Berger, Invitation to the Life Span - Chapter 8 Terms

polygamous family (p. 294)

A family consisting of one man, several wives, and their children.

extended family (p. 294)

A family of three or more generations living in one household.

nuclear family (p. 294)

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18.

single-parent family (p. 294)

A family that consists of only one parent and his or her biological children under age 18.

latency (p. 285)

Freud's term for middle childhood, during which children's emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet (latent). Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting forth again at puberty.

preconventional moral reasoning (p. 309)

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments.

conventional moral reasoning (p. 309)

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules.

postconventional moral reasoning (p. 309)

Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles.

aggressive-rejected (p. 305)

Rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior.

withdrawn-rejected (p. 305)

Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior.

bullying (p. 306)

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

bully-victim (p. 307)

Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well. (Also called provocative victims because they do things that elicit bullying.)

resilience (p. 287)

The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress.

industry versus inferiority (p. 284)

The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.

family structure (p. 292)

The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on.

child culture (p. 304)

The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.

social comparison (p. 286)

The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.

family function (p. 292)

The way a family works to meet the needs of its members. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability.