaldehyde

19. Alcohol reduces activity in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. What is the result of the decreased activity in these brain regions?

affects memory, inhibition, and balance

13. THC is an ______ at cannabinoid receptors. Which type of cannabinoid receptor is in the brain and central nervous system?

agonist

How did the tobacco companies respond to the early scientific studies linking smoking to lung cancer?

immediately tried to dispute studies

16. If you wanted to speed up your rate of absorption of alcohol should you drink your rum in Pepsi or Orange juice?

in orange juice as carbonation increases the rate at which alcohol is absorbed

19. What is the impact of cannabis consumption on psychosis and mood disorders?

increase incidence of psychosis

Which of the negative health effects of smoking are associated with nicotine

increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, reduced lung/liver function, gastrointestinal disorders, loss of bone density

What is the most common route of administration for nicotine and how long does it take for nicotine to reach the brain?

inhalation takes 7 seconds to reach brain

common route of administration for caffeine and how long does it take for peak blood concentration to be reached?

injestion 10-45 minutes

20. What is amotivational syndrome and what data supports the diagnosis of the syndrome?

more weed use results in lack of motivation and depression

9. Describe the changes in age restrictions on alcohol consumption since prohibition.

originally set at 21 after legalized, then moved to 18 by 1970 after 1987 after all states returned to 21 due to pressure

2. What factors contributed to the criminalization of marijuana?

racism Harry Anslinger, Narcotics commissioner, needed support for a uniform narcotics act historians attributed hashish to a violent muslim sect William Randolph Hearst made a media campaign against weed

5. What was the La Guardia Report? What were the finding reported?

report formed by new york team of scientists in 1939 found that weed was safer than thought

What are the main points of the Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act of 2009? How did the tobacco companies respond?

requires more warning labels on packages, pictures of effects bans flavoring of cigarettes limits advertising to children companies sued and said many provisions unconstitutional

Explain the relationship between smoking and schizophrenia.

schizos tend to smoke as a form of self medication however smoking seems to be a risk factor for schizo and can counter the effects of anti-psychotic meds

how dose of caffeine, smoking and age affect half-life of caffeine.

smoking decreases half life (less effect) pregnancy increases half life (more effect) higher dose longer half life (exponential effect) Older you are, shorter half life (less effect)

Why do tobacco companies try to get adolescents to start smoking?

that age range is the most likely they are to get addicted

10. What is the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana?

thc

8. Explain 'bootlegging'

the illegal production, smuggling, and sale of alcohol

12. How is THC excreted and how long does clearance take? How is the length of clearance related to the variable half-life?

through urine can take 20-30 hours to be fully cleared out of the body

In 1988, what did the Surgeon General's report conclude?

tobacco more addictive than cocaine/heroin

11. True/False: Men binge drink more than women.

true

18. True/False: Smoking marijuana is associated with increased rates of chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.

true

2. True/False: If you stop smoking, your health will return to that of a nonsmoker within 15 years.

true

4. True/False: Egyptians produced wine and beer.

true

4. True/False: The availability of appealing flavors contributes to the use of e-cigarettes by adolescents.

true

9. True/False: Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit in the United States.

true

T/F Caffeine is one of the most commonly used drugs.

true

t/f caffeine acts as a natural pesticide

true

True/False: The LD50 of caffeine in humans is too high for overdoses to result from consuming caffeine in beverages.

true (or at least very unlikely) more likely in pills and powders

28. What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 alcoholism? Which has the strongest genetic association?

type 1 alcoholism - later onset (20 years old), easier to treat, self-medicate for anxiety, binge drinking type 2 alcoholism - daily drinker, early onset (starts in teens) sons more likely to be alcoholics if their father is

20. What are the negative effects of alcohol that occur at BACs above 0.25%?

vomiting, confusion, dizziness