big gay

Cool Jazz/Third Stream

"Blue Rondo à la Turk" by Dave Brubeck Genre

Cool Jazz Style

"Boplicity" Genre by Miles Davis

Fusion

"Breezin" Genre by George Benson

Fusion

"Chameleon" Genre by Herbie Hancock (Headhunters)

Avant-Garde/Free Jazz

"Free Jazz" Genre by Ornette Coleman

Avant-garde jazz names

"Free jazz," "new wave," the "new thing"

Chord distillation

(Thelonious)- distilling a 3-note chord into one tone

Weather Report

*best known fusion group

McCoy Tyner

*pianist *known for his work with the John Coltrane Quartet

Stan Getz

- 1927-1991 - breathy tine quality - repetitive rhythmic ideas - same vibratto on all tunes - influenced by Lester Young

Hard Bop

- Art Blakely is considered to be a leader of?

Free Jazz innovations: Formal freedom

- Colemane's early solos included motives from the head melodies, but altered in almost every phrase - later free-jazzers chose other alternatives: free association and cyclic forms (keeps forming - not freedom from form, but freedom to choose form

Swing band leaders

- Fletcher Henderson (1897-1952) - Duke Ellington piano - Count Basie piano - Benny Goodman clarinet - Jimmy Dorsey clarinet - Tommy Dorsey trombone - Glenn Miller trombone

While many associations and collectives emerged in the 1960s, _______ was most influential among them.

AACM

________ jazz originated in the UK rave scene.

Acid

In the shift from swing to bebop, what instrument was dropped from the rhythm section?

Acoustic guitar

Owner/Founder of Atlantic?

Ahmet Ertegun

John Coltrane wrote this song in response to the church bombing that killed four girls in _________.

Alabama

Lee Konitz

Alt sax - leading alto player in cool jazz - contrast to Parker (less biting, sweeter) - mater of sax, influenced by Tristano and Parker - Claude Thornhill Dance Orchestra (1940's) light, floating sound

Weather Report

American Jazz fusion band in the 70s and 80s

Professor David Baker

American symphonic jazz composer at Indiana University

4 characteristic of fusion

- no direct connection to the previous style - used electric instruments - used wide variety of rhythms - expanded jazz audience

Lennie Tristano

- pianist - developed a personal philosophy for improv and began attracting students -strong melodic imagination, and downplayed tone color and rhythmically active accompaniment - systematic methods and dispassionate approach made his work seem more progressive alternative to bebop - he was white - early free jazz / atonality

Dominant

- the fifth degree of a scale - above the tonic

Subdominant

- the fourth degree of the scale - It is so called because it is the same distance "below" the tonic

Gil Evans

-"Composer's arranger" -Cool jazz -1940s: too daring for most people, but eventually jazz caught up with his modernism in "cool jazz" -Rearranged old jazz tunes with modern, dissonant harmonies and bebop influence rhythm

George Russell

-"Invented" MODALISM -Unique because he was a *composer-bandleader,* not an instrumentalist, and spent his life formulating musical theory -Lydian theory led to: inspired by Miles Davis who wanted Russell to help him understand chords -Intellectual: difficult music to understand

Bunk Johnson

-"Rediscovered" in 1942 working on a cotton plantation without teeth! -Center of New Orleans revival, heard Louis Armstrong and maybe played with Buddy Bolden -Redid "The Entertainer" in 1947

The 1963 album Getz/Gilberto featured Stan, Joao and Astrud Gilberto performing songs written by what Brazilian composer?

Antonio Carlos Jobim

Artist of "Backstage Sally"

Art Blakey

Drums Hard Bop From Pittsburgh

Art Blakey

Nathan Davis joined _____________'s band for a 1965 tour.

Art Blakey

fatback

Art Blakey's version of the backbeat

in 1958, who's band did Lee Morgan join, and what famous album did he record?

Art Blakey, Moanin'

Soul jazz

-An offshoot of soul: less walking bass -Became funk

Political

-Black nationalism -Antiwar (Vietnam War, wars in South America, etc.)

Blood, Sweat, and Tears, Chicago

-Both "jazzy" rock groups -Big band sensibility with jazz musicians

John McLaughlin

-British GUITARIST -Student of Miles Davis -Band: *Mahavishnu* with guitar, drums, keyboard, electric violin -Band fused jazz, rock, and Indian music-foundation for 1970s fusion

Mario Bauza

-Brought Cuban music to the US -"Father of Latin Jazz" -Worked with Cab Calloway

Name

-From military meaning "advanced guard" -Troops "scouting new territory"

Murray's style

-Improv style: historicist-played like Hawkins, Young, Webster -Inside playing with dissonance and multiphonics

Hard Bop Recordings*

-Killer Joe (Jazz Sextet, ostinato) -Moanin' (Art Blakey, call and response) -The Preacher (Horace Silver)

Post-bop

-Less restricted rhythm section: more interactive drums and bass -Changes in repertory: original tunes revamped -Bizarre harmonies: quartal and slash chords (i.e. F/Db) -Played "outside"

Keith Jarrett

-Musical child prodigy -Acoustic PIANO -Character: easily irritated by small things -Playing style: "writhing" at piano, eclectic, free jazz, fusion -Koln Concert in 1975 with lengthy improv solo sold 4 million copies -"As Long As You're Living Yours"-European quartet with Norwegian on tenor sax

Swing Era Vocalists 3

-Nat King Cole - rose to fame through piano artistry and voice talent - enthusiastic personality - terrific pianist, accompanied himself - first African American to have his own TV show

Newport Festival

-Newport, RI --> very popular in the 1950s-60s -Wealthy, socialite area -"Jazz meets society" -Played everything from Dixieland to Thelonious Monk -Ellington regained popularity at Newport due to his lengthy solos

"The Incredible" Jimmy Smith

-ORGAN -"Torrents" of notes -Ethnic soul themes -Brash, bluesy, rocking -"The Organ Grinder's Swing"

Revival of older musicians

-Older musicians returned to the national scene also; bringing with them historicism

Swing Recordings*

-One O'Clock Jump (Basie, riffs) -Begin the Beguine (Artie Shaw) -Chattanooga Choo Choo (Miller) -Jumpin at the Woodside (Basie, riffs) -Take the A Train (Ellington)

Groove Collective

-Originally jazz hip hop, became acid band later

Funk

-Originally meant "stink" -Began to mean a new kind of dance groove with a strong backbeat, simple gospel harmonies, and ethnic themes (like "The Preacher")

Grover Washington Jr.

-Philadelphia sax player -"Classy"

Bill Evans Trio

-Quintessential modern pianist -Piano trio: piano, bass, drums -Rhythm section is complete jazz band, so much more than foundation. Bass takes an interactive role, soloing and playing in upper register

Radio and recording influence

-Radio: limited the play time: lengthy solos, upbeat mood -Recording: digital sampling, looping, sequencing

Hard Bop Innovators*

-Ray Charles -Art Blakey, Bobby Timmons, Clifford Brown, Horace Silver

Musical differences between rock and jazz

-Rhythm: rock-steady pulse; jazz: uneven eighth notes -Singers: pop audience: vocalists; jazz musicians: instrumentalists -Technology: rock: electric instruments to get a larger sound

Jam bands

-Roots in 1960s: *Grateful Dead* -*Phish* (1983-2004)

David Murray

-TENOR SAX -Represented synthesis of avant-garde and traditional jazz -Co-founded World Saxophone Quartet -"El Matador"

1960s fusion: jazz-rock

-The Beatles and the Rolling Stones became popular in the rock department -Jazz went on *defense* as jazz clubs and concerts were replaced by rock concerts

Phish

-Total Phish experience: performance-based; light shows etc. -Non-commercial: stay away from main-stream -Dance oriented, committed audience ("phishheads") -Group improv within rock

Ray Charles*

-began as jazz musician in bebop style

Cool Innovators*

-different set of instruments -slower and more space in music -Miles Davis -Gerry Mulligan -Gil Evans -John Lewis -Dave Brubeck -Tristano/Konitz -Modern Jazz Quartet

Art Blakey*

-drums -used only three horns -simple melodic music with basic New Orleans jazz elements

Dyads/Double stops

-dyads: two notes

Free Jazz

- Ornette Coleman made the record title?

Bossa Nova Craze

- Stan Getz contributed to the what during the 1960s?

Esperanza Spalding

- Who won the Grammy award for the best new artist, beating Justin Beiber?

Tabla

- a pair of drums in north India, played with the fingers, palms, and hands

Stride*

-left-hand style used by early jazz pianists -employs bass note on the first and third beats of each measure and chord on the second and fourth

Modern Jazz Quartet*

-longest running quartet in jazz history -lead by Lewis -concert attitude, performed on stages -piano, drums, bass, vibraphone -improvisation but departed from roots and headed in intellectual, classical direction

Cool Musical Characteristics*

-more arrangement -integration of solo and ensemble -french horn and tuba -pianoless quartets -relaxed tempos -odd-metered music

Gospel*

-more rhythmic, upbeat church song -syncopation and rhythm unique

Field Holler*

-recordings of what field works sang -conveys mournful meaning without use of words and with minor intervals -repetition of voice melody of sounds

New Orleans Texture and Form*

-solos -ensembles: collective improvisation, riffs, or block chords -intro, themes, interludes, coda, shout, stop time, and breaks

Spiritual*

-telling biblical story with a sad, melodious song -about compensation, rebellion, and presence/comfort

Coleman Hawkins*

-tenor saxophone -went to Europe where blacks were more accepted -came back and recording song with new interpretation (Body and Soul) -young musicians heard new direction of improvisation and started to introduce new ideas -beginning of bebop movement

Big Band Swing

...

Gospel

...

Race music...

...becomes R&B after WWII -Second phase of Great Migration: audience became urban & affluent -R&B becomes contemporary dance music which eventually became rock 'n' roll thanks to Elvis Presley

List 2 style characteristics of Sarah Vaughan

1) Extraordinary color/tone quality that can be manipulated at any time 2) Complete control of wide vocal range

List 2 style characteristics of Betty Carter

1) Instrumental approach to the music 2) Very forward sound

List 2 style characteristics of Bill Evans

1) Lydian chromatic concept 2) Interaction w/ rhythm section

List 2 songwriters/producers for Stax

1) Otis Redding 2) Isaac Hayes

Benny Goodman Quartet

1. Teddy Wilson and Lionel Hampton were key components of this small combo group 2. Interracial (2:2)

Sarah Vaughan

1924-1990 - also known as sassy - best known singer out of bebop (other than Ella) -very rich and dark tone that almost sounded like a man's tone - tended to improvise timing of words - perfect pitch

Fusion became popular at the end of the ________s and the dominant style during the _______s.

1960, 1970

Standard big band format:

5 saxophones, 4 trombones, 4 trumpets + rhythm Sax: alto, tenor and baritone Brass: Trumpets: use of cup and plunger mutes Trombones: included one bass trombone 3+1 Rhythm: piano, guitar, bass and drums - guitar and bass assigned timekeeping roles - guitarists strummed one chord per beat aka rhythm style - bass played a note on 1 and 3 beats out of 4 (2 - beat style) or on every beat (walking- style)

The jazz composer Thelonious Monk wrote approximately how many pieces of music.

70

Gospel Jazz

?

Hard Bop

?

an intense rumbling on the snare drum

A "press-roll"

Bossa Nova

A Brazilian jazz style developed by Antonio Carlos Jobim and Joao Gilberto in the 1950s

Blue Note

A bent, slurred, or worried note (occurs on the third of the scale)

Motivic development

A motive is the smallest recognizable musical idea * Repetition of motives is what lends coherence to a melody - A figure is not considered to be motivic unless it is repeated in some way. - A motive can feature rhythmic elements and/or pitch or interval elements - Any of the characteristic features of a motive can be varied in its repetitions - a simple musical idea that an artist reuses and varies throughout his/her solo

Dixieland

A new jazz style that originated in New Orleans and flourished in the late 1910's and 1920's. The jazz band had a front line (trumpet/cornet, trombone and clarinet) and a rhythm section (piano, guitar/banjo, bass and drums). It was also called New Orleans jazz.

sheets of sound

A phrase which describes Coltrane's remarkably virtuosic playing technique Coltrane's improv style: dense but patterned with fast arpeggios and scales in succession

Soul Jazz

A popular sub style of hard bop that drew heavily from R&B and soul music influences.

Hard bop

A post-bebop style marked by simpler chord progressions and earthy soulfulness, in contrast to the cool restraint of cool jazz.

Crawford Grill

A renowned jazz club located in two locations of the Hill District in Pittsburgh. Jazz artists like Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and Art Blakey performed at the second location.

Chord Progression

A series of musical chords->aimed to establish a tonality on a key

Strophic

A song in several stanzas with the same music for each stanza; as opposed to through-composed song.

Standard

A song that remains popular well after its initial appearance; songs that live on in recordings, films, and live performances. For example, "I Got Rhythm" by George and Ira Gershwin

cubop

A style of Latin jazz originating in the 1940s

Bebop

A style of jazz characterized by fast tempo and improvisation.

Symphonic Jazz

A style of jazz played by the Paul Whiteman Orchestra that incorporated heavy influences from European classical music.

Funky Jazz

A style that combines elements of gospel music and R&B with jazz. Also called soul jazz

Members of Ahmad Jamals Trio?

Israel Crosby - Bass Vernel Fournier - Drums Ahmad Jamal - Piano

Avant-Garde

It's free jazz. A new generation of music where everything is improvised

Wynton Kelly

Jamaican American jazz pianist. Known for lively, blues- based playing.

Weather Report

Jazz fusion band during the 1970s-80s, led by Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter

Whose playing piano touch influenced Lil Hardin?

Jelly Roll Morton

Latin and Indian music influences throughout jazz history

Jelly Roll Morton, Dizzy Gillespie, John Coltrane, Avant-Garde and Fusion eras

Guitar Fusion

Jimi Hendrix

Which of the following musicians has NOT been invited to the Pitt Jazz Seminar and Concert?

John Coltrane

Alto--> Tenor Sax

John Coltrane (Avant-Garde/Free Jazz Period)

Guitar Mahavishnu Orchestra Fusion

John McLaughlin

Who was in the original Jazz Messengers?

Kenny Dorham - tpt Horace Silver - piano Art Blakey - Drums Hank Mobley - Tenor Doug Watkins - Bass

What 6 famous albums were recorded in 1959, and on what label?

Kind of Blue - Miles, Columbia Time Out - Brubeck, Columbia Giant Steps - Coltrane, Atlantic The Shape of Jazz to Come - Ornette, Atlantic Mingus Ah Um - Mingus, Columbia Gershwin Songbook - Ella, Verve

Which of the following is the best selling jazz album of all time?

Kind of Blue- Miles Davis

Tito Puente

King of Latin Music "Oye Como Va" (1962)

Ella Fitzgerald

Known as the "First Lady of Song" and "Queen of Jazz", jazz vocalist and noted for her purity of tone and "horn-like" improv ability in her scat singing.

betty carter style characteristics

Known for her improvisational and instrumental approach Imaginative interpretations of melody Intense forward sound

Sam Phillips was the owner of a small independent record label that produced many great rock & roll artists in the 1950's. Name this label, and the city it was associated with, and 3 artists affiliated with this label.

Label: Sun Records City: Memphis, Tennessee Artists: Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis

Name the vocal trio prominently associated with vocalese

Lambert, Hendricks, and Ross

This is an example of a hard bop song with _________ influence.

Latin

Vocals Included on Geri Allen's Album

Betty Carter

Bill Evans last famous trio?

Bill Evans - Piano Marc Johnson - Bass Joe Labarbera - Drums

The name of this singer is _________.

Billie Holiday

What where the 5 albums Miles Recorded with Gil and what labels where they on?

Birth of the Cool - Capital, rcrd in 1949 rlsd 1957 Miles Ahead/Miles + 19 - Columbia 1957 Porgy and Bess - Columbia 1958 Sketches of Spain - Columbia 1960 Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars - Columbia 1962

Piano Cool Jazz

David Brubeck

Avant-garde

Denoting artistic endeavors that are experimental, new and unusual or cutting edge.

Who was a flamboyant bebop saxophonist from Los Angeles, was inspired by Lester Young?

Dexter Gordon

queen of blues

Dinah washington

This bebop pioneer became a pioneer of Afro-Cuban jazz.

Dizzy Gillespie

What label and when was Blue Train released?

Blue Note in 1957

Among the pioneers of bebop was this jazz pianist, who applied the virtuoso style of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie piano:

Bud Powell.

What record company did Nat King Cole build up?

Capital

Piano Avant-Garde/ Free Jazz

Cecil Taylor

With which pianist did Mary Lou Williams perform a duo concert?

Cecil Taylor

electronic

Characteristic, part of rock and fusion, 1970s-1980s

Artist of "Boogie Stop Shuffle"

Charles Mingus

Bass/ Composer Avant-Garde/ Free Jazz

Charles Mingus

Bass player that replaced Scott Lafaro in Bill Evans trio?

Chuck Israels

Both ______________ and Lee Morgan played the trumpet and died prematurely.

Clifford Brown

Piano

Comping; syncopated harmony accompaniment to frontline

The mixture of Cuban music and jazz in the 1940s was known as

Cubop.

The famous jazz standard "Take FIve" is usually associated with which West Coast/Cool jazz Musician?

Dave Brubeck

This band, the most popular jazz group of the 1950s, was known for its use of unusual meters:

Dave Brubeck Quartet (think "Take 5")

Artist of "Mirrors (For Steve Lacy)"

Dave Douglas

Beat one

Everyone does their own complicated polyrhythms within the measure but returns for the downbeat

Dizzy Gillespie, who died in 1955, had his career cut short by his addiction to heroin.

False

Dizzy Gillespie, who died in 1955, had his career cut short by his addiction to heroin. True or False?

False

Jazz-rock fusion began in the mid-1950s, as jazz musicians tried to emulate the rock and roll of Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard.

False

Who were the Producers at Columbia

First George Avakian, then Teo Macero

Sonny Rollins

Freedom Suite song

Nguyen Le

French born influenced by:Jummi Hendrix, Mahavishnu Orchestra, Return to Forever, Wes Motgomery, and Django Reinhardt - Took elements of vietnamese folk songs, heavy metal rock electric guitar, and jazz-tinged saxophone and drums to make a unique asian fusion jazz. Song - Ting Ning

3 main components of jazz

Frontline musicians, backline musicians, soloist

1960s-1970s

Fusion emerged and developed in the

The drummer in this group is a founder and artistic director of Berklee Institute of Jazz and _______.

