Berlin Blockade
Underlying
adj. basic; fundamental; only noticeable under scrutiny
Red Army
built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution.
White Army
fought in resistance to Lenin and the Bolsheviks, they failed to successfully challenge the Reds, but fought in the civil war for three years with support from the Allies.
Accelerated
made faster
Exacerbated
made worse [exacerbate (v); exacerbation (n)]
Provoked
stirred into action; irritated
Underpinned
support from below
Broadened
widened something, extended
Churchill's famous Iron Curtain line
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent."
Purpose of NATO
'to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down'
Truman
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Truman Doctrine
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
When did the Berlin Blockade begin?
24th of June 1948
How many flights landed and how many crashes?
272,000 flights landed, with only 20 crashes
How long did the airlift last for?
321 Days
Ideology
A consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals.
Iron Curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
Totalitarian
A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
George Keenan
American ambassador to the Soviet Union who in Feb 1946 proposed the policy of containment, American diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders
Greek Crisis 1946-47
American policy makers recognized the instability of the region, fearing that if Greece was lost to Communism, Turkey would not last long. Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well, for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks, and strengthen the Soviet Union's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war.
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations formed in May 1955. This was in response to West Germany's integration into NATO in 1955
Marshal Plan
An economic plan to get Europe back on its feet after WWII. It gave 13 billion dollars to the Western European countries. This was supposed to reduce the risk of communism spreading in Europe. Passed by Congress 31 March 1948.
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
Communism
An economic system in which all means of production (land,mines, factories, business, and railroad) are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are share
Festered
Becoming worse or intense over a long period
Britain and Greek Crisis
Britain had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested the United States take over its role in supporting the Greek government.
Sparked
Brought about
Bizonia
Combination of American & British Occupation Zones during the occupation of Germany in 1947
German Democratic Republic
Communist East Germany created October 1949
East Berlin
Communist sector of Berlin during the Cold War
Socialist Unity Party (SED)
Created in the Soviet Occupation Zone in autumn of 1946 in forced union between the German Communist Party (KPD) and the German Socialist Party (SPD). By 1948, however, the communists dominated this new party.
Ostmark
Currency introduced by East Germany in June 1948 in response to West Germany's new Deutschmark
Federal Republic of Germany
Democratic West Germany created May 1949 after America, Britain and France unite their parts
Stalin
Dictator of the Soviet Union; led the SU through World War II and created a powerful Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war
Czechoslovakia Crisis 1948
Event late that February in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia, marking the onset of four decades of Communist dictatorship in the country.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Formed in 1949 by the US and 11 other Western nations
Allied Control Council
Four-country administrative team that ran Germany after WWII. This group was effectively dissolved in March 1948, when trizonal fusion occurred.
10 miuntes
Frequency planes landed during Berlin airlift
Karl Marx
German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).
Significance of Czechoslovakia Crisis 1948
Helped spur quick adoption of the Marshall Plan by Congress March 1948
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
Potsdam
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
Yalta
Meeting between Churchill, FDR, and Stalin in Feb 1945; acceptance of the UN, free elections in Poland, Allied "zones of occupation" in Germany, and USSR received Japanese territory.
272,000
Number of flights landed during Berlin airlift
Economic
Of or pertaining to the production, distribution, and use of income, wealth, and commodities.
Political
Of or relating to the government or public affairs of a country
Socialist Democratic Party (SPD)
Party of socialist and democratic ideas.
Four Powers Agreement
Plan by Allies that Germany would be run as a single economic and political unity. SIGNIFICANCE: suggests they wanted a good relationship in post-war era.
West Berlin
Portion of Germany that was occupied by Britain, France & US at end of World War II. Became a strong democratic nation
82%
SPD (Socialist Democratic Party) voters in west Berlin that rejected the merger with KPD (German Communist Party)
Cominform
Soviet organization whose purpose was to denounce Marshall Plan aid.
Buffer zone
The Eastern European countries that shade the communist USSR to the non-communist Europe.
Containment
The actions of keeping communism within its boarders
Berlin Blockade
The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
Long Telegram
The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.
Deutschmark
The unit of money that was used in Germany unt The new German currency in Trizonia to help the economy get going again. Stalin said it broke Potsdam agreements.
12 March 1947
Truman Doctrine announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman doctrine implied American support for other nations threatened by Soviet communism.
London Conference 1948
US, Britain and France discuss want create West Germany
Trizonia
Unification of France, Great Britain, and U.S. zones in Germany. SIGNIFICANCE: violation of Four Powers Agreement, which makes US seem untrustworthy.
Foreign Policy
a government's strategy in dealing with other nations
German Communist Party (KPD)
a group of radical socialists who were unhappy with the moderate policies of the Social Democrats; tried to seize power in Berlin