Behavior Modification Exam 1

discriminative stimulus

Sd antecedent stimulus is present when a behavior is being reinforced

stimulus control

a behaviro was more likley to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus was present behaviors don't usually occur randomly; they occur in specific situations or circumstances in which they were reinforced in the past develops because a behavior is reinforced only in the presence of a particular antecedent

response effort

a person typically will engage in one of the response options depending on the schedule of reinforcement the immediacy of reinforcement for the various response options

fixed ratio schedule

a specific or fixed number or responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered. reinforcer is delivered after a certain number of responses.

multiple baseline design

across subjects design: baseline and treatment for the same target behavior or two or more different subjects multiple baseline across behaviors design: there is a baseline and treatment phase for 2 or more different behaviors of the same subject across settings design: baseline and treatment phase for 2 or more settings in which the same behavior of the same subject is measured

overt vs covert behavior

action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior. private event-not observable

interobserver agreement

aka interobserver reliability when 2 people independently observe the same behavior and both record that the behavior occurred. IOA, which is commonly reported in behavior modification research

alternating treatments design(ATD)

aka multielement design differs from the research designs just reviewed in that baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other treatment phase occurs after a baseline phase has been implemented for a period of time; that is baseline and treatment occur sequentially.

product recording

aka permanent product recording is an indirect assessment method than can be used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome that you are interested in

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

all of the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a persons behaviors at one time

intensity

amount of force, energy or exertion involved in it. intensity is more difficult to measure than frequency or duration bbecause it does not involve simply counting the number of times the behavior occurs or recording the amount of time it takes to occur not used as often as frequency or duration but it is useful measure whne you are most interested in the force or magnitude of the behavior

interval recording

another method for recording behavior is to record whether the behavior occurred during consecutive time periods observer divides the observation period into a number of smaller time periods or intervals, observes the client throughout each consecutive interval and then records whether the behavior in that interval partial interval recording and whole interval recording partial: not interested in number of times the behavior occurs or how long it lasts.you dont have to identify the onset and offset of the behavior rather you simply record whether the behavivor occurred during each interval of time. takes less time and effort whole: marked wiht interval only when the behavior occurs throught the entire interval. if the behavior occurs in only part of the interval, the behavior is not scored as occurring in that interval

s-delta

any antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced

punisher

aversive stimulus consequence that makes a particular behavior less likely to occur in the future defined by its effect on the behavior that follows you can only punish a behavior not a person

extinction

basic principle of behavior behavior that has been previously reinforced, no longer results in the reinforcing consequences, behavior stops occurring in the future. as long as behavior is reinforced, at least intermittently, it will to continue to occur. when a behavior stops occurring because it is no longer reinforced, we that the behavior has undergone extinction or that the behavior has been extinguished. remove reinforcer for a behavior

operant behavior

behavior is strengthened when there is an increase in its frequency, duration, intensity or speed. consequence that strengthens an operant behavior is called a reinforcer other dimensions of a behavior may also increase as a function of reinforcement

frequency

behavior is the number of times the behavior occurs in and observation period. you measure the frequency of a behavior simply by counting each time that it occurs aka rate: frequency divided by the time of observation period. rate is often reported as responses per minute

latency

behavior is the time from some stiumulus or event to the onset of the behavior. you measure latency by recording how long it takes the person initiate the behavior after a particular event occurs time from stimulus or event ot the onset of the behavior whereas duration is the time from the onset of the behavior to its offset the dimension you choose depends on which aspect of the behavior is most important and whihc dimension is most sensitive to change in the behavior after treatment

duration

behavior is the total amount of time occupied by the behavior from start to finish. you measure the duration of a behavior by timing it from its onset to its offset

spontaneous recovery

behavior may occur again even after it has not occurred for some time natural tendency for the behavior to occur again in situations that are similar to those i n whih it occurred and was reinforced before extintion

emphasis on current environmental events

behavior modification involves assessing and modifying the current environmental events taht are functionally related to the behavior controlling variable: identified, they are altered to modify the behavior. successful behavior modification procedures alter the functional relationships between the behavior and the controlling variables in the environment to produce a desired change in the behavior

precise description of behavior modification procedures

behavior modification procedures involved specific changes in environmental events that are functionally related to the behavior. specific changes in environmental events must occur each time

treatment implemented by people in every day life

behavior modification procedures often are implemented by people such as teachers, parents, job supervisors, or other to help people change their behavior

negative reinforcement in extinction

behavior results in the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus

unconditioned punishers

behaviors that produce painful or extreme stimuation are naturally weakened and behaviors that result in escape or avoidance of such stimultion are naturally strengthened

frequency within interval recording

can be combined to produce this. with this method, the observer records teh frequency of the target behavior but does so with in consecutive intervals of time in the observation period person doesnt have to observer the behavior for th entire interval. observe behavior taht occurs during the interval divide the number of scored intervals by the total number of intervals

conditioned punisher

conditioned punishers are stimuli event that function as punishers only after being impaired or other existing conditioned punishers

natural setting

consists of the places in which the target behavior typically occurs.

variable ration schedule

delivery of a reinforcer in based on the number of responses that occur but in this case the number or responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an average number- reinforcer is delivered after an average of x responses slot machine

Focus on behavior

designed to change behavior not a personal characteristic or trait. de-emphasizing lableing target behavior: behavior being modified behavioral excess: undesirable target behavior the person wants to decrease in frequency, duration or intensity. behavioral deficit: desirable target behavior the person wants to increase in frequency, duration or intensity

research design

determine whether the treatment(independent variable) was responsible for the observed change in the target behavior(dependent variable) and to rule out the possibility that extraneous variables caused the behavior change independent variable: whats manipulated to change target behavior dependent variable: target behavior confounding variable: extraneous variable- any event the researcher did not plan that could affect behavior

areas of application

developmental disabilities mental illness- motivational procedure for institutional patients called token economy education and special education rehabilitation community psychology clinical psychology business, industry and human services self management child behavior management prevention sports performance health-related behaviors gerantology

intermittent reinforcement schedule

each occurrence of the response is not reinforced

establishing operations vs abolishing operations

event or a condition that maeks a consequence more effective as a punisher. event or a condition tha tmakes a consequence less effective as a punisher whether a stimulus functions as a punisher depends on its magnitude or intensity more intense consequences is more liklely to function as a punisher

motivating operations

events that make a particular consequence more or less reinforcing at some times than at other times alter the value of a reinforcer two types establishing and abolishing

real-time recording method

exact time of each onset and offset of the target behavior is recorded. with real-time recording the researchers have a record of the frequency and duration of the target behavior as well as the exact timing of each occurrence of the behavior. at the onset and offset of each occurrence of the behavior on a data sheet developed for real-time recording,

B.F. Skinner

expanded field of behaviorism. explained distincition between respondent conditioning in which the consequence of behavior controls of the future occurrence of the behavior

procedures based on behavioral principles

experimental analysis of behavior: aka behavioral analysis- the scientific study of a behavior applied behavior analysis: the scientific study of human behavior to help people change behavior in meaningful ways

ABAB reversal design

extension of the simple AB design. baseline and treatment phases are implemented twice. it is called reversal design because after the first treatment phase, the researcher removes the treatment and reverses back to baseline. the second baseline is followed by replication of the the aggressive behavior occurred frequently. when the treatment phase("no demands") was first implemented, the behavior decreasedl when the second demands phase occurred the behavior returned to its level during the first demand phase. when the 2nd no demand phase occurred the behavior decreased again.

behavior modification

field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior analyzing: identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behavior or to determine why a person behaved as he or she did modifying means developing and implementing procedures to help people change their behavior

dimensions of behaviors

frequency: number of times behavior occurs duration: time from when an instance of the behavior starts until it stops intensity: physical force involved in the behavior latency: speed of behavior from some event to the start of a behavior

unconditioned reinforcers

function as reinforcers the first time they are presented to most human beings; no prior experience with these stimuli is needed for them to function as reinforcers aka primary reinforcers

baseline

given to no-treatment phase

factors influencing the effectiveness of punishment

immediacy: punishing stimulus immediately follows a behavior or when the loss of a reinforcer occurs immediately after hte behavior hte behavior is more likley to be weakened contingency: punishing stimulus should occur every time the behavior occurs concurrent schedule of reinforcement motivating operations: establishing operations and abolishing operations

2)determine who will observe and record the behavior

in a behavior modification program, the target behavior typically is observed and recorded by a person other than the one exhibiting the target behavior. the observer must have proximity to the client to observe the target behavior when it occurs

changing criterion design

includes a baseline and treatment phase within the treatment phase, sequential performance criteria are specified; that is successive goal levels for the target behavior specify how much the target behavior should change during treatment

indirect assessment

involves using interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales to obtain information on the target behavior from the person exhibiting the behavior or from others. does not occur when the target behavior occurs but relies on an individuals recall of th target behavior.

positive reinforcement in extinction

involves withholding the consequnce that was previously delievered after the behavior

edward thorndike

law of effect: behavior that produces a favorable effect on the environment is more likely to be repeated in the future. cat experiment with lever to open door

establishing operation

makes a reinforcer more potent deprivation

abolishing operation

makes reinforcer less potent satiation

behavioral assessment

measurement of target behavior in behavioral modification. measuring the behavior before treatment provides information that can help you determine whether treatment is necessary

measurement of behavior change

measuring the behavior before and after intervention to the document the behavior change resulting from the behavior modification procedures. to determine whether the behavior change is maintained in the long run

response cost

negative punishment procedure in which contingent on a behavior, a specified amount of reinforcer is removed.

concurrent operants

number of diffeent behaviors or response options asonre concurrently available for the person

stimulus

object or event that can be detected by one of the sense and thus has the potential to influence the person positive reinforcer aversive stimulus- removed or avoided

John B. Watson

observable behavior was the proper subject matter of psychology, and that all behavior was controlled by environmental events. stimulus response psychology started behaviorism movement

continuous recording

observer observes the client continuously through the observation period and records each occurrence of the behavior. to do so the observer must be able to identify the onset and the offset of each instance of the behaivor. in continuous recording, the observer can record various dimensions of the target behavior. the observer can record various dimensions of the target behavior, particularly its frequencym duration, intensity and latency

structured observations

observers arranges for specific events or activities to occur during the observation period. no specific events or acrivities are arranged and no instructions are given during the observation period

analogue setting

observing a target behavior in a lab- not part of natural routine. more controlled than a natural setting and the variables that influence the behavior are easier to manipulate

positive punishment

occurence of a behavior, folllowed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, behavior is less likely to occur in the future

negative punishment

occurrence of a behavior followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus, behavior is less likely to occur in the future

positive reinforcement

occurrence of a behavior, followed by the addition of a stimulus or an increase in intensity, which results in the strengthening of the behavior

negative reinforcement

occurrence of a behavior, followed by the removal of a stimulus or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus,results in strengthening of a bheavior

avoidance bheavior

occurrence of the behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring

escape behavior

occurrenceof the behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred

extinction burst

once behavior is no longer reinforced it often increases brieflu in frequency, duration or intensity before it decreases and ultimately stops. "pull on door knob until you give up" involves an increase in the unreinforced behavior or the occurence of novel(or emotional) behaviors for a brief period is a natural reaction to the termination of reinforcement

continuous reinforcement schedule

one in which each occurrence of a response is reinforced used when a person is learning a behavior or engaging in the behavior for the first time acquisition and maintenance

premack principle

one type of positive reinforcement involves the opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior as a consequence for a low probability behavior to increase the low probability behavior

punishment

particular behavior occurs, a consequence immediately follows the behavior, behaviors less likely to occurr again in the future

schedule of reinforcement

particular behavior specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer

baseline

period during which the target behavior is recorded before treatment is implemented. it appears that treatment was effective-

direct assessment

person observes and records the target behavior as it occurs. to observe the target behavior, the observer must be in close proximity to the person exhibiting the behavior so that the target behavior can be seen. usually more accurate than indirect assessment. the observer is trained specifically to observe the target behavior and record its occurrence immediately. most research and application in behavior modification relies on direct assessment 1)define target behavior 2)determine the logistics of recording 3)choose a recording method 4) choose a recording instrument

graph

primary tool used to document behavior change visual representation of the occurrence of a behavior over time. after instances of the target behavior are recorded behavior analysts use graphs to identify the level of behavior before treatment and after treatment begins the long period after treatment has been implemented is called the follow up period

reinforcement

process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliability follows it occurrence. when a behavior is strengthened it is more likely to occur again in the future Thorndike- cat and level when a behavior results in a favorable outcome that behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future in similar circumstances 1)occurence of a particular behavior 2)followed by an immediate consequence 3)that results in the strengthening of the behavior

stimulus discriminating training

process of reinforcing a bheavior only when a specific antecedent stimulus is present 1)sd is present, behavior is reinforced 2)when any other antecedent stimuli expect ds are present the behavior is not reinforced

problems with punishment

punishment may produce elicited aggression or other emotional side effects, escape or avoidance of behaviors, misuse or overuse of punishment, more likely to use punishment themselves in the future, associatedwith number of ethical issues and issues of acceptability

functional definition

reinforcement is always defined by the effect it has on a behavior

factors that influence extinction

reinforcement schedule before extinction: determines whether distinction is rapid or gradual- continuous is fast and intermittent is slow(resistance to extinction occurrence of reinforcement after extinction: if reinforcement occurs in the course of extinction it takes longer ffor the behavior to decrease

variable interval schedule

reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed each time interval is different

fixed interval

resoponse is reinforced only if it occurs after an interval of time has passed.as soon as the specified interval of time has elapsed the first response that occurs is reinforced interval of time stays the same each time

ivan pavlov

respondent conditioning conditioned reflex: a relex could be conditioned by a neutral stimulus(dog treats and saliva)

A-B design

simplest type of design used in behavior modification has just two phases: baseline and treatment. a=baseline b=treatment does not demonstrate a functional relationship because treatment is not replicated it does not rule out the possibility that an extraneous variable was responsible for the behavior change rarely used to behavior modification researchers

three term contingency

skinner consequence is contingent on the occurrence of the behavior only in the presence of the specific antecedent stimulus called the sd ABC's: antecedent, behavior, consequence sd to R to sr discriminative stimulus to response to reinforcer(or punisher)

reactivity

sometimes the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change even before any treatment is implemented may occur when an observer is recording the behavior of another person or when a person engages in self-monitoring. may be undesirable, especially for research purposes because the behavior recorded during the observation period in not representative of the level of the behavior occurring in the absence of the observer or in the ansence of self-monitoring is usually only temporary, behavior returns to origninal level once participant is accustomed to the observers presence or use one way mirrors or be out of sight

antecedent

stimulus events that precede an operant response. antecedents of a behavior are the stimuli, events, situation or circumstances that are present when it occors or were present immediately before the behavior

conditioned reinforcers

stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer

generalization

takes place when a be4havior occurs in the presence of a stimulus that is similar in some ways to the Sd that was present during stimulus discrimination trainin

parts of graph

tells you when the behavior was recorded(time) and the level of the behavior that time. Time is indicated on the horizontal axis(abscissa) and the level of behavior is indicated on the vertical axis(ordinate) data points: must be plotted correctly to indicate the level of the behavior that occurred at each particular time period phase lines: a phase line is a vertical line on a graph that indicates a change in treatment phase labels: each phases in a graph must be labeled. the phase label appears at the top of the graph above the particular phase----baseline and behavioral contract

deprivation

type of establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers. a particular reinforcer is more powerful if a person has gone without it for some time

time out positive reinforcement

type of negative punishment in which, contingent on the occurrence of the problem behaviro, eprson loses access to positive reinforcers for a brief period. typically the person is removed from the reinforcing environment in a time out procedure

acquisition

used when a person is learning a behavior or engaging in the behavior for the first time person is acquiring a new behavior

behavior

what people do and say- actions can be observed, described and recorded have impact on the environment, including physical or social environment- movement through space and time behavior is lawful that is its occurence is systematically influenced by environmental ecents

1) define target behavior

what you want to record. identify exactly what the person says or does that constitutes the behavioral excess or deficit targeted for change internal states such as being angry upset intentions or sad cannot be observed or recorded. specific behaviors can be observed and recorded; labels for the behavior cannot

generalized conditioned reinforcer

when a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers money is a generalized conditioned reinforcer because is it is paired with an almost unlimited variety of reinforcers

functional relationship

when a researchers shows that a behavior modification procedure causes a target behavior to change a) target behavior changes when IV is manipulated while all other variables are held constant b) process is replicated or repeated one or more times and the behavior changes each time

observation period

when observer records the target behavior in a specific period. it is important to choose and observation period at the time when the target behaivor is likely to occur. indirect assessment information from the client or others may indicate the best times to schedule the observation period

contingency

when response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first we say that a contingency exists between the response and the consequence

self-monitoring

when the client observes and records his or her own target behavior. valuable when it is not possible for another observer to record the target behavior as when the target behavior occurs infrequently or when it occurs only when no one else is present. the client must be trained to record his or her own behavior in the same way that an observer would be trained when self-monitoring is used the client may be to observe and record the target behavior through the day and may not be constrained by a specific observation period.

generalized conditioned punisher

word "no" because it has been paired iwtha variety of other unconditioned and conditioned punishers over the ocurse of a person's life. threats of harm