Gender Justice

band anita o'day toured with early in her career?

Gene Krupa

Although not technically a composer, he was someone who "elevated arranging virtually to the art of composition."

Gil Evans

Piano "Birth of the Cool" with Miles Davis Cool Jazz

Gil Evans

This arranger's collaboration with Miles Davis produced the "Birth of the Cool" recordings

Gil Evans

Chicago School

Group of white young musicians who emulated New Orleans style in Chicago

Rhythm section

Guitar, banjo, tuba, bass saxophone, piano and drums

Innovations of Miles Davis

Had a trumpet style that was among the most influential in jazz throughout the 50s and 60s.

Funky

Hard bop teminology

Clifford Brown and Lee Morgan Beethoven

Hard bop trumpeter, _________ and _________, both died tragically young

Piano/Voice Hard Bop

Hazel Scott

headhunters

Herbie Hancock, spin off of miles Davis, fusion

Who was the most influential composer for the Hard Bop era?

Horace Silver

Who was the most influential hard bop composer?

Horace Silver

Civil Rights Movement 1960s

Social movement to end segregation and discrimination against blacks

The Seminal Recording of Saxophone colossus was made by what artist?

Sonny Rollins in 1956

The Freedom Suite

Sonny Rollins recorded the album, ________, which tends to be overlooked when people discuss protest music in jazz.

What brings jazz and pop together?

Soul and FUNK

Saxophone M-Base

Steve Coleman

Section of the city where jazz was born:

Storyville

What is vocalese?

Taking an instrumental solo and then writing lyrics to them.

Stan Getz

Tenor sax - melodic material and rhythmic vocals - influenced by Lester Young - Bossa Nova/Jazz Samba

Africanization

The African influence on the cross fertilization of cultures

What venue did Miles first play with his nonet?

The Royal Roost

The signature act for Motown Records, in terms of sound and style was this group with 43 #1 hits to their credit.

The Temptations

Kenia

The guest singer from class is ____________.

Stop-time

The interruption of the regular beat pattern in the rhythm section, leaving two or more beats silent per bar, usually while the musician solos.

Harmony

The sounding of two or more musical notes at the same time in a way that is pleasant or desired

This song is composed and performed by pianist __________, who greatly contributed to the development of bebop and changing jazz piano style.

Thelonious Monk

which piano player mentored sonny Rollins and helped him become a bad boy?

Thelonious Monk

Pittsburgh

These artists are from here: Art Blakey, George Benson

Wynton Marsalis

This trumpeter from New Orleans is the director of jazz at Lincoln Center.

David Brubeck

Time Out(1959) "Blue Rondo A La Turk"

Trumpeter best known for their power and harmonic density?

Tom Harrell

Jimi Hendrix

United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970) Met Miles Davis through his wife Betty Mabry (influenced heavily)

Tenor Sax Weather Report Fusion

Wayne Shorter

Artist of "Palladium"

Weather Report

Jazz Composition in the 1950s:

What was not covered in our last exam

Speakeasy

a Prohibition-era nightclub in which liquor was sold illegally

Jazz-rock

a form of jazz that combines elements of rock and jazz

Scat singing

a jazz vocal style in which the soloist improvises with nonsense syllables

Riff

a short repeated phrase in jazz; characteristic of bebop

which trumpeter looks back to louis armstrong for his inspiration:

nicholas payton

the rhythm section of the early new orleans band played:

none of these

bobby timmons

piano, art Blakey and the messengers

Joe Zawinul

piano, started Weather Report, one of the spin-off bands from Miles Davis

Woodshedding

practicing for excessive amounts a day(said to be how Charlie Parker learned the trade of Bebop)

Claude thornhill

progressive band leader

cannonball adderley

sax

Boplicity

song by Miles Davis Cool Jazz

Cool Jazz

Lecture 14

Hard Bop

Lecture 15 and 16

Jazz and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s

Lecture 17

Fusion

Lecture 19

1980s-1990s

Lecture 20

History to Present

Lecture 21

He was known as the "Father of the Cool"

Lester Young

Dave Brubeck

Major figure of Cool Jazz Piano player Experimented with unusual meters First jazz artist on the Time magazine "Blue Rondo A La Turk" (8-9 meter) "Take Five" (4-5 meter) Semi academic, appeal to college aged

Lee Konitz

Major figure of Cool Jazz alto sax played with Stan Kenton's band

Cecil Taylor

Major figure of Free Jazz played the piano Studied classical music, graduated from New England Conservatory Appeared at Five Spot in 1956 Didn't earn widespread recognition until later years "Jazz Advance"

Stanley Turrentine

Major hard bop figure played the tenor sax

Smooth Jazz

Many new trends, including ______ and jazz/hip hop fusion, emerged during the 1980s and 1990s.

Piece Three

Marching band tune

Artist of "Wyrgly"

Maria Schneider

anita o'day style characteristics

Mastery of time and rhythm at any tempo Improvisation and freedom of melody She did not have complete vocal control due to an accident that occurred during a tonsillectomy when she was a kid. This left her unable to use vibrato in the traditional sense or able to sustain long phrases.

Trombonist ________ performed with and arranged for Dizzy Gillespie's big band.

Melba Liston

Chick Corea

Member of Miles Davis' band and was forefront of the electric jazz fusion movement, American jazz fusion pianist, keyboardist and composer.

notable people JJ Johnsons recorded with?

Miles Ella Milt Jackson Charlie Parker Horace Silver Cannonball Adderly

Artist of "Boplicity"

Miles Davis

Who was a bebop soloist who became a leader of cool jazz?

Miles Davis

Birth of Cool

Miles Davis 1949

What group is commonly known as the "Birth of the Cool" band.

Miles Davis Nonet

In 1973, Herbie Hancock puts together the group Head Hunters. List the personnel and instrument

a) Herbie Hancock, keys b) Benny Mopin, sax c) Paul Jackson, bass d) Harvey Mason, drums

Where is Oscar Peterson from?

Montreal canada!

jelly roll morton's recording of "maple leaf rag":

alters the form

david sanborn

alto sax

Eric Dolphy

alto sax Monumental Avant Garde jazz musicians

Sonny Rollins

Most influential hardbop musician;played tenor saxophone

Julian "Cannonball" Adderly

alto sax, Hard Bop, collaborated with Coltrane and Miles Davis especially in Modality

Steve Coleman

alto sax, coined the term "M-Base", worked with Geri Allen

Bebop/Bop

an energetic style of jazz that developed in the 1940's. Developed from nonsense syllables used by scat singers to recreate the characteristic melodic phrases of a new style

one of the major influences derived from African American culture is:

an improvisatory oral tradition

free jazz

an improvised style of jazz characterized by the absence of set chord patterns or time patterns.

Jam session

an informal gathering of musicians improvising together, especially in jazz or blues.

music in african culture was:

an integral part of everyday life

Gerry Mulligan

arranger/composer in the cool period

Pharoah Sanders

award winning jazz tenor saxophonist

Eric Dolphy Ornette Coleman John Coltrane

Name 3 monumental Avant Garde jazz musicians

Miles Davis, MJQ, Dave Brubeck, Gerry Mulligan

Name Four Cool Jazz Musicians

Milt Jackson, John Lewis, Percy Heath, Connie Kay

Name the original members of the Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ)

free jazz

Names of Jazz of the 1960s

Who was the first african american to have a T.V. show in the U.S.?

Nat King Cole

Mecca of Jazz

New York City was termed this

Bud Powell

One of the most influential voices on piano during the bebop era.

Ahmad Jamal

One of the most successful small-group leaders in jazz.

Joe Lovano

One of the world's premiere tenor saxophonists

Shirley Scott

Organist ______________ became prominent during the 1950s and became popular playing with her husband and tenor saxophonist, Stanley Turrentine during the 1960s.

Early jazz innovators

Original Dixieland Jazz Band: first recording in 1917 in NY and Chicago, led by Nick LaRocca

Who were the members of the first oscar trio?

Oscar - piano Ray Brown - Bass Barney Kessel - Guitar

Who were the members of Oscar Petersons second trio and when did it form?

Oscar - piano Ray Browns - Bass Ed Thigpen - Drums in 1958

Members of Nat King Cole's first trio?

Oscar Moore - Guitar Johnny Miller/Joe Comfort - Bass Nat King Cole - Piano

Free Jazz

Overturned many of the traditional elements of the music. Improvisation to the strongest

Artist of "Havana Cafe"

Paquito D'Rivera

the cool style is often described as:

chamber music jazz

cultural language of hard bop

cookin burnin putting the pots on east coast

"boblicity" by miles davis

cool jazz

John Coltrane

created "sheets of sound" music guru, embraced spirituality tenor sax in bebop

although collective improvisation is one of the hallmarks of free jazz, it is also landmark of:

dixieland

cool jazz

effortless quality, relaxed, not as aggressive, founded by miles davis and lenny tristano, most instrumentalists were white and college educated, more arrangements, clear distinction between pre-composed and improv, least innovative jazz period, semi big-bands, musicians made money from films, gave impression nothing else mattered

Following the lead of Charlie Christian, Wes Montgomery played the _________

electric guitar

5 characteristics of jazz/rock fusion

electronic electrified sampling effects delay

among the most prominent innovations of the merging "funky" style, and the artist who is it highly regarded progenitor was:

horace silver

What are the first two elements that blended the fusion/crossover period?

jazz and rock

king pleasure

jazz vocalist and master of vocalese

The earliest form of rhythm and blues was known in the 1940s as

jump music.

the lady who swings the band

mary lou williams

vinyl

material used for making records

three elements of music

melody harmony rhythm

the exciting stride pianist/composer who had worked in fletcher henderson's orchestra and accompanied bessie smith was:

thomas "fats" waller

flute, tuba, french horn

three new melodic instruments in cool jazz

who was the timbalero/vibraphonist who borrowed the more complex latin rhythms:

tito puente

his band was lifetime

tony williams

the artist responsible for the "sound" of rock heard on miles davies's bitches brew was:

tony williams

clark terry

trumpet

scat

type of vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables, or no words at all; gives singers the ability to create the equivalent of an instrumental solo using their voice

Sheets of Sound

unique improvisational style of John Coltrane, fast improvisational playing

Ella Fitzgerald's musical style

unusual timbral punctuations including squeals and growls deft scat singing joyful timbre four-octave range

Lennie Tristano

Piano - long phrases with bop-influenced lines - less erratic than Parker - smoother and less jumpy (more vocal quality) - often improvised a half-step away from a chord to make it unresolved

Dave Bruebeck

Piano - one of the most commercially successful - Paul Desmond (alto sax) quartet - concerts on college campuses, academic respectability for jazz - TIME magazine cover (before Ellington) - unusual timing

Robert Glasper

Piano collaborated with R&B/hip hop artists won three Grammys

Instrumentation of Oscar Petersons first trio?

Piano bass guitar

instrumentation of Nat King Cole's Trio?

Piano, Bass, Guitar

John McLaughlin

Pioneer in jazz fusion. English guitarist and bandleader.

first university to establish a jazz phD program

Pitt

John McLaughlin

Played guitar Fusion Spin off band the Mahavishnu Orchestra

Vinyl

Plays Jazz recordings

This group was integrated in ______ and ______.

Race, Gender

Definition of historicism

Returning to *older* styles using *younger* musicians

Trumpet

Roy Hargrove

What phrase was used to describe Coltrane's virtuostic playing style

Sheets of Sound

milt jackson instrument

vibraphone

the trumpet player who is directly associated with the legacy of miles davis is:

wallace roney

Charles Mingus

"Fables of Faubus" by ___________ protested against the segregationist governor Faubus in Arkansas.

This jazz standard has been called John Coltrane's farewell to bebop because the chord structure is so busy and difficult to play at full speed.

"Giant Steps"

Fusion/Beginning of Smooth Jazz

"Just the Two of Us" Genre by Grover Washington Jr.

Hard Bop

"Moanin" Genre by Art Blakey and the jazz Messengers

Bossa nova craze

"New Wave" in the 1960s Born in Brazil Charlie Bird and Stan Getz brought it to the US

During lecture, what Miles Davis composition was used to describe "modality", a sound that was typified on his Kind of Blue album (1959)?

"So What"

Modal Jazz

"So What" Genre by Miles Davis

While critics and fans came up with various names for the innovation of free jazz musicians, the musicians usually preferred the term _____ in association with their music

"The New Thing"

Wynton Marsalis

"The New Traditionalists"; hip hop

a merging of jazz and classical music to bring about a new style

"Third Stream," coined by composer/French horn player Gunther Schuller, was characterized as:

2 songs that had strong political messages

"fable of faubus" by charles mingus (1959/1960) "alabama" by john coltrane (1963)

the hard bop school marks a return to:

"straight ahead" jazz

2 albums that had strong political messages

"the freedom suite" by sonny rollins (1958) "we insist! freedom now suite" by max roach and abbey lincoln (1960)

miles davis return to the emotionally direct sound of hard bop is heard on:

"walkin"

Which composition did Gil Evans famously rearrange in 1958?

'King Porter Stomp"

One of the earliest, and best known, of Thelonious Monk's compositions is

'Round Midnight.'

Art Blakey was _____________________

(1) a hard bop drummer and (2) the leader of the Jazz Messengers

The Modern Jazz Quartet is best known for ________________________

(1) combining jazz with the Baroque style of J. S. Bach and (2) performing in concert halls wearing tuxedos

Cool jazz artists were inclined to _______________________

(1) deemphasize improvisation in favor of composition and (2) use orchestral instruments such as the tuba and French horn

Dizzy Gillespie became famous for ______________

(1) his beret, goatee, and unusually shaped trumpet, (2) his bebop-styled big bands, and (3) a witty, genial stage persona

To weed out inexperienced improvisers, jam sessions would often ________________

(1) perform at a ridiculously fast tempo, (2) modulate up a half step each chorus, and (3) play a tune in an unfamiliar key

Among the techniques that Wes Montgomery developed were _______________

(1) using a right-hand thumb technique, creating a mellow tone and (2) playing octaves and chords as part of his improvised solo

progressive jazz

(1945-1947), Sound of big band brass and Western European compositional techniques, compositional styles, Stan Kenton Era "Father of Progressive Jazz"

New Testament Band

(1952-1984) Arrangers: Neal Hefti, Ernie Wilkins, Sammy Nestico, Quincy Jones "Lil' Darlin" "Corner Pocket"

Modern Jazz Quartet

(1952-1993) John Lewis (p), Milt Jackson (v), Percy Heath (b), Connie Kay (d) "Yesterdays" Cool Jazz

Benny Goodman

(clarinet) -style characteristics -solos tend to stay close to the original melody (melodic paraphrase) -excellent technique on clarinet -great control of his sound -clear, light clarinet tone -Instrumental at revolutionizing the swing band as a business -broke down the racial barrier -"King of Swing" 1909-1986 -During Swing Era, considered the most polished Arrangements by Fletcher Henderson - Drummer Gene Krupa came up with some new styles of playing - Masterful trumpet players; screechers -Benny Bengais -Ziggy Elman -Harry James -His own style: -Solos tended to stay close to original melody (melodic paraphrase) - Excellent technique on clarinet -Great Control of his sound -Clear, light clarinet tone - "King of Swing"

Earl Hines

**"fatha" or "father of modern jazz piano", american jazz pianist and bandleader *one of the most influential figures in the development of jazz piano

Teddy Wilson

*A pianist with a light touch, which was rare *Alabama *during the swing era *Worked with Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, etc **First African american to be in a all white band

Herbie Hancock

*A pianist/keyboardist and long time member of Miles Davis's bands, he developed a jazz/funk fusion early in the 70s that brought him considerable commercial success. *redefined the rhythm section

Duke EIllington

*American composer, pianist, and leader of a jazz orchestra *known as the greatest composer

King Oliver

*American jazz cornet player and bandleader *Real name was Joseph Nathan *used his mutes in jazz

Dizzy Gillespie

*Jazz Trumpeter that helped to develop bebop & modern jazz

Ella Fitzgerald

*Known as the "First Lady of Song" "Queen of Jazz" and "Lady Ella" *"horn-like improvisational ability particularly in her scat singing

Fats Waller

*Real name was Thomas Wright Waller *American jazz pianist, violinist, singer, and entertainer *introduced jazz rhythms to Broadway shows and laid the foundation for swing and jazz piano styles *help develop piano to modern jazz

Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra

*Wynton Marsalis leads which of the following ensembles dedicated to performing classic jazz repertory

Stan Getz

*best tenor sax *made bozza nova popular *played in big bands alot *warm lyrical tone

Maria Schneider

*composer, arranger, bandleader *pianist *won multiple grammys

Dave Brubeck

*cool jazz *piano *Known for his songs "Take Five" & "Blue Rondo a la Turk"

Tony Williams

*drummer *avant-garde jazz *Mile Davis Quartet, Fusion Band Lifetime *Explosive to steady, normal rhythms

Art Blakey

*drummer *hard bop *reshaped face of modern jazz *Fletcher Henderson Band/Jazz Messenger

Chick Corea

*electric piano, keyboard *part of the birth of fusion jazz band with Mile Davis

Modern Jazz Quartet

*influenced classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop *one of the first to perform in concert halls rather than nightclubs

Sarah Vaughn

*known as "Sassy" & "The Defined One" *American Jazz singer and pianist *known for her rich voice, with an unusually wide range

Ornette Coleman

*one of the founders of free jazz *saxophone, violinist, trumpeter, and composer

Bud Powell

*pianist *modern jazz

Thelonious Monk

*pianist and composer *one of the first creators of modern jazz & bebop

Cecil Taylor

*piano, composer *avant-garde, free jazz *first recording Jazz Advance *known as an uncompromising musical radical

Charlie Parker

*sax *"Yardbird" & "Bird" *leading figure in the development of bebop *fast tempos *virtuous technique *advance harmony

John Coltrane

*saxophone, hard bop *bebop

Wynton Marsalis

*trumpet *lead the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra *traditional

Clifford Brown

*trumpet & bebop *principal figure in hard-bop *died at 25 in a car accident

Modal Jazz

- "So What" by Miles Davis represents what?

Sonny Rollins

- 1930 - most influential tenor sax player of the late 1950s - tone quality is Rollins most identifiable characteristic: - cello like -hard and to the point harshness -rough, brittle, coarse, guttural -goat like tone - use of motivic development: stating a motive at the beggining of the solo, developing that motive to create a solo ( doubling or halving note values, playing upside down/backwards, and playing in different keys) - The Brown-Roach Quintet

Cecil Taylor

- 1933 - Classical background - experimented with avant garde jazz - influences: Brubeck, Tristano, Ellington, Mon, Horace Silver - tone clusters / polyrhythms

Bebop

- 1945-1955 East Coast - End of WW2 - Musicians and fans drifted - recording ban enforced by union - taxes on cabarets and dance halls - bebop scat word (also rebop, bop) - revolution vs evolution

Multiphonics

- 2 or more notes played at the same time by a single instrument

Benny Goodman - New York (East Coast)

- Benny Goodman (1909-1986) King of Swing - clarinet/bandleader - led successful band in big band era - Paramount theatre in NY (why it led to popularity) - first bandleaders to hire black musician Charlie Christian (guitar), Lionel Hampton (vibraphone), Teddy Wilson (piano) - Sing, Sing, Sing and Flying Home hit songs

Swing Era

- Big Band era -1930-1945 - Swing Era not "jazz" era

Differences between swing era and early jazz

- Big band instrumentation preferred - saxophones were more common in swing - hi hat cymbals were used more often - collective improvisation rare in swing - overall more smooth and less rhythmic - higher level of instrumental proficiency - 1930's sometimes labelled the age of the saxophone

Change in Jazz at the end of the 1950s

- Brubeck and other experimented with meters other than 4/4 - Coltrane: sheets of sound - Monk: asymmetrical pointalistic pieces - Cecil Taylor: atonal improv and tone clusters - George Russel: Modal Improv - Miles Davis: modal imrov

Architects of Bebop

- Charles "Bird" Parker - saxophone - "Dizzy" Gillespie - trumpet - Thelonius Monk - piano - Bud Powell - piano - Charles Mingus - bass - Oscar Pettiford - bass - Max Roach - drums _ Kenny Clarke - drums

Swing era soloists 2

- Coeman Hawkins (1904-1969) aka Bean - "Father of tenor sax" - first major prominent tenor saxophonist - interest in outlining chord progression during solos, especially breaks, ___/thick vibrato

Brazilian Jazz

- Dance types: samba (Brazil), Bossa Nova (Brazil), Tango (argentina), mambo, rumba (cuba) - composers: Antonio Carlos Jobin, Luis Bonfa, João Gilberto

Unusual Meters

- David Brubeck is known for his innovative use of what?

Max Roach

- Drops bombs every two to four beats - Snare drum is often more active than cymbals - Clear bell-like tone from his ride cymbal - Great use of his full drum kit, especially on his extended solos - Often trades fours or eights with the wind players before going into one or more solo choruses - Brown/Roach Quintet, "Blues Walk" (1955) disciple of Charlie Parker and Gillespie (Bebop) - Played drums in Parkers best known group - drummer; pioneer of bebop

New York

- Duke Ellington (1899-1974) - bandleader pianist/composer-arranger - Ellington's group was most stable and longest-lived big band in history - often wrote pieces for musicians focusing on their individual personalities - worked closely with Billie Strayhorn - over 2000 compositions!

Swing Era Vocalists 4

- Frank Sinatra - overly romantic style, heartthrob - influenced by Bing Cosby, known for voice, performance style - one of hardest swinging albums ever - Sinatra at the Sands

Birth of the Cool

- Gil Evans and Miles Davis produced what album?

Chameleon

- Herbie Hancock's hit song during the fusion era?

Latin Jazz

- Latin is a strong element in Jazz - Jellyroll Mortons "the spanish tinge" - Geographic contributions: carribean (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti), mesoamerica (Mexico and Honduras), South America ( Argentina and Brazil), Europe (Spain) -Spain: flaminco rhythms, castanet rhythms, cancion tradition (song with guitar), dance rhythms (Contredonza, Danza, and Habarera) - African influences: Nigerian Yourba (music/dance withcomplex rhythms, call and response, Bata drums), Dahomey Arura (use of stucks, bells, drums, and rattles to accompany dancing), congo bantu (large barrel drums) - syncopated clave rhythm - Several different strains of Latin American and Caribbean music fused with jazz. Including elements of its instrumentation and swing rhythm

W.C. Handy

- Latin tinge, especially in " St. Louis Blues" with its habanera based second section - "Father of Blues"

Women in jazz

- Mary Lou Williams (1910-1989) - Boogie-woogie player, in Count Basie style - one of first females in jazz to receive notoriety - became well known composer/arranger - performed with Andy Kirk and Twelve Clouds of Joy

We Insist! Freedom Now Suite

- Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln recorded what?

The Classic Sextet

- Miles Davis - Julian Cannonball Adderly (alto sax) - Coltrane - Bill Evans and Winton Kelly ( piano) - Paul Chanbers (bass) - James Cobb

John Coltrane

- Originally played alto in various bands - after leaving navy in 1947, Joins r&b band of Eddie Vinson, switches to tenor - Tenor style influenced by: Lester Young (melodic phrasing) and Hawkins (arpeggios, vertical harmony) - briefly joined Gillepsies big band - plays with various combos in the 1950s - Joins Miles Davis Quintet in 1955 - Late 1950's developed rapid technique: - rapid flury of notes, sometimes over modal scales - extended range - mastery over the upper register -"Giant Steps" John Coltrane Quartet Tommy Flannagan (piano), Paul Chambers ( bass), and Art Taylor (drums)

Josef Zawinul

- Part of the Weather Report band. Used synthesizer keyboard. Multi-voiced synthesizer. Played with Davis for Bitches Brew. Composed "Birdland" and also used paraphrase and formulaic improvisation.

Samba

- Portugese, derived from the Bantu "semba" meaning "navel" - a Brazilian dance of Congo origin -percussive, propulsive, music in 2/4 time to accompany this dance - the symbol of Rio Carnival

Bossa nova

- Portuguese for "new tendency" - a syncopated, sensuous musical style refined from the Samba and introduced into the late 1950's in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - a syncopated, sensuous musical style refined from the samba and introduced in the late 1950s in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Swing era soloists 3

- Roy Eldridge (1911-1989) - Trumpeter - Link between swing and modern jazz - demonstrated long phrases were possible on trumpet, easy on sax

Keith Jarrett

- Scandinavian Quartet - piano

All-girl bands

- Segregation in bands still occurred - bands had to sound and look good to be successful in patriarchal society - Ina Ray Hutton's Melodears (white band) - Prarie View Co-eds (black band) - International Sweethearts of Rhythm (Blue Lou listening) mixed rade

Timbales

- Spanish - a drum set with 2 tuneable snare drums with different pitches, 2 cow bells, a cymbal, and sometimes a wood block - typically played with 2 sticks - developed in Cuba, inspired by the European tympani - used in Cuban music and Salsa Music - a drum set with two tuneable snare drums with different pitches, two cow bells, a cymbal, and sometimes a woodblock; developed in Cuba

Toques

- Spanish drum rhythms in ritual Afro-Cuban music

M-Base

- Steve Coleman is a key figure in what movement?

Tito Puente

- Used Timbales. "Airegin"

Decline in swing popularity because:

- War effort draft - Rising costs of fuel - Listeners tastes were changing - Growing unrest amongst jazz musicians in big bands

Balafon

- West African Xylophone - West African tuned percussion instrument, played by hitting tone bars with mallets.

Kind of Blue

- What is the best-selling Jazz album of all time?

MJQ

- Which group is not a spin off from Miles Davis Group?

Geri Allen

- Who acknowledged Kenny Barron and Betty Carter as her mentions in music?

Charles Mingus

- Who wrote a song to protest against segregation policy by Governor Faubus?

Third Stream

- ________, coined by Gunther Schuller, meant a style that fused jazz and western art music?

Contrafact/contrafactum

- a composition that superimposes a new melody on a preexisting chord progression - extensively in the bebop era - "I Got Rhythm" - a composition that superimposes a new melody on a pre-existing chord progression; employed extensively in the bebop era. "I Got Rhythm" is a popular chord progression used for contrafact.

Blue Note

- a defining note in blues melodies and scales; a "bent" or slightly raised minor third or seventh - a note sung or played at a slightly lower pitch than that of the major scale for expressive purposes.

Call and response

- a pattern, common in Jazz and African American music, in which a singer or instrumentalist (or group of them) answers a phrase or short passage from another; also found in some church services when the congregation answers the call from the preacher - succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. It corresponds to the call-and-response pattern in human communication and is found as a basic element of musical form

Cool Jazz (East Coast)

- a style of jazz developed in the late 1940's and and 1950s, in part a reaction to bebop - notable for its understatement, restraint, lighter vibrato - Contrasted to Bebop that came before, characterized by relaxed tempos and lighter tone. Employs formal arrangements and some classical elements. free lines, use of counter point, and use of a typical jazz instruments such as the French horn, tuba, and flute

Modal Jazz

- a style of jazz developed in the late 1950s in which modal scales serve as the basis for improvisation

Free Jazz

- a style of jazz introduced in 1959 and developed in the late 60's and 70's that relies on neither key nor chord progressions for improvisational structure - reflected the time ( war, assassinations, civil rights) - abandon one or more elements of traditional playing (form, harmony, rhythm, melody) and perform freely within a traditional framework - A style of jazz introduced in 1959 and developed in the 1960s and 1970s that relies on neither key nor chord progressions for improvisational structure

Cool instrumentation

- added orchestral instruments - tuba, french horn, bassoon, flute, cello - flugelhorn (Baker, Terry, Famer)

Clave rhythm

- clave: a basic rhytmic pattern of Cuban and Puerto Rican music, played over 2 bars - the clave beat holds the band together - in Latin jazz, the clave is often implied, rather than stated by the clave sticks - a basic rhythmic pattern of Cuban and Puerto Rican music, played over two bars; the clave beat holds the band together.

Atonal/Atonality

- composed without being based in traditional rules of harmonic relationships -ex. not in a key

Gerry Mulligan

- composer, pianist, arranger - "Birth of the Cool" - most prominent saxophone soloist (male voice) baritone sax - stripped piano from quartet for more open sound

Third Stream

- compositions blending jazz elements with classical forms and techniques - term coined in 1957 by composer Gunther Schuller - blend of classical ideas with jazz techniques -Jazz - swung rhythms, blue notes, syncopated rhythms, improv -Classical - forms, jazz versions of classical pieces, may use orchestras or orchestral instruments with the jazz combo, odd metric patterns(5/4, 9/8) -Modern Jazz Quartet, "Concorde" (1955) - classical-jazz, Art Tatum, Charles Mingus, Duke Ellington

Buddy Bolden

- cornet - loser, hotter, blusier style of dance music than Creoles - first jazz musician in New Orleans - famous for playing in New Orleans dance halls, in outlying communities, and in Johnson Park - inspired by the music of a "holly roller" church - rhythmic and emotional power - credited with the discovery or invention of the so-called "Big Four", a key rhythmic innovation on the marching band beat, which gave embryonic jazz much more room for individual improvisation...the first syncopated bass drum pattern to deviate from the standard on-the-beat march

Bix Beiderbecke

- cornetist; - influenced by Nick LaRocca of ODJB and Armstrong; - played with several outfits (The Wolverines, Frankie Trumbauer, Paul Whiteman); Singin' The Blues (1927) - w/ Frankie Trumbauer Orchestra (C-melody saxophone, vibratoless tones, dry tone color, diatonic melodic improvisations), - Beiderbecke (bright full cornet sounds, extended harmonies against diatonic accompaniment) - cornetist and pianist that helped to invent jazz ballad and what would become cool jazz

Formulaic improvisation

- creating solos by manipulating, at the speed of thought, musical formulae or patterns that one has worked out and internalized

Bob Moses

- drums - prodding drum style - trades rhythmic ideas - drums tuned to high resonate - frequent splashes of cymbals -

Cyclic improvisation

- each strain of theme variations is further and further removed from the melody.

Free jazz innovations: harmonic freedom

- early jazz chords provide formal and emotional structure - dissonance/tension resolved to good sound - modal jazz- tension is reduces because chord changes are minimal and slower - free jazz- players encouraged to play emotionally; Ornette Colemans early groups were piano less, did not include any polyphonic instruments

free Jazz innovations: rhythmic freedom

- early jazz in duple or triple meters - colemans quartet: drummer plays time, horns play with freely changing tempos, bassist strums chord with arithmetic accents Later free performers: works in free time, use of Indian "talos" (rhythmic patterns), unaccompanied horn solos and improvs

Jaco Pastorius

- electric bass - countermelodies - rapid runs on notes - use of chords 8 double stops (dyads) - bends strings, double stops - frequent use of harmonies - self-proclaimed "greatest bass player in the world." Inventive in his use of the fretless electric bass. Used countermelodies and a variety of harmonic overtones. Had a mastery of distortion.

Wynton Marsalis

- eloquent - hosted own TV show, taught school for boys, lobbied on Capitol Hill, and performed at The White House - trumpet - first jazz to win a Pulitzer prize "Blood on the Fields" - returned jazz to its blue roots - neotraditional jazz: mainstream jazz as preserved and practiced

Early jazz style

- embellishments more important than tunes themselves - relaxed rhythm feeling (compared to rigidity of ragtime)

4 characteristics of cool jazz

- emphasis on mid register - light, airy, and subdued sound - delicate balance between composition an improvisation - include unusual instruments for jazz (such as tuba, French horn, flute etc.)

Avant-garde

- experimental, unconventional, cutting-edge

Ellington Compositional Style and Repertoire

- first to voice across sections of band - wordless vocals - jungle sounds: mimicked African atmosphere - Ellington Repertory: Music for listening, not dancing Ballads Exotic pieces Concert music, little improvisation, more through-composed Concertos Swing instrumentals Sacred music

Chick Corea

- fusion pianist -> Bitches' Brew -> Return to Forever

Beginning of bebop

- happened out of need to evolve jazz - rebellion from musicians - freeing from "tyranny of popular taste" - Minton's Playhouse became underground supporter of bebop

Overtones

- harmonic overtones - in acoustics, secondary tones that are subdivisions of a fundamental tone or frequency - generated in stringed instruments by touching, rather than plucking, the string at points marking shorter segments of the string length that generates the main tone - also called harmonics

Fusion

- in the 1970s and 1980s - considered by critics to be too commercial - blends with rock, rhythm and blues, and funk - "Stables of Studio Sidemen" Steve Gadd (drums), Eric Gale (guitar), Richard Tee (keyboards), and Tom Scott (sax) - critics criticized Miles for going too commercial - blend of jazz and different musical styles - A mixture of different musical styles; introduced in the 1960s as a term for the blend of jazz with rock and funk pioneered by Miles Davis, Weather Report, and others. - new approaches to harmony, rhythm, production and recording methods, and new audiences - brought jazz back to popular awareness

Reason for lack of bebop popularity

- lack of visual appeal - few singers - complexity - lacked dance - abstract sounds - melody? - packaging

Bebop vs Swing

- less emphasis on arrangements - more emphasis on improv - emergence of "head" melodies - advanced harmonies (altered/extended) - chord substitutions - small combos 5-6 musicians - tempo was faster and more agitated - element of surprise was more highly valued

Art Ensemble of Chicago

- most innovative of the free jazz groups - formed in 1966: Famoudoue Don Moye (drums), Roscoe Mitchell ( sax, woodwind, percussion), Lester Bowie (trumpet), Malachi Favors (bass), and Joseph Jarmon ( flutes, sax, woodwind, percussion) - featured traditional African instruments: balafon (marimba) -Bush Magic: balafon, bass, accentend with occasional percussion, no fixed meter or rhythm - Free Jazz, implemented a lot of different instruments from around the world.

Aleatoric

- music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer - music in which some element of the composition is left to the determination of the players.

Bill Evans

- pianist - exquisite lyricism and sonorous - harmonies made his music mainstream - contemplative yet energetic style

Dave Brubek

- piano - intrinsically pianistic and orchestral qualities - complex harmonies - percussive nature and composing

Jimmy Blanton

- played in Duke Ellington's band - the originator of more complex pizzicato and arco bass solos

Gil Evans

- producer/arranger for Miles Davis - influenced by third stream - Arranger. Worked with Miles Davis on The Birth of the Cool album among others.

4 characteristics of hard bop

- re-emphasized the African American roots of bebop - incorporates elements of blues, R&B, and gospel - strong backbeat - organ trio became popular

"Dizzy" Gillespie

- recomposition - popularised the flat 5-chord tune - memoirs: to be or not to bop

Eric Dolphy

- sax - woodwhind virtuoso - blistering solos - socially conscious - free-association forms - human sounds on bass clarinet

Gerry Mulligan

- saxaphonist / clarinetist with light / airy cool jazz tone

Changes from New Orleans to Chicago

- saxophone added (especially bass saxophone) - guitar replaced banjo - elaborate intros and endings - eased and relaxed feel of tension and drive - more individual solos, less collective improv

Swing singers - Louis Armstrong

- scat singing - rhythmic complexity of music brought to singing - influential for other singers because of personality and success

Charlie Parker

- solos densely packed with ideas - has a new way of accenting notes that gave a high syncopated character - played a lot of notes, fast - influenced by Buster Smith's sounds (Kansas City) - Wrote many tunes: Jo Jones Jam, Yardbird

Collective improvisation

- spontaneous composition performed simultaneously by members of an ensemble

Free jazz Innovations: sonic freedom

- swing style - bebop lyrics - narrow range - free jazz return to personal sound - extended techniques: multiphonics, overtones, small percussion traps, toy instruments, synthesizers

Tonic

- the root of a key - first scale degree of a diatonic scale and the tonal center or final resolution tone, root of a key

Donald Cherry

- trumpeter - Ornette Colemeans band - Played in the loft scene - discovered Europeans and encouraged them to be themselves - avatar of world music

Clifford Brown

- trumpeter - duo with Roach - honeyed tone, sunny lyricism, and precision

Thelonius Monk

- used the whole tone scale - chord progressions challenged musicians - sparingly used notes, but often ones that clash with each other - movie: straight, no chaser - Tunes: well you needn't, misterioso

Mongo Santamaria

-"Watermelon Man" cover: the tune is by Herbie Hancock -Soul jazz/Latin

Miles Davis

--1954-1959 - Landmark sessions, including : - Horace Silver, Art Blakey, and Percy Heath - JJ Johnson "walkin" - Sonny Rollings "Airgen," "Dory," and "Oleo" - Theloneous Monk "Sweet Spring" -Classic 1950s quintet: Davis (trumpet), Coltrane (tenor sax), Red Garland (piano), Paul Chambers (bass), Philly Joe Jones ( drums) --1957-1959 - further collaboration with Evans: "Milestones" "Porgy and Bess" "Sketches of Spain" -The sextet: Miles Davis (trumpet), Julian Cannonball Adderly (alsto sax), Coltrane (tenor sax), Red Garland (piano), Paul Chambers (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums0. - pioneered cool jazz and modal jazz...and later fusion - Incorporated rock and funk elements into his music over a period of years. Challenged bebop-era harmonic progressions, with his turn to modal playing. Known for Bitches Brew. Rock, jazz and funk fused. trumpet altered with echo and wah-wah effects.

Dexter Gordon

-1923-1990 - first to create a bop style on tenor sax - played in swing bands (Lionel Hampton, Fletcher Henderson, Armstrong, and Bily Eckstine) - Style Characteristics: - Robust tone - seamless flow of ideas - Blends elements of Hawkins and Young (Hawkins: hugs sound and harmonic ingenuity; Young: light vibratto, graceful melodies, narrative approach to soloing) - The Dexter Gordon Quintette

Ornette Coleman

-1930 - bassist in r&b - began developing free jazz in 1956 - first recording in 1958, derivative of hard bop - "Change of the Century" (1959) Coleman (alto sax), Don Cherry (trumpet), Charlie Haden (bass), Billy Higgens (drums) - "The Shape of Jazz to Come" 1959 - first recording in free jazz -lack of chording instrument which indicates lack of traditional harmonic direction - aleatoric: based on chance - Huge negative critical backlash: "anti art" Coincides with similar classical music movements: musique concrete, total serialism, aleatoric music, computer generated -Helped spearhead "Free Jazz". Saxophonist. Implemented collective improvisation. Also had multiphonics and overtones

Albert Ayler

-1936-1970 - most radical free-jazzer - melodies sound like 19th century popular songs, hymns, and bugle calls from the salvation army band on LSD - huge sound (tenor sax) with wide vibratto - approximated pitches and fast tempos: distorted sound, multiphonics, altissimo screams, wild, long phrases -soloing approach: cyclic form (more complex as it goes on) -high overtone and split tones (multiphonics). Free improvisation.Most influenctial jazz saxophonist after Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane. Cyclic improvisation.

Dizzy Gillespie and his big band

-1940s -KNOWN for Cubop -"Manteca" -Used African polyrhythms, not much harmony, long percussion sections, overlapping Latin riffs

Nostalgia

-1950s pop brought to the forefront by people like Harry Connick Jr., who sings in Sinatra style -Popular for movies to provide "depth of early relationships" to modern romances -Diana Krall --> jazz singer and pianist who uses her feminism (music videos) in a way not used before in jazz; brings women to the forefront

Lenox School for Jazz

-1957-60 -Berkshires, Mass -John Lenox and other jazz performers taught talented students -Desired to rid the stereotypes of "racial" or "natural" talent

Back to good ol' Miles

-1960s Miles began to experiment with youth fashion and rock music after being stunned by rock crowds -Late 1960s albums: less post-bop, more electric instrumentation and amplification

Miles Davis 1960s

-1963: Second quintet. Did not allow musicians to practice before recording sessions which kept composition demands simple -Modalism: improv based on scales -"Kind of Blues:" best selling jazz album of all time -1965-67: post-bop albums 1968-70: fusion/jazz-rock: "Bitches Brew"

Weather Report

-1970 -1st albums were experimental with avant-garde electronics, part of the initial fusion waves -Later albums moved towards jazz/funk fusion -Made up of "Miles alumni" like Wayne Shorter and Joe Zawinul -"Teen Town" has Jaco Pastorious playing both electric bass (*speed*) AND drums

Chick Corea and Return to Forever

-1971 -Followers of Mahavishnu -Moved from light sound to heavy rock sound with jazz musician-type precision

Herbie Hancock and his band: *Headhunters*

-1974 -Uses layers built on funk (synthesizer) bass line -"Chameleon" -Used West African percussion as inspiration

Loft Jazz

-1974-86 in NYC (afterwards, official places started opening up) -"Eternal avant-garde" -Downtown lofts (former warehouses) converted into artists' studios, where individual musicians could collaborate

Jazz/hip hop

-1990s -*The Roots*: interested in live performance and improv; not clear-cut jazz -Hip hop artists came to realize that jazz was their history but fusion was difficult to pull off

Collectives

-AACM: Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians -BAG: Black Artists Group -AEC: Art Ensemble of Chicago

Ornette Coleman

-ALTO SAX -"Most disruptive figure in jazz"-is it still jazz? -Youth: R&B, bebop, carnival bands -Moves to LA in the 1950s -Attended Lenox School of Jazz -Promoted jazz as something moving in a new direction ("New thing or ugliness?" People question)

Arthur Blythe

-ALTO SAX -*In the Tradition* (1979) becomes a model for the idea of avant-garde bringing back history -*Amiri Baraka* composes a poem which is spoken during the song that is also political (Black nationalism)

Albert Ayler

-ALTO SAX -Liked simple tunes like Ornette but played crazy improv on top -No solos: GROUP EXPERIENCE and ENERGY MUSIC -Felt stifled in bop; wanted something more modern -"Spiritual/physical experience"

Eric Dolphy

-ALTO SAX and BASS SAX (popularized it) -Worked with Charles Mingus -Style started with bebop but stretched harmonies and timbre into extreme dissonance

Oregon

-Acoustic fusion: jazz + world music -Oboe, bass, 12-string guitar, table (Indian drum)

Jazz and pop-where does it go?

-Adds singers: Nat King Cole, Rosemary Clooney, FRANK SINATRA -Post-WWII: big bands began to fall apart, singers go off as singly artists with jazz-oriented music behind them -Tin Pan Alley still produces songs for singers

Miles Davis 1950s

-After kicking out heroin addiction, did some hard bop with Horace Silver and others -Worked with arranger Gil Evans: 3 albums -Late 50s: Bandleader (Miles Davis Quintet), taught by listening and example -John Coltrane played tenor sax with him -1959: Toured Europe, composed a film score with modalism for improv

Dexter Gordon

-After returning from Denmark in 1976... -He produced *Homecoming*, a live album from the Village Vanguard -He was important because he was old enough to have a link to historicist jazz

Miles Davis comes back

-After suffering some many illnesses, in 1980 he returned -Adopted a new style, short trumpet licks, shift to keyboard to play a chord, new pop songs -Always attracted superb young players -"Tutu

AEC

-Art Ensemble of Chicago -Lester Bowie (trumpet), Roscoe Mitchell and Joseph Jarman (saxes) -Wore strange theater-esque costumes, like old royal African robes, surgeon robes, face paint, had cluttered stages

Avant-garde in other art forms

-Art: Picasso -Literature: Joyce, Pound -Art Music: Schoenberg, Stravinsky

Free Jazz Recordings*

-Ascension (Coltrane, collective improvisation)

The Coltrane story

-B. 1926 in NC but raised in Philly -No immediate success -R&B groups, Gillespie big band, Miles Davis Quintet -CONSTANT PRACTICE -1957: left bands to work on heroin addiction and learned from Thelonious Monk

Wynton Marsalis

-B. 1961 in New Orleans to a musical family -Classical AND jazz background; trained at *Julliard* ( Miles Davis also attended there) -Chose NOT to go in direction of fusion and avant-garde, like everyone else

Air

-Band from the 70s that wrote "The Ragtime Dance" --> tribute to Scott Joplin -This song is historically respectful, yet they play it their own way (different timbre, tempo, phrasing, timing)

Machito aka Frank Grillo

-Bandleader, singer -Used maracas -Afro-Cubans: 10 pc. band -Friends with Mario Bauza

Modalism

-Basis for jazz-rock fusion -Theory that any chord could be resolved to fit a scale, so eliminated tonal center -Didn't believe in major/minor scales

Jazz as avant-garde

-Bebop: 1940s -Cool jazz: 1950s

Repertory

-Beginning of singer/songwriter: no more covers of other music

Swing Era Vocalists 1

-Billie Holiday aka Lady Day -one of most influential jazz singers of all time - ability to convey emotional meaning of lyrics to listener - musical partnership with Lester Young - had a troubled life: came out in songs (rhythmic displacement)

Cool Recordings*

-Birth of the Cool, Relaxin/Steamin/Smokin/Cookin, Porgy and Bess, Sketches of Spain (Miles) -Strange Fruit (Billie Holliday) -Take Five (Brubeck) -Line for Lyons (Mulligan, pianoless quartet) -Boplicity (Miles, Birth of the Cool)

Arkestra

-Black nationalism with intergalactic imagination -"Black people are myths" -Space music: avant-garde improv with elaborate costumes, chants, African percussion

Bebob Recordings*

-Body and Soul (Hawkins recording that started the bebop movement) -A Night in Tunisia (Gillespie recording that featured Parker's famous solo, alternating Latin and swing) -Manteca (Gillespie, Pozo recording that featured cubop) -Ornithology (Parker, unison) -Moose the Mooch (Parker, dropping bombs) -I Got Rhythm (Byas, AABA form) -Now's the Time (Parker, blues form) -Bebop (Parker, chorus) -The Girl from Impanema (Jobim, bossa nova)

Bechet's New Orleans Feetwarmers

-Brought back Sidney Bechet and James P. Johnson

John Coltrane and his music

-CONSTANTLY PRACTICED -Most people thought his harmonic improv was bizarre -His devotion to music was serious and almost religious-many followers of young musicians

New market category

-Called it "contemporary jazz" while other types of jazz were "traditional jazz" -Focused on young adults who were "tired" of rock and now want "smooth jazz"

Bix Beiderbeck*

-Chicago cornet player -grew up in Davenport and studied jazz early -learned through listening, went to college in Chicago to just be amidst the music -influenced by Armstrong and less of an emotional player than Armstrong, more constructed harmony

Frankie Trumbauer*

-Chicago saxophonist with unique style -sweet way of playing, compared to grit and depth of blues

Paul Whiteman*

-Chicago violist -grew up in Denver, played in orchestras in 1920s -first recorded in Atlantic city -controversially called the king of jazz -commissioned Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue -hired musicians like Beiderbeck and Trumbauer -first bandleader to carry singers, including crooner Bing Crosby and other trios

AACM: Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians

-Chicago-based -Non-profit, POLITICAL -Trained musicians and produced avant-garde specifically for the black community (the rest of the world wasn't interested) -Founder: Muhal Richard Abrams: pianist, composer

Mainstream jazz

-Coined in the 1950s, saying that real jazz was a mainstream combo between bebop (modern) and New Orleans (ancient)

Motives

-Coltrane's solos often use these -Short, melodic ideas that build to "screaming" climaxes

Jazz on TV/film

-Comic symbol of "beatnik" culture -Stereotypes of jazz listeners-not very intelligent -Crime, drugs, violence, and sultry women

Antonio Carlos Jobim

-Created bossa nova-new style of Brazilian music -Early 1960s craze

Latin jazz: CUBOP

-Cubop: Cuban music combined with bebop

M-Base

-Derives from jazz funk -Peaks late 1980s-early 1990s

Composing

-Did not provide scores, his musicians had to pick it up by ear and develop improv from there

Mile's styles

-Discards solos: instead, layered funk texture -Rhythm section: electric guitar, electric keyboard, electric bass, multiple drummers

Swing Era Vocalists 2

-Ella Fitzgerald - expansive vocal range, light swing style - brought scat singing to a new level - developed a way of improvising /embellishing around melody

Ornette's style

-Emotional tunes with jarring timbres like field hollers -Used microtones which are in between tones-sounds out of tune -Sometimes rhythm section separated and played different rhythms and allowed the melody to float on top -ALL interaction

Brazilian jazz

-Especially popular in the 1960s -Cuban revolution in 1959 -"Black Orpheus" film set during the Rio Carnivale

Other repertory groups

-Faithfully recreated the old styles -Examples: one for *Glenn Miller* who died in 1944, so now it's a "Ghost Band" -*Charles Mingus* died in 1979; in 1991 a big band formed to play ONLY his music -The *Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz* was founded in 1986

Style

-Form of modernism: looks at existing traditions, attacks them, rethinks them

George Benson and The Crusaders

-Formerly "Jazz Crusaders" -Jazz-pop dance music

Fusion meets avant-garde

-Free funk: Rock/funk grooves + semi-atonal harmony -Ornette Colaman still does this

Musique concrete

-French - musical composition created by by recording and manipulating natural sounds - pioneers in 1948 by the French composer Pierre Schaffer

Sun Ra

-From Alabama but thought he came from Saturn: so combination of CRAZY and feeling that many blacks shared that their reality here is not who they are

World Saxophone Quartet

-From BAG -First group to have only saxes: NO RHYTHM SECTION

The early years

-From wealthy black family in St. Louis: educated, self-confident -Toured with big bands during bebop era: would he set himself apart from Parker and Gillespie? -1948-50: Nonet formed -1949: Paris jazz festival plus beginning of cool jazz -Early 1950s: heroin addiction til 1954

Bitches Brew

-Funk + jazz -"Breakthrough album" -Used lots of electronic instruments, loose rock improv way of playing jazz -Best-seller, really long so not radio-friendly -Long, complex instrumentals, modal improv

Charlie Byrd

-GUITAR -Concentrated on acoustic guitar -Toured South America -Took interest in bossa nova because it was good for guitar

Concerto for Billy the Kid

-George Russell example of modalism -Pianist: Bill Evans -Dissonant harmonies -Modern classical/jazz (b/c of improv) -Modalism: so no tonal centers

Improvisation rock

-Grateful Dead: a group from San Fran that did improv -Jimi Hendrix: blues-based electric guitar virtuoso

Northern Migration*

-Green Diamond was a popular Illinois train line connecting Chicago to St. Louis -movement of millions of African Americans from rural southern cities to urban northern and western cities in the early 20th century -brought sound and culture of jazz, swing, and blues with them to cities like Chicago, Kansas City, and New York (especially Harlem)

Miles Davis trumpet style

-Harmon mute: hollow, "vulnerable" sound -"Cool:" restrained, delicate, not fast -Low to middle register

Marsalis's ideas

-He was controversial because he was against fusion and avant-garde and considered them "wrong turns" -He was in favor of jazz tradition

Pat Methany

-Hollow-body GUITAR, two amps, decay unit -B. 1954 -First fusion star from *rock* generation -"Have You Heard" (1992)-LONG head, someone sings along to give a sense of humanity; 12-bar blues

Art Blakey

-Jazz Messengers: "The Preacher" (1955) - A pressed roll with crescendo - A shuffle beat - Aggressive, loud, and hard-driving sound - Helping to shape the dynamic contour of heads and solos - Bebop style Drummer - Worked with Miles Davis - modern bebop drumming

Martin Williams

-Jazz critic -Wrote The Jazz Tradition in 1970 -Then Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz came along

New Orleans revival

-Jazzmen (1939) was a book which documented early jazz history (New Orleans jazz) -At that time, still many New Orleans musicians to interview -Made history "come to life" through the New Orleans revival

"Sheets of sound"

-John Coltrane - Coltrane employed extremely dense improvisational yet patterned lines consisting of high speed arpeggios and scale patterns played in rapid succession: hundreds of notes running from the lowest to highest registers -term coined to describe improvisational skills of John Coltrane characterized extremely dense improvisational lines by high speed arpeggios and scale patterns played in rapid succession.

John Hammond*

-Kansas City -dragged Benny Goodman to hear band broadcast form Kansas City in Chicago -Goodman became champion of Basie's band -became quintessential Kansas City style

Marching Bands

-Kansas City military bands, civic bands -coalesced in the redlight district of Kansas City

Post-1960

-Known as Dixieland jazz -Dominated by white revival bands

Swing era soloists 1

-Lester Young (1909-1957) AKA Prez - saxophonist - played with Count Basie - opposite style to Coleman Hawkins - more relaxed, melodic style, very little vibrato

Ornette as a composer

-Liked fusion funk even though avant-garde isn't supposed to be dance music

Preservation Hall

-Located in New Orleans -Dedicated to New Orleans jazz -1961

Jazz Bands toured Europe

-Many black jazzers stayed in Europe -France especially welcomed Jazz players -American expatriates (for a while): -Sidney Bechet -Coleman Hawkings -Josephine Baker

Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra

-Marsalis's orchestra -Historicist big band with classically trained players

Fusion Recordings*

-Miles Runs the Voodoo Down (Davis, Bitches' Brew, precursor to funk beat)

Civil Rights Movement*

-Mingus wrote Fables of Faubas, a signifying song putting down the governor for not integrating Little Rock High School -Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln wrote We Insist! FReedom Now suite, which was an overt protest album -Frank Kofsky and Amiri Baraka were music critics who were involved in influences of white culture on black music

Bebop Places*

-Minton's Playhouse (hotel in Harlem where house band jammed to early hours and would change to difficult keys, creating elitist environment) -52nd Street (many clubs where bebop was played, jam sessions) -Monroe's Uptown House (club in Harlem where jam sessions featured bebop musicians, moved to 52nd street)

Jelly Roll Morton*

-New Orleans combined improvisation and composing/arranging -lighter and more swinging feeling than ragtime -first pianist that warranted jazz label

History of fusion

-New Orleans jazz 1920s: dancing, parties, funerals, vaudeville -Swing era: perhaps strongest fusion era b/c jazz was closely tied with pop song, dance, film, and fashion -Bebop modernism: jazz *severs* ties with pop song and dance music

James Reese Europe*

-New York violinist, pianist, director, and writer for theater -forerunner of Black Musicians Union (Clef Club) -led Europe Society Orchestra dance group -recruited black musicians to go to War, get brutal training, labor in France -performances on train platforms were first European exposure to jazz

Salsa

-New dance style in the 1950s-60s -Latin oriented with much percussion, but also jazz brasses/saxes -Intense polyrhythm using congas and *timbales* which are like snare drums with different pitches

Jazz Jam Bands

-New groups based on organ trios and soul jazz -Keyboard trio: Medeski: keys, Matin: drums, Wood: bass -"Chank" with John Scofield on electric guitar

Cecil Taylor

-PIANIST, COMPOSER -Remember the high hippie guy who said "sound has 6 colors-humans can't see them but animals can" ? -Classically trained turned avant-garde -Startling, Intellectual, dissonant, virtuoso, piano as "drum"

1980s and beyond: jazz/R&B fusion

-People started getting tired of fusion: "leftover 60s rock sound" -In the music industry fusion became undesirable because it's seen too much as "heavy rock" -Black community begins redefining fusion: jazz + R&B making it classy with wine, jazz festivals, middle-aged middle class lifestyle

Effects of historicism

-Performance venues moved from neighborhood jazz clubs to concert halls -Education moved from jam sessions and gigs to actual music schools -Recordings: modern artists have to compete with reissues of the masters like Miles Davis

Herman Leonard

-Photographer who created a jazz image using black and white photography, lighting, smoke, to create visual "jazz myths"

John Coltrane Quartet

-Piano, bass, drums, and tenor sax obviously -Interested in different modes: did "My Favorite Things" because it's in both major and minor -Sometimes played on soprano sax because it sound "oriental" which was popular since many of the colonized countries were becoming independent at that time

Anthony Braxton

-Plays many instruments-piano, saxes, clarinets, flute -BETTER KNOWN as an avant-garde historicist composer' he coheres avant-garde TO historicism

Organ trios

-Popular in the 1950s and 60s -Organ + guitar and drums -Organ plays bass line -Two keyboards with drawbars to change timbre

Andrew Hill

-Post-bop bandleader -PIANO

Joe Henderson

-Post-bop bandleader -TENOR SAX -1991 returns to the national scene. Contracts with Verve and makes historicist tributes to Miles Davis, Billy Strayhorn, Antonio Jobim Carlos, etc.

Soul

-Ray Charles -He separated the "sacred" from the "secular" -Swing + bop + R&B + gospel + rock

1980s "jazz renaissance"

-Record companies try to reposition jazz historically as something that is also simultaneously part of the general marketplace -

Musical changes in avant-garde

-Rhythm: no dance beat. Fluid, flexible beat -Rhythm section: not foundation, so interactive -Harmony and form: No reliance on chords of scales: "free" improv, no standard forms (YAY no form questions) -Melody and timbre: "noisy" timbres: squeaks, squawks, large range of sounds -Instrumentation: orchestra instruments, percussion instruments from third world

John Zorn

-SAXOPHONE -Avant-garde, jazz, pop -Group: Naked City (1989)

Sarah Vaughan

-Sang with Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker -"Baby, Won't You Please Come Home?" (1962) -Jazz singer who applied bop harmonies, rhythms, and improv ideas to popular music

Frank Sinatra

-Sang with a jazz rhythm section and string section, which elevated him to a "classy" level -1950s became known as a classy, jet-setting hipster

Swing Places*

-Savoy (battle of bands and frenetic dancing) -Cotton Club (whites only where Ellington played) -Palomar (California where Goodman played) -Carnegie (Goodman first to play, did program with historical jazz focus)

Soul music uses

-Saxes, keyboards, extended chords, modes, polyrhythm -New approach to *improvisation*: beat one

"Processional"

-Simple gospel tune -Trombone -Has a modernist rhythm and post-bop harmony

Keith Jarrett today

-Since 1983, been playing in the *Standards Trio* which plays acoustic standards from the 1940s -Bass, piano, drums

The Quintette of the Hot Club of France:

-Stephane Grappelli (violin) -Django Reinhart (guitar) -Joseph Reinhardt, Eugene Vees (rhythm guitars) -Luois Vola (bass) -"Minor Swings" (1937)

Miles Davis: the man himself

-Symbol of modern jazz -Redefined the 4 primary elements of jazz: harmony, melody, rhythm, instrumentation

John Coltrane

-TENOR SAX

Stan Getz

-TENOR SAX -Recruited by Byrd to record some bossa nova -"Jazz Samba" reached the no. 1 spot on the pop music charts

Mahavishnu

-TIMBRE: intense, distorted electric sound -RHYTHM: Indian *tala*: lots of variations as shorts as 2-3 beats/sec or as long as 32 beasts/sec -HARMONY: complex slash chords -VIRTUOSITY: long open-ended solos

Acid jazz

-Term invented in late 1980s coming out of "rave" settings --> dance music -First acid jazz was a revival of soul jazz-soul jazz records became valuable -Older jazz with new grooves

Joe Henderson

-That tenor sax post-bop bandleader? He's back -1991 returned to the national scene by contracting with *Verve* -He made tributes to Miles Davis, Billy Strayhorn, etc

Creative Orchestra Music (1976)

-Tribute to Duke Ellington, more in orchestration than in harmony-it's atonal

Ornette Coleman Quartet

-Trumpet, bass, drums, NO PIANO -No piano creates a free, open rhythm section

Jump music

-Up-tempo swing music with vocals aimed at black audiences -Nat King Cole and *Louis Jordan* (bandleader, had great ethnic pride, recorded with big stars like Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald)

Defining jazz

-What is jazz and what is not jazz? -Many people don't see Phish as jazz because they have vocals (even though jazz has jazz vocals)

Syncopation*

-adds lilting feeling -accents in unexpected places and organized around strong beats -one of main characteristics of jazz

Rent Parties*

-admission at apartments -popular venue for boogie-woogie players

New Orleans Ecological Determinants*

-altitude: cemeteries had to be in town, so funeral processions required live music -port status: terminus of Mississippi, so many goods and people coming down; Navy port reinforced international -street cars

Charlie Parker*

-alto saxophone -solos featured mastery and virtuosity -tragic figure because of opiate addiction and the culture of drug use he created -groundbreaking creativity and melodic changes -favored spontaneity over arrangement -solo in Gillespie's A Night in Tunisia was seminal moment

Ornette Coleman

-alto saxophone, trumpet, violin -focused on Second Revolution of jazz, which was free jazz -heard music differently, faced adversity

Head arrangement

-an arrangement worked out, usually collectively, on an impromptu basis, and typically played from memory - An arrangement is the adaptation of a previously written musical composition for presentation. It may differ from the original form by reharmonization, paraphrasing or development of the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic structure.

Gil Evans*

-arranger -collaborated with Davis to start cool jazz -aim was to integrate solos and the ensemble -intellectually thought out change with creativity

Walking Bass*

-bass players giving strong beat -outlines harmony

Swing Innovators*

-began in NY in 1930s with Henderson and Ellingotn -big bands, dancing, beginning of pop music -Count Basie (piano) -Duke Ellington -Bennie Goodman (clarinet) -Glenn Miller (trumpet) -Chick Webb (drums)

Buddy Bolden*

-black, enigmatic New Orleans character -never recorded -style of ragging and imitating voices -first jazz musicians -combined Creole music and black music to create jazz -played sensuous music after sensible people went home

Count Basie*

-born in Red Bank -learned organ by watching -went to Kansas City through theatrical group -became leader of band when Moten died -codified riff arrangements -originally a stride-style pianist who them led the most swinging big band in jazz history -Lester Leaps In (KC music, Basie)

Bebop vs swing

-clarinet and rhythm guitar were rare - harmonies and melodies - instrumental virtuosity - improvisationis faster - dancing was scarce - emergence of jazz for listening, not concert halls - music for musicians, not general public - no longer commercial music

Obliggato*

-clarinet embellishment with high, fast notes over melody and rhythm

Front Line*

-clarinet, cornet, trombone, and other horns playing melody and obliggato freely

Walter Paige*

-credited with walking bass -part of Basie's classic rhythm section (also with Freddie Green and Jo Jones) -quiet relaxed playing but also ability to keep time and tempo

Chano Pozo*

-cuban conga player -started cubop, salsa -introduced to Gillespie by Mario Bauza

Swing Sociological Factors*

-dancing -radio -record companies (CBS, NBC, Decca) -pop star celebrity

Themes*

-development of a piece with phrases with different thematic characteristics -intro, interludes, and codas

Bebop Sociological Factors*

-disaffection of young black jazz musicians (new music stifled at end of swing and blacks left out, so evolved out of desire for creative music) -after hours jam session in NY club scene (52nd st was source of bebop music, now called swing street) -rationing (hard to tour and record, so bands had to be smaller) -ban on recording (history lost epoch of creativity, but might have also stimulated it by removing influence of companies) -cult of "bird"

Chick Webb*

-drummer, handicapped with spinal TB -involved in epic battle of bands with Basie at Savoy in 1938 -battle of bands dates to KC territory bands' carving sessions

Kenny Clarke*

-drums -fired for embellishing solos but rehired for creativity -house band for Minton's Playhouse -introduced dropping bombs -moved beat from high hat to ride cymbal

Louis Armstrong*

-embodiment of 20th century -born uptown, never knew father, mother was prostitute, grew up with uncles -sent to reform school -influenced by Joe Oliver -moved to Chicago and recorded first music in 1917 in Original Dixieland Jazz Band -proved popularity of recorded jazz music -father of jazz -first great soloist in jazz history, employed swing and free rhythms -brought drama to solo, made more interesting than songs themselves -same time as Morton, but very different style

Bessie Smith*

-empress of the blues -one of the greatest jazz singers, and most popular female blues singer

Classic Blues Era*

-era with Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith -classy black women who broke the image of black women -blues now has certain stability -black women exotic, sold a lot of records, became wealthy -subtext of overarching black violence against white violence (signification went over whites' heads as poor story of black women)

Bebop Innovators*

-fast and rhythmic solos over simplified rhythmic section -groups smaller than in swing -Coleman Hawkins -Charlie Parker -Dizzy Gillespie -Thelonius Monk -Kenny Clarke -Chano Pozo

Herbie Hancock*

-featured on Davis album -then made own music which was cool jazz with blues roots and then funk music

Traditional New Orleans Jazz*

-features brass band -ragging, collective improvisation, polyphony, stop time, breaks, tailgating, unique texture and form -Buddy Bolden, Jelly Roll Morton, Joe Oliver, Louis Armstrong

Kansas City Jazz*

-fertile ground for jazz musicians because of political corruption -no prosecution during Prohibition -easy river transportation, vacations between Kansas City and New Orleans -railways had to change gauge in Kansas City train hub -riffs, head arrangements, walking bass, shuffle beat

Joe "King" Oliver*

-group was first to make records containing improvisation -trumpeter and contractor -mentor to Armstrong -relocated from New Orleans to Chicago in 1918 and called Armstrong to join his band in 1922 -band's recordings with Armstrong set pace for major developments

New Orleans Social Determinants*

-immigration of French/Irish, Italian/Sicilian, and then Americans -Creoles: children of white men and their mistresses, not white but wealthy and had superior status, Jim Crow stripped status so interacted w/ blacks -brothels: managed and changed by Italians into sporting houses that needed music for dancing (especially in Storyville) -race relations: Americans tried to squash relations, set up segregation codes

Free Jazz*

-innovated by Coltrane and Coleman -expressive free improvisation without form or harmony -harmolodics and collective improvisation -continued with pianoless quartets -still showed signs of field hollers and slave songs -allowed rhythm section to do anything

Fusion*

-innovated by Davis, Herbie Hancock, and Chick Corea -electrified instruments -roots of funk -product of post-production -return to steady beat, catchy melody, predictability -In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew -jazz and Davis ended here

Third Stream*

-innovated by Gunther Schuller, who was french hornist and scholar who wrote first jazz history book (Early Jazz) -combining jazz with classical because didn't see them separately -evidence happening -Orchestra USA devoted to third stream -Charles Mingus - born in La, bass, played with Parker, created workshop with musicians in NYC and wrote music, angry man of jazz because he fired people on stage when not creative enough

Modal Jazz*

-innovated by Miles Davis -used modes and scales as basis for melodies and harmonies -album Kind of Blue was bestselling jazz album of all time -album Giant Steps (Coltrane) showed sheets of sound -trend of freeing soloist

John Coltrane

-involved in Davis' modal jazz and hard b0p and Coleman's free jazz -sheets of sound -developed technique of playing groups of notes very fast for long periods of time -people put into trance by technique, became religious experience -spiritual awakening after fired by Davis shown in A Love Supreme and Om -spiritual nature provided counterbalance to civil rights movement

1950s Jazz*

-jazz reached certain stability -people now diverged from linear history -different directions enabled by fixed ideas -cool, modal, hard bop, third stream, free, fusion

South Africa

-jazz records imported from the US -similarities in life conditions in South Africa and American south -similar socio-historical experiences (Jim Crow, separate but equal) -rapid urbanization, industrialization -racial oppression -Began to incorporate the traditional musical styles and instruments with jaxx called mbaqana -Jazz bands proliferated (40s and 50s) - two paths by the end of the 50s: -traditional folk influenced jazz -political, progressive jazz -based on american avant-garde -dollar brand ( Abdulluh Ibrahim) - Hugh Masekela and Miriam Makeba

Types of Ellington's Music*

-jungle music (evoked jungle sound through instruments growling , wailing, and vocal imitating instruments) -feature music (highlighted soloists) -popular music -mood music (African American blues that was more sweet than sad, had no dance rhythm) -large scale (longer pieces on both record sides, Broadway musicals, concerts, masses)

Fats Waller*

-most popular figure in jazz history -well known for song writing, piano playing, and entertaining -wrote music for Broadway shows -much of his material was novelty songs that he composed -half talked, half sang and added witty remarks during performances -most graceful swinging stride style -perfect sense of rhythm and made style sound light and springy

Ostinato*

-motive or phrase repeated in the same musical voice -can be rhythmic (riffs) or melodies

Polyphony/polyphonic

-multiple melodies occurring simultaneously/having a multi-melodic texture - texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody

Polyrhythm*

-music constructed with layers with different rhythms -adds buoyancy and animation -improvised rhythms add to this resulted rhythm

Minstrelsy*

-musicians traveled because listeners could not -primary way that people engaged with early jazz -connected to other communities through same music and aggregated local music ideas -whites imitating blacks with use of black face to preserve tradition -double parody -show proper, olio, and playlet

Thomas "Daddy" Rice*

-one most popular minstrelsy entertainers -character was Jim Crow, a lazy and clever slave -father of American minstrelsy -used blackface

Pinetop Smith*

-one of the Chicago boogie-woogie piano players -played at rent parties

Chicago Jazz*

-original New Orleans musicians and new arrangers -Austin High Gang - young white teens who hear New Orleans bands in Chicago -learned jazz by listening to live music in clubs -more sophisticated than New Orleans, with more solos, faster tempo, more improvisation -couples dancing was major influence of hot and sweet jazz bands

Blues*

-originally rural solo narrative -melancholy of human condition and resilience -statement, repetition, and response

Hard Bop Musical Characteristics*

-ostinato bass -note bending and growling of field hollers -blues and gospel forms -horn riffs and breaks

Playlet*

-parody -skit revolving around southern plantation -racist representations of lazy and clever slaves, fancy faux intellect, good slaves, other personas

Gerry Mulligan*

-part of the musicians starting the cool movement -baritone saxophone -West Coast jazz -begins pianoless quartets

Show Proper*

-perform song as a group, called a walkabout -ring shout was CCW movement in a circle while singing -cakewalk was stylized walking -joketelling

Mamie Smith*

-performed vaudeville jazz and blues -first African American artist to make vocal blues recordings -"Crazy Blues"

Dave Brubeck*

-piano -West Coast jazz, art of musical composition -classical sound and intellectual player -released Take Five which became one of best selling songs of all time -toured college campuses -liked odd meters

John Lewis*

-piano -formed the Modern Jazz Quartet -incorporated classical music -distanced from club scene by playing in classier places

Thelonius Monk*

-piano -played in Minton's Playhouse as house band (with Clarke) -unique player and composer

Boogie-Woogie*

-piano style starting in Texas railway piano -features certain rhythm and sound in left hand -traveled to Chicago as blues and ragtime hybrid -imitates sound of train on tracks -eight to the bar

Bennie Goodman*

-played for radio show -national tour poorly received until the Palomar Ballroom in California in 1934 -played Henderson arrangements of hot music -cheered instead of danced, crowds roared and thousands attended -seen as the beginning of the swing era and pop culture

Comping

-playing chordal accompaniment for a soloist

Collective Improvisation*

-polyphony -all musicians improvising together, playing own parts freely -at least three musicians

Call and Response*

-presentation of musical idea followed by a response -either chanting or musical groups or individuals

Race Records*

-records sold by classic blues, swing, and jazz singers -geared towards African Americans

Hard Bop Sociological Factors*

-return to the roots of jazz, blues, and gospel -interest in having classic jazz sound -diversification of jazz styles -home stereos

Jazz is Dead*

-said by Miles Davis in 1975 -other types of music took over and consumed jazz -now evident that jazz was a museum piece, and that the creativity of the genre was done -Lincoln Center still hosts jazz orchestra (since 1987) but performed to educate, curate, and present jazz history

Scott Joplin*

-sang on street corners -learned piano -father of ragtime -contract with white publisher John Stark -Maple Leaf Rag made him rich

Wayne Shorter

-sax - Brazillian jazz "Native Dancer" - Saxophonist that was part of Miles Davis Quintet but left and created Weather Report. Used motivic improvisation in "Birdland"

Riff*

-short and repeated melodic motive -added riffs to Chicago jazz -made organization spontaneous

Swing Musical Characteristics*

-shuffle beat -riffs -melody/countermelody -backgrounds -big bands -elaborate arrangements

Sociological Factors of Pre-Jazz*

-slavery: slave songs, work songs, field hollers, coon songs -black face minstrelsy: double parody -ring shout: lining in a circle and moving CCW -cakewalk: stylized walking -revivalism: more emotional and religious time (Methodist and Baptist) in which races intermingled; had roots in democracy, prohibition, and women's suffrage

Cool Sociological Factors*

-soldiers returning from WWII (no longer wanted to club, but stay in home and be audiophiles) -demise of bebop -West Coast Jazz -open air festivals

Head Arrangements*

-song in head and melody known, not written down -add in riffs -Taxi War Dance

Work Songs*

-song with rhythm that supports manual labor -singing breaks tedium -song leaders highly valued prison men -call-and-response, syncopation, improvisation

New York City Jazz*

-sophisticated sound when jazz came because already independent black intellectual sound before migration -intersected with jazz in pre-Broadway theater -produced all-black shows depicting real life -ODJB came to NYC and was sensation as imitation of New Orleans -soon associated with dance music through couples dancing and dance halls -more arranged, less collective improvisation

Harlem School*

-stride piano -very virtuosic piano playing -stride pianists traveled together and competed -James Johnson, Willie The Lion Smith, Fats Waller, Art Tatum

Ragtime*

-style of written piano music involving pronounced syncopation -could play rhythmic and melodic motives at the same time -Scott Joplin

Dizzy Gillespie

-the first trumpet player to be able to play up tempo -tunes in the bebop style -compositions by Gillespie and Parker became the new -standards of bebop -Boppers were isolated from the rest of jazz: -language -dress -ways they lived -behavior -new image of the hip musician - "Shaw Nuff" -Exotic rhythm, extremely fast tempo, jagged melody, head played in unison, soloist play asymmetric phrases and complex rhythms, harmonic changes on half note, unison head returns at the end

Olio*

-time for feature solo acts (dancing, singing, or playing)

Territory Bands*

-traveled to play in dance halls -met in Kansas city to have jam sessions -carving/cutting sessions -friendly sharing of ideas, then spread those ideas

Tailgating*

-trombone sliding pitches like human voice -originated when trombone played on tailgate of wagon

Glenn Miller*

-trombonist who volunteered to WWII, immortalized -sweet style, Chattanuga Choo Choo so popular that recordings of other artists put on hold

Miles Davis*

-trumpet -originally enrolled in Julliard because wanted to find Charlie Parker -replaced Gillespie on big bebop recordings -leaves Parker and joins musicians to find new direction for jazz -met in Gil Evans' apartment near 52nd street -Nonette Davis included new instruments (french horn and tuba) and featured new arrangements - released Birth of the Cool -added space to solos, slower and mellow improvisation, rhythm interacted with solo -then forms First Rate Quintet which played hard bop -then released Kind of Blue, which was modal jazz -then started to use electric instruments in the 1960s and released two fusion albums

Dizzy Gillespie*

-trumpet -played very high and fast (pyrotechnics) -separated from Parker because of addiction -brought Latin American rhythm into bebop

Bubber Miley*

-trumpet player -used mutes to distort sound -created a growling tone -Tricky Sam Nanton was trombonist, Johnny Hodges, Cooney Williams

Bebop Musical Characteristics*

-unison -AABA form -dropping bombs -walking bass, comping piano, shuffle beat -frenetic solos -latin/swing alternation -overwriting popular and theater songs

Fletcher Henderson*

-upwardly mobile black middle class -early accompanist for black singers -house band at Roseland Ballroom, where he organized music to overpower dancers -expanded band, treated each instrument as section choir -hired Armstrong in NY, soon had walking bass -instigated Goodman's career -important transition for NY

Duke Ellington*

-upwardly mobile middle class -father catering business, wanted him to be in a profession -studied piano in pool halls and went to NY and became bandleader on Broadway -wrote original music for musicians -took sounds of African American music and blues -wrote for his players because of the sounds they could make (growling and todalo on brass) -opened at Cotton Club in Harlem -wrote over 3000 compositions, given access to nightly radio, wrote feature musicians -first great American masterpieces -turned instrumental pitches upside down

Section Choir*

-using multiple of the same instrument as individual sections -allowed music to be louder and more organized

Shuffle Beat*

-walking bass with drummer playing high hat rhythm -frees piano from playing the beat, so can now just fill

Break*

-when most instruments drop out and one has a quick solo

List 2 style characteristics of Oscar Peterson

1) Strong driving rhythm 2) Played over the rhythm section

Popularity of Louis Armstrong

1) one of the first great soloists 2) one of the first to swing and abandon rigidity of ragtime 3) sense of pacing and drama in solos 4) command of instrument, stamina, and high range of sound 5) turned solos into memorable melodies 6) singing style influenced many other singers 7) popularized scat singing (emulated horn lines)

Count Basie Orchestra

1. Big band which Count Basie led 2. From Kansas City

Bessie Smith

1. Blue singer known on a national level 2. Powerful and rich singing style 3. Known as the "Empress of Blues" 4. Used scat singing

James P Johnson

1. Born New Jersey 2. Known as "Father of Stride Piano"

Sidney Bechet

1. Early woodwind player who grew to national prominence in the 1920's 2. Helped introduce saxophone to jazz 3. Allowed him a more individual tone and vibrato 4. Insisted clarinet got the same attention of trumpet in Dixieland Music

Scott Joplin

1. From Texarkana, Texas 2. One of the most significant ragtime composers 3. Known as the king of ragtime 4. Was pianist and composer

Three paradoxes of avant-garde

1. Influenced many established musicians even though it created an uproar 2. It was a "New Thing" but still included more of old jazz than any previous jazz style 3. Didn't find commercial acclaim but proved as durable as mainstream jazz

Name the members of the classic 1950's Miles Davis Quintet and their instruments

1. Miles Davis on trumpet 2. John Coltrane on tenor sax 3. Red Garland on piano 4. Paul Chambers on bass 5. Philly Jo Jones on drums

Bix Biederbecke

1. One of the first major white jazz musicians 2. He had learned from the recording of ODJB 3. Was considered virtuosic in his playing, but has a sound and style contrasting that of Armstrong 4. He would do a partial overtone

Jelly Roll Morton

1. The first important arranger/composer in jazz. 2. Was Creole drew from both African American and European tradition 3. He would do the stride piano 4. Refused to update his style as swing came about and became less and less known 5. Inspired a controversial Broadway show dramatized his background as a Creole and reduced him to a bigoted stereotype 6. Had a band called "The Red Hot Peppers"

Fletcher Henderson Band

1. Took the "hot sound" into the Big Band approach 2. This band featured Coleman Hawkins and Louis Armstrong for some time

Art Tatum

1. Was a pianist and legally blind 2. Recorded Tiger Rag

Billie Holiday (A female)

1. Was a singer for Artie Shaw 2. claimed to have given Lester Young the nickname "Pres" 3. Born in Philadelphia, had a horrible childhood (was given up by her mother and was raped and worked as a prostitute during her teens) 4. Famous song "Strange Fruit"

Duke Ellington Band

1. Was from New York 2. Also part of a big band 3. Gained exposure from the Cotton Club

George benson

10 time grammy-award winning American musician, guitarist, and singer songwriter uses a rest stroke picking technique similar to gypsy players Pittsburgh guitar fusion

blues note

12 bar style, chord progression, form AAB, bending of notes gave low key sound with flatening

Chromatic scale

12 notes of the Western musical system. For example, all the adjacent notes on the piano (octave)

2 general song forms

12-bar blues 32-bar blues (AABA)

Great Migration

1910 - Migration of African American people from South to North

Kenny Clarke

1914-1945 - drummer - virtually invented modern jazz drumming - father of bebop drumming - Minton's house band - first to use ride cymbal for timekeeping left hand and right foot for accents - "dropping bombs"-rhythmic accents on base drum and snare "Lady Bird" - founding member of Modern Jazz Quartet

John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie

1917-1933 - like a one man walking jazz festival - influenced by Charlie Parker - 1st and most important Bebop trumpet player - command of high register/technique - Jazz tunes: A night in Tunisia, Manteca, Groovin' High - brought Afro-Cuban music to jazz

Thelonius Monk

1917-1982 - pianist - composer, pianist - ordained the High Monk of Bebop - joined Minton's House band at 19 - playing influenced by stride, swing, and blues

Charlie "Bird" Parker

1920-1955 - alto sax - contributed the most to development in jazz - most important trumpeter? in jazz history

Charles Mingus

1922-1979 - bass - played with Louis Armstrong, Miles, Duke Ellingto, Charles Parker - known for abstract style and "different" groove - used collective improvisation in compositions

Dexter Gordon

1923-1990 - tenor sax - nicknamed long tall Dex - labelled the first bop tenor saxophone player - combined best of Coleman Hawkins ans Lerter Young - started playing clarinet at 13 - played with Lionel Hampton's band - moved to Europe to escape the Avante Garde - movie Round Midnight starred in it

Earl "Bud" Powell

1924-1966 - pianist - played with Cootie Williams' band (Duke Ellington trumpeter) - best friends with Monk - most imitated of all bop pianist mostly for comping style - left hand of the piano inserted constant accents

First talking picture

1927 - movie about jazz

Great depression begins

1929 - Impacts swing era

What Year did Blue Note start and who was the producer and engineer?

1939, Alfred Lion, Rudy Van Gelder

Bebop was played in and around New York City during the ______s.

1940

bud powell

1940s bebop era one of the most influential voices on the piano born in harlem

dizzy gillespie

1940s trumpeter and a founding father of bebop with partner Charlie Parker, original scat singer (scat the way he played)

The first true bebop records date from

1945

The first true bebop records date from _____

1945

3 miles davis landmark LPs

1949 (cool jazz): birth of the cool 1959 (modal jazz): kind of blue 1969 (fusion): bitches brew

cool jazz

1949 west coast; instant jazz; relaxed, cool, reserved, made to look easy but wasn't; composer's period; took advantage of Hollywood; predominately white and segregated. Resurgence of ragtime, movie industry, composition driven, cool brass, rich harmonies

Cool Jazz

1949-1955 - predominantly West coast - was a reaction against bop - use of space, simple, melodic - arrangements for a larger group - mostly white musicians - associated with classical music

When did the Miles sextet sign with Blue Note and who was in it?

1951 Sonny Rollins - Sax Jackie McLean - Alto Art Blakey - Drums Walter Bishop - Piano Tommy Potter - Bass

What year was the jazz messengers formed and who founded it?

1954, by Art Blakey and Horace Silver

Modality

1959-1960. Instead of using scales/ harmonic sequence of Bebop, musicians turned to earlier church modes in an effort to discover newer and richer melodic materials. It restricted the harmonic possibilities of the improvisation built around a single sonority.

Freedom- Free jazz

1960s

Blues Revival

1960s in Chicago led by musicians such as Muddy Waters

Freedom/Free Jazz

1960s jazz, African Rights became more popular, explorative, anti-establishment (civil rights movement), liberated (sexual, women's liberation movement)

2 Famous albums from Oscar Petersons second trio and the year of release?

1961 - Sound of the trio live in chicago 1962 - Night Train

Earl "Fatha" Hines

1st African-American to be on the radio, developed the "trumpet style" of playing the piano, from Pittsburgh, pianist, had a big band that helped launch the careers of many successful musicians, incubator of Bebop music

boogie-woogie pianists fall into how many well-defined generations:

3

bules notes/areas correspond to which two notes in the western diatonic scale:

3 and 7

Chord

3 or more notes heard as if sounding simultaneously(does not need to be played together)

what time signature did Sonny Rollins introduce to bebop?

3/4 or waltz time

Charles Mingus created approximately how many compositions.

300

Swing

30s-40s. Very profitable style of jazz. "Danceable" swing was the answer to the depression of the 1930s.

Third-Stream Music

A blend of jazz and European concert music

Jelly Roll Morton

A famous African American jazz musician from New Orleans Used habanera (Spanish Tinge) in his music style

Blues

A form characterized by the use of a 12-bar chorus and an AAB lyrical verse that can be incorporated into jazz, rock, and other styles. Also, a separate style in and of itself that comes in many different forms (Classic and Country).

Avant-Garde jazz

A free-style jazz that developed in the 1960s; John Coltrane was a major proponent. Many different approaches to challenge rules and conventions of jazz performance

Neo-traditionalism

A jazz movement that became popular in the 1980s that advocates the use of swing rhythm, blues tonalities, and acoustic instruments exclusively.

Free Jazz

A jazz style from the 1960s that is characterized by a willingness to break conventional rules and norms.

Acid Jazz

A kind of popular dance music incorporating elements of jazz, funk, soul, and hip-hop.

Smooth Jazz

A melodic and pop-oriented style of jazz that evolved from jazz/rock fusion in the 1980s and 1990s.

Multi-track recording

A method of sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create a cohesive whole.

progressive jazz

A symphonic approach to jazz, introduced by Stan Kenton - highly theoretical compositions/arrangements

Third Stream

A term coined by Gunther Schuller in 1957 to describe the combining of jazz and classical music into a new styler. Developed more formal structures than were typical in jazz tradition.

twelve-tone composition

A twentieth-century procedure pioneered by Arnold Schoenberg. Also called a tone row or series

Chicago jazz

A type of New Orleans style Jazz created by Chicago musicians in the 1920s (Dixieland)

Lick

A worked-out melodic idea that fits a common chord progression. It's also known as a formula

Smooth Jazz

AKA "quiet storm" or "jazz lite" -King of smooth jazz: KENNY G (Gorelick) -He's the top selling jazz artist of all time. His music sounds like weather channel music

On to...

AVANT-GARDE

This is a type of protest song performed by _______ and Max Roach.

Abbey Lincoln

Vocals Civil Rights Protest

Abbey Lincoln

Jazz is a combination of ___ and ___ influences

African and European

This song incorporates _________ music.

Afro-Cuban

This large ensemble was led by the leader who is one of the earliest practitioners of __________.

Afrofuturism

Charlie Bird

Along with Stan Getz brought bossa nova to the US Played the guitar

Altissimo

Altissimo (Italian for very high) is the uppermost register on woodwind instruments. - harmonic overtones; in acoustics, secondary tones that are subdivisions of a fundamental tone or frequency; generated in stringed instruments by touching, rather than plucking, the string at points marking shorter segments of the string length that generates the main tone also called harmonics.

Julian "Cannonball" Adderley

Alto Sax of the hard bop era. Known for the song, "Mercy,Mercy, Mercy"; paired with Miles Davis (cool trumpet) and Coltrane (tenor sax)

Eric Dolphy

American Jazz alto saxophonist, one of the first important bass clarinet soloist in jazz, used on improv style; free jazz

Herbie Hancock

American Jazz pianist and bandleader. Part of Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet

Don Cherry

American Jazz trumpeter, known for playing with Ornette Coleman, became pioneer of world fusion music.

Nathan Davis

American hard bop jazz player who played the tenor sax, soprano sax, bass clarinet and flute. Professor/ director of jazz studies at Pitt.

Esperanza Spalding

American jazz bassist, cellist and singer, who draws upon many genres in her own compositions, electric bass player, contemporary musician, trio with Professor Allen

Weather Report

American jazz fusion band in the 70s and 80s

Larry Young

American jazz organist and occasional pianist

Earl "fatha" Hines

American jazz pianist and bandleader (bebop big band). One of the many influential figures in the development of jazz piano and is known for his playing as shaping the history of jazz. Famous for his introduction of the single solo, trumpet style, approach to improvising on the piano.

Stan Kenton

American jazz pianist and composer (bandleader) who led influential controversial jazz orchestras; focused on sound clusters especially in the brass;FATHER OF PROGRESSIVE JAZZ

Errol Garner

American jazz pianist and composer known for his swing playing.

John Lewis

American jazz pianist and composer who directed the Modern Jazz Quartet; co-founder of third stream jazz

Blue Note Records

American jazz record label-> recorded small group swing

Bill Evans

American jazz saxophonist, jazz fusion style

Melba Doretta Liston

American jazz trombonist. First woman trombonist to play in big bands.

Red Garland

American modern jazz pianist, block chord style

Billy "Mr.B" Eckstine

American singer and bandleader, got a grammy for "I Apologize" (MGM)

Lena Horne

American singer, actress, civil rights activist. Joined the cotton club to dance.

Piano/Organ/Voice Jazz Seminar

Amina Claudine Myers

Dr. Nathan Davis

An American hard bop jazz multi-instrumentalist who plays the tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, bass clarinet and flute, is probably best known for his work with Eric Dolphy, Kenny Clarke, Ray Charles, Slide Hampton and Art Blakey, wrote our lecture book and taught at Pitt; established 1st international Jazz Hall of Fame, the first of its kind in an American university. He also established the annual University of Pittsburgh Jazz Seminar, (1969) the longest running event of its kind in the U.S

Race record

An early recording, usually of jazz or blues and typically performed by and marketed to African Americans

Sheets of sound

An expression coined by jazz critic Ira Gitler to describe John Coltrane's method of playing that features extremely fast notes with irregular phrase groupings. Sometimes unusual harmonies are introduced over the given chord changes.

Sheets of Sound

An improvisation technique associated with John Coltrane in which notes are played in an extremely fast and arrhythmical fashion.

Historicism: Jazz on jazz

And we're cycling back around ONCE AGAIN

This important and influential vocalist was unable to use vibrato or sing long phrases, due to an accident while having a tonsillectomy. She developed a style based on mastery of time and rhythm, and toured with Gene Krupa and had a very successful solo career.

Anita O'day

This female artist originally wanted to be a jazz singer. Her classic recordings, produced by Jerry Wexler for Atlantic records made her an R&B legend

Aretha Franklin

The pianist, composer, and bandleader Sun Ra directed a large ensemble called the

Arkestra.

modality

Around the end of 1950s Improvise on church modes instead of chard progressions Reaction to get repeatedly used as common chord progressions Modes replaced the intricate harmonic sequence used during the Bebop period

This Pittsburgh native drummer led a group that featured and fostered numerous icons of jazz during the hard bop era.

Art Blakey

Who the leader of the Jazz Messengers?

Art Blakey

The sound of hard bop is represented by ______________ and the Borwn-Roach band.

Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers

what band was freddie hubbard in from 1961-64?

Art Blakey's band

The four spin-off groups of Miles Davis include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Art Blakey- Jazz Messengers

Wynton Marsalis

Artistic director of the Lincoln Center (NYC) Young Lion trumpet player from New Orleans

Harlem Renaissance

Arts revolution in New York (Harlem) - people moving to Harlem

Who was Claude Thornhill and what famous arranger worked for him?

Big band leader who was known for having weird instrumentation, and Gil Evans worked for him

Miles Davis landmark LPs

Birth of the Cool, Kind of Blue, ESP, Bitches Brew

___________ by Miles Davis represents the style of fusion.

Bitches Brew

Cool jazz derived its fondness for restrained timbre and light vibrato from _______________

Bix Beiderbecke and Lester Young

Cool jazz derived its fondness for restrained timbre and light vibrato from

Bix Beiderbecke and Lester Young.

Record Labels

Black Swan, Blue Note, Columbia, Capitol, Riverside, EMC, Verve, etc.

Expatriate

Black jazz musicians who moved to Europe to escape discrimination

Bessie Smith

Blues vocalist

producer at impulse who produced much of coltranes work including a love supreme?

Bob Thiele

The house rhythm section for Stax records was called

Booker T and the MG's

Mary Lou Williams

Born in Atlanta, GA, ___________ grew up in East Liberty, Pittsburgh and was known as a little piano girl.

Stan Kenton

Born in Wichita, Kansas, Started his career as a dance band leader/pianist in Southern California Coined the term progressive jazz Contributed to revitalizing the big bands

This song is an example of the ___________ during the 1960s.

Bossa Nova Craze

One complete pass of harmonic progression:

Chorus

This legendary artist recently deceased, was a true pioneer of Rock & Roll. His performance style became the model for what a rock act should look and sound like, and his target audience in songwriting was american teenagers of all races.

Chuck Berry

Free jazz was closely associated with the ______________.

Civil Rights Movement

This song became one of the important songs for the ___________ .

Civil Rights Movement

Charles Mingus, Sonny Rollins, Max Roach and Abby Lincoln, John Coltrane

Civil Rights Movement contained what five musicians

The career of this highly influential hard bop trumpet player lasted only four years, before he died in an automobile accident:

Clifford Brown

Trumpeters Hard Bop Tragic Deaths

Clifford Brown and Lee Morgan

Gunther Schuller

Cointed the term third stream jazz; cofounder

Abby Lincoln

Collaborated on We Insist! Freedom Now Suite (1960)

Tin Pan Alley

Collective name applied to the major New York City sheet music publisher. Flourished from the late 1800s until the mid-twentieth century

Coltrane Quartet

Coltrane - tenor McCoy Tyner - piano Elvin Jones - Drums Jimmy Garrison - Bass

Sheets of Sound

Coltrane's improv style: dense but patterned with fast arpeggios and scales in succession rapid scales and arpeggios used by John Coltrane

The theme of John Coltrane's A Love Supreme was

Coltrane's profound religious experience

harmony

Combination of simultaneously sounded musical notes to produce chords and chord progressions having a pleasing effect. Fixed during modality era

Combining influences

Combine marching + ragtime John Phillip Sousa: composed ragtime for large bands - ragtime became popular

James Moody

Composer of the "moodys mood for love" many consider him to be the best flutist in jazz;saxophone;bebop

During the Progressive Era of jazz, there was generally a greater emphasis on ___________ than __________.

Composition, improvisation

Ellington

Compositional style: - painted musical portraits of famous personalities or places - wrote extended works: incorporates European classical music practices, labels, suites, concertos, sacred works - most respected work was Black, Brown and Beige

M-base

Concept of how to create modern music which reached its peak in the mid-to-late- 80s and early 90s.

What song is Spain, and the first track on sketches of spain based on?

Concerto de Aranjuez, by Rodrigo, 1939

Earl Hines

Connects 1920's piano playing with 1930's-1940's - trumpet style/horn style right hand lines - encouraged other pianists to incorporate same style

Miles Davis

Considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Was at the forefront of bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz(modality), and jazz fusion. Trumpeter and bandleader.

Organ Trio

Consists of Hammond Organ Player, a drummer, jazz guitarist/sax player. Notable trio musicians include: Organist Jimmy Smith, Larry Young, Jack McDuff, Jimmy McGriff, and Shirley Scott

In jazz, a _______ is a composition based on existing chord changes.

Contrafact

Call & response

Conversation between instruments

This song represents the sound of ________ jazz.

Cool

Bossa Nova

Cool jazz musicians Stan Getz incorporated ______ into jazz during the 1960s.

The Blues

Country/folk blues, classical blues, urban blues Popularised altering tone Rhythmic displacement

Significance of Geographical Centers

Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Los Angeles, and New York City (Mecca of Jazz)

The Blues

Developed by slaves in Mississippi Delta River - field hollers - work songs - ballads Prevalent guitar and banjo

_____, a flamboyant bebop saxophonist from Los Angeles, was inspired by Lester Young.

Dexter Gordon

The talented trumpet player someone who was also the intellectual force behind bebop.

Dizzy Gillespie

This talented trumpet player was also the intellectual force behind bebop:

Dizzy Gillespie

What important influential trumpet player gave Lee Morgan his start at 18?

Dizzy Gillespie

Members of Ornette's group?

Don Cherry - tpt Ornette - Sax Charlie Haden - bass Billy Higgins - Drums

Terri Lyne Carrington

Drummer (contemporary) child prodigy teaches at Berklee College of Music Trio with Geri Allen The Mosaic Project won a Grammy

Art Blakey

Drummer _______________ is one of the innovators in hard bop, leading his band called the jazz messengers.

Terri Lyne Carrington

Drummer, producer, child prodigy Performed with Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, etc. Mosaic Project Waiting Game

Feathering

Drumming technique used by Kenny Clarke

Max Roach

Drums Major Hard bop figure Released Freedom Now Suite in 1960

Charles Mingus consistently drew inspiration from the Swing Era bandleader and composer

Duke Ellington

notable second quintet albums

ESP - 1965 Live at the plugged nickel - 1965 Miles Smiles - 1966 Sorcerer - 1967 Nefertiti - 1968

Hard Bop

East-Coast answer to the cool school. Sound was hard, swinging, alive. Subgenre of jazz that is an extension of bebop (or "bop") music. Journalists and record companies began using the term in the mid-1950s to describe a new current within jazz which incorporated influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in saxophone and piano playing

Sarah Vaughn style characteristics

Effortless navigation of her wide vocal range Extraordinarily diverse tonal colors Improvises like a horn player Rich Vibrato Legato phrasing

Among the earliest jazz-rock fusion bands in the 1960s was

Emergency! (with Tony Williams)

Alto Sax/Flute/Bass Clarinet Avant-Garde/Free Jazz

Eric Dolphy

Artist of "Hat and Beard"

Eric Dolphy

Who was the "Father of the Avant-Garde" according to musicians?

Eric Dolphy

father of avant garde (musicians)

Eric dolphy, stan kenton, tony williams

Bass/Voice

Esperanza Spalding

Nathan Davis

Established the first international Jazz Hall of Fame

Gil Evans wrote a piece titled "Gunslinging Bird" that had the subtitle "If Charlie Parker Were a Gunslinger, There'd Be a Whole Lot of Dead Copycats."

False

This band consisted of Black women only.

False

Stan Kenton

Father of progressive jazz, 1940s, latin influence; band leader, composer, and pianist, dedicated a lot of time to Jazz education

James P. Johnson

Father of the stride piano (right hand jazzed up, left hand rhythm) - east coast jazz pianist - Carolina Shout (famous song by him)

Geri Allen's one of the most famous compositions is called ________.

Feed the Fire

West Coast Cool

First offshoot of bebop, late 1940s Miles Davis, Birth of the Cool (1949) Keeps some style traits of bebop: extended harmonics, long phrases, jagged melodies New Attributes: slower tempos, muted dynamics, partly an attitude(more aloof from the audience) Mostly an East Coast style - Related to Cool Jazz but from West Coast of United States. Characterized by being heavily arranged and more composition based. Still has relaxed tempos compared to bebop.

Cassette Tape

First recording device back then

Syncopation

Focus on the weak side of the beat

Improvisation

Form of soloing that is not written down but is come up with on the spot. Not rehearsed, totally fresh and organic

Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ)

Formed in 1951; Kenny Clarke, Milt Jackson, John Lewis, Ray Brown; Formed from Gillespie's big band; Cool Period

Wayne Shorter

Formed spin off band of Bitches Brew with Joe Zawinul (key) Played tenor and soprano sax Played with Miles Davis

Tony Williams

Formed the second Miles Davis Quintet in 1964-68 with Whyn Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter

Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM)

Founded in Chicago by Muhal Richard Abrams et al. to support experimental/avant-grade jazz Owned the Art Ensemble of Chicago

Wynton Marsalis Branford Marsalis Terence Blanchard Donald Harrison

Four Members of the Young Lions

This singer, ________, became extremely popular toward the end of the swing era and continued to have a successful career throughout his life.

Frank Sinatra

avant-garde

Free Jazz period or the 1960s, "music before its time"

Django Reinhardt (guitarist) Quintette Du Hot Club De France

French fusion jazz. "Cafe-style music". Known for song "Minor Swing." Reinhardt punchy flat-picking and heavy vibrato immediately distinguish his sound. Two-beat rhythm.

Which of the following is a musical characteristic of free jazz?

Frequently rejected song forms

Cool Jazz

Generally more complex than bebop; emphasized the composer and arranger. "Cool" is a detachment (less emotional approach to music). Sax NOT used.

Ragtime

Genre that flourished from the late 1890's through the mid-1910's. Often performed on a piano and is based on constant syncopation in the right hand often accompanied by a steady march bass in the left hand

Guitar/Vocal Pittsburgh Fusion

George Benson

This band is led by the Pittsburgh native guitarist, __________.

George Benson

Who was in Max Roach and Clifford Browns band?

George Morrow - Bass Richie Powell - Piano Harold Land - Tenor Clifford - tpt Max - Drums

What famous musician did Bill Evans study under?

George Russel

Which composer/arranger advocated superimposing different scales, so as to eliminate a tonal center?

George Russell

Which composer/arranger was born out of wedlock to a racially mixed couple?

George Russell

Piano/Composer

Geri Allen

Betty Carter Kenny Barron Steve Coleman

Geri Allen acknowledged singer _________ and pianist ______________ as mentors in New York City in the 1990s, where she was also influenced by several jazz streams, including M-Base led by ____________

Baritone Sax Cool Jazz

Gerry Mulligan

The baritone saxophonist who became famous for leading a "pianoless" quartet in 1952 was

Gerry Mulligan

This baritone saxophonist became famous for leading a "piano-less" quartet in 1952:

Gerry Mulligan

a cool-jazz arranger and orchestrator.

Gil Evans

Who was in "The Salon"?

Gil Evans Miles Davis Gunther Schuler Bill Barber Gerry Mulligan Lee Konitz George Russell John Carisi

Note-bends

Glissandos, shakes: "scooping" up or down into a note

Saxophones Fusion/Early Smooth Jazz

Glover Washington Jr.

This song shows ________'s influence on hard bop.

Gospel

Sister Rosetta Tharpe

Gospel/Rock and Roll, guitar

Terri Lyne Carrington

Grammy award winning jazz drummer, composer, and record producer, played with Dizzy Gillespie, professor at Berklee.

Duke Ellington

Greatest American jazz composer. A good example of the growth of the jazz big band. Created "Jungle style music"

Roy Hargrove

Grew up in Dallas Important part of the NYC jazz scene since the early 1990s Bebop/hard bop tradition

m-base

Group of musicians in 1990s, New York, led by Steve Coleman, influenced by hip hop, Professor Allen involved, form of fusion

George Benson

Guitarist ___________ had a huge hit song titled Breezin' in the fusion era.

The term "Third Stream" was coined by the conductor and musicologist, ______________

Gunther Schuller

Third Stream Bandleader, French Horn Cool Jazz

Gunther Schuller

Jimmy Smith

Hard Bop organist who brought organ to forefront of modern jazz "The Serman" Had an organ trio

Art Blakey

Hard Bop;American jazz drummer and bandleader, worked with Fletcher Henderson; Hard Bop Era;led the jazz Messengers;born in Pittsburgh.

Art Blakey

Hard bop musician Played the drums Pittsburgh Native

Blues and Gospel

Hard bop re-emphasizes the African-American roots of bebop and incorporates elements of soul, _____, and ______.

The ACS Trio

Included the artists Allen, Carrington, and Splading

Charles Mingus

Influenced by the civil rights movement

electronic

Instrument whose sound is produced, modified, or amplified by electronic means became popular in fusion

Alto Sax

Is a member of the saxophone family of the brass instruments,many famous musicians played this instrument.

Why is jazz not as popular now?

It can be hard for casual listeners to follow Improv = decreased interest for listeners Vocal jazz is more popular

Piano Jazz Seminar Present Musician

Jason Moran

Fusion-what is it?

Jazz + popular music + dance music

Dizzy Gillespie

Jazz Trumpeter that helped to develop bebop with Chano Pozo, "Manteca" (1947) had Latin influence

Charles Mingus's small ensemble, a loosely organized group of musicians willing to perform his work, was known as the

Jazz Workshop.

Smooth jazz is a combination of what genres of music?

Jazz and pop

Esperanza Spalding

Jazz bassist;1st jazz artist to receive a grammy for best new artist

George Benson

Jazz guitarist, style similar to gypsy jazz, Grammy award winner.

Lennie Tristano

Jazz pianist, composer, and arranger. First to record free group imporvisations

Lennie Tristano

Jazz pianist, composer, and arranger. First to record free group improvisations

Tia Fuller

Jazz saxophonist, composer, and educator. Member of the all female band touring with Beyonce

Vocalese

Jazz singing wherein words are sung to melodies,uses lyrics either as improvised instrument solos

Cool Jazz

Jazz style related to bebop, but more relaxed in character and relying more heavily on arrangements; increased complexity, slower tempos, and at times less overt emotional involvement

"King Pleasure"

Jazz vocalist and an early master of vocalese, where a singer sings words of a famous instrumental solo.

Standing up to play the piano, playing with other body parts, and other visual antics were signature of what early rocker?

Jerry Lee Lewis

Billboard editor turned producer, this gentleman produced many artist in the classic soul style, including Ray Charles and Aretha Franklin.

Jerry Wexler

Guitarist who was the first person to experiment with using the room as an instrument, panning, overdubbing and using multiple mics in the studio.

Jimmy Page

Hammond Organ Hard Bop Organ trio

Jimmy Smith

organ trio

Jimmy Smith (Hammond B-3), Hard bop

Organ

Jimmy Smith had a successful ______ trio starting in the hard bop period

Piano Weather Report Fusion

Joe Zawinul

Artist of "Acknowledgement"

John Coltrane

Artist of "Black Pearls"

John Coltrane

Tenor Sax Hard Bop

John Coltrane

Which musician was known for their "sheets of sound?"

John Coltrane

Who were the musicians on Blue Train?

John Coltrane - tenor saxophone Lee Morgan - trumpet Curtis Fuller - trombone Kenny Drew - piano Paul Chambers - bass Philly Joe Jones - drums

Philadelphia

John Coltrane moved here

Alabama

John Coltrane wrote a song in response to the church bombing in __________.

Piano MJQ Cool Jazz

John Lewis

MJQ

John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (bass), Connie Kay (drums) "Yesterdays"

Who was in the Modern Jazz Quartet

John Lewis - piano Milt Jackson - vibes Percy Heath - bass Connie Kay - drums

Among the members of the Modern Jazz Quartet were ______________

John Lewis and Milt Jackson

4 musicians from miles Davis' group who led spin off bands

John McLaughlin- mahavishnu orch chick corea- return to forever Herbie Hancock- headhunters Joe zawinhul- weather report

3 avant garde jazz musicians

John coltrane ornette coleman eric dolphy

original member of MJQ and their instruments

John lewis - piano milt jackson - vibraphone ray brown - bass kenny clarke - drums

In 1963, John Coltrane made an album with a male vocalist who had a rich, baritone voice. Who was this vocalist?

Johnny Hartman

Where did Miles go to school briefly?

Juilliard

Musical Styles of Duke Ellington

Jungle Style: Characterized mainly by the growling trumpet style of Bubber Miley.

In this video, the band led by _________ is playing "For Free?" by Kendrick Lamar.

Kamasi Washington

Bass

Keeps the tempo Walking bass: fundamental harmony

Solist

Keeps with the chords/rhythm and improvises appropriate section

Artist of "Spiral Dance"

Keith Jarrett

Piano Included on Geri Allen's Album

Kenny Barron

______ is given credit for the new technique known as "dropping bombs."

Kenny Clarke

Among the drummers crucial to the bebop style were

Kenny Clarke and Max Roach.

Among the drummers crucial to the bebop style were _________________

Kenny Clarke and Max Roach.

Famous players in the Jazz Messengers

Kenny Dorham Donald Byrd Blue Mitchell Lee Morgan Wynton Marsalis Freddie Hubbard Wayne Shorter Hank Mobley Joe Henderson Benny Golson Branford Marsalis Curtis Fuller Mulgrew Miller Bobby Timmons Cedar Walton

Alto Sax Cool Jazz

Lee Konitz

The influential Hard Bop album, "Cornbread" was made by ____ who played ____

Lee Morgan/ Trumpet

Among the pioneers of cool jazz are the following pianist/composers

Lennie Tristano and Tadd Dameron

Among the pioneers of cool jazz are the following pianist/composers:

Lennie Tristano and Tadd Dameron

What famous big band did Art Farmer get his start in?

Lionel Hampton Big band

Jazz Ensembles/programs serving as mentorship:

Lionel Hampton band, Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers, Betty Carter's Jazz Ahead program

The Young ______ are mostly African American male musicians born in the 1960s and played jazz in older styles.

Lions

Most quintessential Bill Evans Album?

Live at the village vanguard

Which of the following cities was NOT a geographic center for hard bop?

Los Angeles (anywhere on the west coast in general)

Although Charles Mingus made his reputation in New York City, he was raised and trained in

Los Angeles.

Modern jazz became popular on Central Avenue, the African American neighborhood in ___________

Los Angeles.

George Russell wrote a book on music theory titled

Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization.

This song is performed by Steve Coleman's group that represented the collective (and the way they created music) called ________.

M-Base

Steve Coleman

M-Base is a term coined by _______, and the name of a collective of young black musicians that emerged in Brooklyn during the 1980s.

Louis Armstrong & The Hot Fives

Made records that are perhaps the most important in the history of jazz. Included one of the first examples of scat singing in their songs.

Ragtime

Main forerunner of jazz Scott Joplin ragged syncopated rhythm

Joe Zawinul

Major figure in Fusion Formed the Bitches Brew spin off band the Weather Report with Wayne Shorter Played the piano

Herbie Hancock

Major figure in Fusion Played the piano, and composed Born in Chicago Debut about "Talkin' Off" Joined Miles Davis Quintet in 1963 Released Mwandishi (1970) Formed the Headhunters "The Possibilities" "The Imagine Project"

John Lewis

Major figure in Third Stream Founding member of MJQ Played the piano

Charlie Parker

Major figure in bebop Used contrafact "Anthropology" and "Orinthology Played with Miles Davis 1944-1948 "South of the Boarder" Latin influence

Claude Thornhill

Major figure in progressive jazz Played the piano

Gerry Mulligan

Major figure of Cool Jazz Baritone sax East Coast

Milt Jackson

Major figure of Cool Jazz played the vibraphone Part of the Modern Jazz Quartet

Stan Getz

Major figure of Cool Jazz tenor sax Incorporated "bossa nova" into jazz

Miles Davis

Major figure of Cool Jazz, leading musician in Modality Played the trumpet Born into a middle class family in Illinois Played with Charlie Parker

Ornette Coleman

Major figure of Free Jazz played the alto sax, trumpet, violin Strong melodic, emotional character in compositions Unique alto saxophone sound: rough-edged, vocal quality Microtonal pitches "Something Else!" "Tomorrow is the Question" "Free Jazz"

George Benson

Major figure of Fusion Played the guitar and did vocals "Breezin" (1976) Pittsburgh native

Bobby Timmons

Major figure of Hard Bop Played the piano

John Coltrane

Major figure of hard bop, leading musician in Modality Played the tenor and sopranosax critics called his music "sheets of sound" Born in NC moved to Philadelphia Addicted to drugs and alcoholism performed for civil rights organizations during the end of the 1950s and throughout the 1960s "Alabama" political song

Gunther Schuller

Major figure of the Third Stream Played the french horn/composer Coined the term Third Stream

Kenny "Klook-a-mop" or "Klook" Clarke

Major innovator of bebop, jazz drummer and bandleader, played with Dizzy and Charlie Parker. Introduced the technique of "dropping bombs." Founding members of MJQ. "Klook- a-mop" came from the sound heard within his music.

Ornette Coleman

Major innovator of free jazz, invented the name free jazz by naming his album "free jazz", saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter.

1950s-1960s

Many jazz styles coexisted: cool jazz, third stream, hard bop, modal jazz

The first female singer signed to Motown was?

Marry Wells

Originally a drummer for the Motown label, this artist would become one of the label's most successful male vocalists.

Marvin Gaye

This song is performed by _________ who mentored many bebop musicians.

Mary Lou Williams

Which female musician is credited for her involvement with sacred jazz from the early 1960s to 1970

Mary Lou Williams

Which jazz musician designed "The History of Jazz" tree?

Mary Lou Williams

Drummer Civil Rights Protest

Max Roach

Where and when was Miles Davis born?

May 26, 1926, Alton, IL

Who played on Kind of Blue?

Miles - tpt Cannonball - Alto Coltrane - tenor Bill Evans/Wynton Kelly - Piano Paul Chambers - Bass Jimmy Cobb - Drums

miles second great quintet members?

Miles - tpt Wayne Shorter - Tenor Herbie Hancock - Piano Tony Williams - Drums Ron Carter - Bass

Artist of "So What"

Miles Davis

The fusion breakthrough was sparked in 1970 by fusion recordings by this major jazz figure.

Miles Davis

This musician was a bebop soloist who became a leader of cool jazz:

Miles Davis

Trumpet Cool Jazz

Miles Davis

What famous trumpeter did Bill Play with?

Miles Davis

Which musician was in the studio for the "Ko-Ko" recording session but was not allowed to play on the track?

Miles Davis

Who played on Birth of the Cool?

Miles Davis - trumpet Kai Winding - trombone J. J. Johnson - trombone Junior Collins - French horn Gunther Schuller - French horn Bill Barber - tuba Lee Konitz - alto saxophone Gerry Mulligan - baritone saxophone Al Haig - piano John Lewis - piano Nelson Boyd - bass Max Roach - drums Kenny Clarke - drums

The _______ is commonly known as "The Birth of the Cool" band.

Miles Davis Nonet

Wynton Marsalis's quintet from the 1980s, featuring his brother Branford Marsalis on tenor saxophone, is understood to be modeled on the

Miles Davis Quintet of the 1960s

Headhunters

Miles Davis spin off band created by Herbie Hancock, jazz-funk fusion band

From the 1950s to the 1970s, Gil Evans had a long working relationship with

Miles Davis.

Black Rock Coalition

Miles inspired; New York non-profit organization founded in 1985 to help black musicians

The concept of "time, no changes" refers to the music of what group?

Miles second quintet

Vibraphone MJQ Cool Jazz

Milt Jackson

Notable members in Charlie Parker with Strings?

Mitch Miller- Oboe Buddy Rich - Drums Jimmy Carrol - Orchestration

Creole

Mixed race of European/African

This song is an example of __________.

Modal Jazz

Bebop is considered to be the beginning of _______ jazz.

Modern

art farmers seminole recording?

Modern Art - 1958

MJQ

Modern Jazz Quartet

MJQ

Modern Jazz Quartet. Group that gained notoriety during the cool period. One of the most innovative groups of all time; Kenny Clarke was a founding member;formed from with the rhythm section of Dizzy Gilledpie' big band; together longer than any other jazz groups.

Bebop Style Characteristics

More harmonically advanced Faster tempos with a focus on improv Complex 8th note melodies

Style Characteristics of Hard Bop?

More original compositions Some bebop vocabulary, but more blues Some gospel influence simpler and more melodic heads More complex chord changes on compositions composed for jazz, as opposed to songbook tunes

Boogie-Woogie

More rhythmic, less harmonically complex than stride. 12-bar blues form used almost exclusively. Left hand plays repeated patterns, imitating blues guitar. Right hand plays improvised blues riffs, block chords. Borders between jazz and blues.

Miles Davis

Most commercially successful jazz musician, Merged jazz and rock to create fusion

Gil Evans

Most famous arranger of cool jazz - "Birth of the Cool" - arranged for Claude Thornhill before Miles - combined orchestral and traditional jazz instruments

Bebop

Most innovative form of jazz. Style of jazz played in and around New York in the early 1940s. The name comes from the sound made in the music. Short rhythmic sequences with lots of syncopation;fast tempo;not danceable;forced people to appreciate the music itself; artists, not entertainers; bebop reflected the discontentment of young musicians who could no longer accept the social and musical values of the previous generations; became synonymous with modern jazz;jazz period most associated with drugs.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the current jazz scene?

Most musicians learn jazz through performing with older musicians.

Young Lions

Mostly African American male musicians born in the 1960s, playing jazz in older styles during the 1980s

improvisation

Music created in the moment of performance, without written scores or played from memory. Characteristic of hard bop and modality

Atonality

Music that lacks a tonal center or key

Canadian acceptance

Music was immediately popular local musicians attempt to play some African American musicians stayed in Canada, racial attitudes less oppressive Canadian musicians got a good education Canadian bands were racially integrated in the 1920's

MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface which allows computers to control synthesizers or samplers

In 1961, John Coltrane released an album that broke new ground with its approach to using standards from musicals. Name the song and the musical used for this recording, plus the instrument coltrane reintroduces into jazz performances.

Musical: The Sound Of Music Song: My Favorite Things Instrument: Soprano Sax

NEA

National Endowment for the Arts. the program has elevated to its ranks a select number of living legends who have made exceptional contributions to the advancement of jazz; U.S. government program which provides grants for aspiring musicians

What was the last Miles Davis album to feature only acoustic instruments?

Nefertiti

Young Lions

Neo-Bop jazz group that emerged in the 1980's to reach to the free jazz era.

young lions

Neo-bop jazz ensemble; Lee Morgan, Frank Stroizer, Wayne Shorter, Bobby Timmons, Bob Cranshaw, Louis Hayes, Albert "Tootie" Heath, Winton Marcellus. 1980s, traditionalists, want to preserve jazz roots

Producer for Atlantic?

Nesuhi Ertegun

At which institution of higher education did George Russell teach following his return to the United States in 1969?

New England Conservatory

Jazz was born in _______

New Orleans, began in brothels "jass"

Clifton Anderson

New York City, American Jazz, Trombone musician.

Who did Parker Sign with in 1950 after getting sober, and what album did he record?

Norman Granz, Charlie Parker with strings

Blues scale

Not a major scale: some of the notes are sharp/flat to give a bluesey feel

Another word for melody is the ___

Head

Early vocal jazz

Heavily influenced by great singers like Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey

Which of the following is NOT a Miles Davis album?

Heavy Weather (jazz fusion album by Weather Report)

John "Trane" Coltrane

Helped pioneer the use of "modes" and was a forefront of free jazz, worked in Bebop and hard bop early in his life before free jazz; saxophone/composer

In this song, this UK band sampled ______'s hit song from the 1960s.

Herbie Hancock

Piano/Composer Headhunters Fusion

Herbie Hancock

This jazz artist brought plateau modality to the jazz scene in the 1960's

Herbie Hancock

This song is performed by the band led by ____________.

Herbie Hancock

Mwandishi

Herbie Hancock's band; 1970; spin-off from Miles Davis

Bebop soloists were inspired by the fluid, discontinuous phrasing of ___________

Lester Young and Charlie Christian

Bebop soloists were inspired by the fluid, discontinuous phrasing of

Lester Young and Charlie Christian.

Independent writers hired by Atlantic Records who wrote classic tunes such as Hound Dog

Lieber & Stoller

Dave Brubeck

One of the foremost exponents of cool jazz, American jazz pianist and composer, had a huge impact on college campuses

"Dizzy" Gillespie

One of the greatest trumpeters of all time. Bandleader and composer, he and Charlie Parker became a major figure in the development of Bebop and modern jazz; scat singing.

Charles Mingus

One of the leaders of Avant-Garde;played the bass.

This group includes ________, guitar, and drums.

Organ

Organ Trio

Organ trio became very popular in this period. Organ sound-association with church Organ trio can omit a bass Jimmy Smith (1925-2005), Jack McDuff (1926-2001), Jimmy McGriff (1936-2008), Larry Young (1940-1978) Shirley Scott (1934-2002) "The Sermon" by Jimmy Smith Trio

Alto Sax Avant-Garde

Ornette Coleman

Artist of "Civilization Day"

Ornette Coleman

Who was the "Father of the Avant-Garde" according to critics?

Ornette Coleman

Don Cherry

PLayed the pocket trumpet and cornet; started his career off working with Ornette Coleman and continued to work with other musicians throughout life.

This video shows the _________ Nathan Davis organized and toured widely with during the 1980s.

Paris Reunion Band

Wayne Shorter

Part of Miles Davis' second quintet - played the Tenor Sax.

Joe Zawinal

Part of The Weather Report band; keyboard player.

Who was in the Dave Brubeck quartet?

Paul Desmond - Sax Eugene Wright - Bass Joe Morello - Drums

Bill Evans first famous trio members?

Paul Motion - Drums Scott Lafaro - bass Bill Evans - Piano

Hot vs sweet bands

Hot and sweet bands - Hot bands: several soloists in one band -Sweet bands: little improvisation, polished music (Glen Miller) - similar to rock and roll cult - increased morale in depression

12-Bar Blues

How blues is organized/arranged 1-4-5

Fats Waller

Huge personality in jazz, popular figure - songwriter, pianist, entertainer - Honeysuckle Rose famous song

Musicians and their Instruments

IDs

Horace Silver -

Pianist Choppy rhythms Fragmented melodic figures traded between hands Frequent use of Latin rhythms Avoidance of long melodic string of eighth notes Short melodies that are tuneful and almost predictable Carefully crafted motivic and phrase structures

Jason Moran

Pianist ________ is artistic director at Kennedy Center was a MacArther Fellow in 2010.

Geri Allen

Pianist __________ was the director of the jazz studies program at Pitt from spring 2014 to 2017.

Herbie Hancock

Pianist. Left Miles Davis. - Formed a sextet and emphasized free improvisation accompanied by synthesizer soundscapes. As part of the headhunters explored funk and dance groove while providing room for extended improvisation on reeds. Helped to kick-start a "neo-bop" movement. Even experimented with funk and hip hop.

Horace Silver

Pianist. Major musician of hard-bop and soul-jazz movements. Founding member of the Jazz Messengers.

Stan Kenton is essential to the history of jazz because of his contributions as a ___ / ___ in the Progressive Jazz era

Pianist/Composer

Mary Lou Williams

Pianist/Composer/Arranger (all styles - ragtime, spiritual, blue, swing, bebop) Known as the Lady Who Swings the Band Little piano girl in East Liberty

Jelly Roll Morton

Pianist/composer: wrote a lot of music for brothels - first important jazz composer (wrote it down) - balanced composition and improvisation - piano solos were modelled after horn solos (bridged gap between ragtime and jazz)

What instrument did Cecil Taylor play?

Piano

Modal Jazz

Improvisations based on individual scales rather than an overall piece. Songs contain fewer chord changes and more time for improvisation.

The recordings that eventually became The Birth Of The Cool were recorded in what year and on what record label?

In 1949 on Capitol Records

"Dropping Bombs"

Playing strong accents on the bass drum with your foot pedals that were designed to emphasize the beat- used to help other musicians have an idea of where the tempo was; introduced by Kenny "Klook-ass" Clarke; bebop.

organ trio

Popular in the 1950s and 1960s, organist, saxophone, and drummer

Minstrelsy

Popular theatrical entertainment begun around 1830, in which white actors in blackface presented comic routines that combined racist caricature and social criticism.

Brass bands

Present for many social activities Grew from Civil War and military - added clarinet and saxophone

Acoustic jazz

Preserved the past by returning to it-no electric instruments Aka conservative, "neo-classical" jazz

Los Angeles

Primary city for cool jazz

Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM)

Prof. Nicole Mitchell Gantt, Amina Caludine Myers, and Roscoe Mitchell have all been associated with the _____________ in Chicago.

Detroit

Professor Geri Allen is from here

The song in Question 2 is an example of ___________ song.

Protest

Intonation

Purposefully making a note sharp or flat

Kind of Blue

Put together in two separate sessions with no rehearsing ahead of time. Highly influential to jazz musicians and an easy listen for casual fans. Best selling jazz album of all time.

Fusion is a combination of what genres of music?

R&B, Funk, Rock, and jazz

In 1956 Elvis signed a deal with a major record label. Which label signed him, and why was this so important?

RCA, This legitimized Rock & Roll

Which of the following is a correct statement about race and jazz during the 1950 and 1960s?

Racially integrated bands existed

Name an american legend, whose piano playing and singing style combined elements of gospel, soul, and Rock & Roll music?

Ray Charles

Musicians Signed to Atlantic?

Ray Charles Ornette Coleman Aretha Franklin John Coltrane Led Zepplin

Which of the following is a characteristic of hard bop?

Re-emphasizes African American roots of jazz

Freedom Now

Recorded by Max Roach and Abby Lincoln

Classic and Famous Miles quintet members?

Red Garland - piano Paul Chambers - Bass Philly Jo - Drums John Coltrane - Tenor

Traditional or "trad" jazz

Refers to the Dixieland and Ragtime jazz styles of the early 20th century.

Name of the records released by miles first quintet on prestige, and producer of them?

Relaxin Workin Cookin Steamin Bob Winestock

R and B

Rhythm and Blues

Drums

Rhythm with fills to jazz it up Helps cue musicians as to when soloist will go/stop

Rhythm instruments

Rhythm: piano, bass, drums Comping instruments: accompaniment of melody to front line Bass: acoustic/string bass Auxillary percussion: shakers, cymbals, etc

Syncopation

Rhythmically placing or accenting notes away from the beat and in unexpected places.

Piano Won three Grammys Hip Hop/ R&B

Robert Glasper

Civil Rights Movement

Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr, role of jazz musicians : Charles Mingus, Sonny Rollins, Max Roach

Saxophones Jazz Seminar

Roscoe Mitchell

Harlem Renaissance

Roughly 1921 to 1929, outstanding artistic activity among African Americans. The movement was centered in Harlem in New York City.

This trumpet player,_________, had been an important force in the jazz scene until his untimely death in 2018.

Roy Hargrove

Absence of a steady tempo:

Rubato

Who was the main engineer for the classic Blue Not records?

Rudy Van Gelder

The music from the classic Blues Brothers movie was copied from what Stax act?

Sam & Dave

Louis Armstrong

Satchmo - father of jazz - Left New Orleans for Chicago to perform with Joe "King" Oliver - singer "What a wonderful world"

Vi Reed

Saxophone (bebop) 2 album leader in the late 1960s Toured with Count Basie Orchestra A recording with Max Roach was never released

In this video, two singers demonstrate their ability of _______ singing.

Scat

Hard School Within the Cool

School of the West Coast that consisted of musicians from the Bebop and Hard Bebop schools, Dexter Gordon, Frank Butler, Joe Gordon, cool school has been described as the least innovative school in the course of Jazz

Party atmosphere

Sea port town - parties and brothels Storyville - Dixieland band

Historicism in avant-garde

Second wave of avant-garde in the late 1970s: "Mainstream" becomes exploratory as musicians looked to the past to vary their music

What was the name of the first concept album released by the beetles and in what year was it released?

Sergent Peppers Lonely Heart Band, in 1967

Organ Organ Trio Hard Bop

Shirley Scott

Which of the following is NOT a musical characteristic of bebop?

Simple Melodies

What gospel musician revolutionized rock and roll guitar?

Sister Rosetta Tharpe

This fusion song is also considered an early example of _______ jazz.

Smooth

Civil Rights

Some jazz musicians in the 1960s explicitly used their music to support the ___________ movement.

Song Plugger

Someone who performed a song, usually at a music store, to encourage people to buy the sheet music

Moanin

Song by Art Blackey and the Jazz Messengers, Hard bop

Tenor Sax Hard Bop

Sonny Rollins

This hard bop musician, whose lengthy career was occasionally interrupted by brief sabbaticals devoted to practicing, recorded Saxophone Colossus in 1959:

Sonny Rollins

This hard-bop musician, whose lengthy career was occasionally interrupted by brief sabbaticals devoted to practicing, recorded Saxophone Colossus in 1959.

Sonny Rollins

Sidney Bechet (Creole)

Soprano saxophone - wide and fast vibrato - bluesey player - well known individual soloist of 1920's

Sidney Bechet

Soprano saxophonist, born in New Orleans-his style was influenced by hearing the great marching bands of the late 1800s. Main contributions were in France- "was considered somewhat of a national hero" Dixieland Revival period.

Abdullah Ibrahim

South African known for song "Manenberg". Took on African elements: Kwela music. Peppy, melodically and harmonically simple major-key melodies.

Mahavishnu Orchestra

Spin off Band of Bitches Brew John McLaughlin (g) + Billy Cobha (ds)

Return to Forever

Spin off band of Bitches Brew Click Corea (key)

Weather Report

Spin off band of Bitches Brew Wayne Shorter (ts) + John Zawinul (key)

Headhunters

Spin off band of the Bitches Brew Bennie Maupin (ts) + Herbie Hancock (key)

Dropping Bombs

Spontaneous, syncopated accents played by a drummer on the bass drum.

Tenor Sax Cool Jazz

Stan Getz

The seminal recording of Jazz Samba was made by what artists?

Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd in 1962

Who was sent on a state department tour to Brazil, and what composer did they find?

Stand Getz and Charlie Byrd found Antonio Carlos Jobim

Tenor Sax Hard Bop Pittsburgh

Stanley Turrentine

Artist of "Pad Thai"

Steve Coleman

This artist was first discovered by Berry Gordy in the early 1960's, but his singing and songwriting talents produced albums that helped the record label to survive throughout the stylistic changes of the 1970's.

Stevie Wonder

Fusion

Style of jazz that emerged due to the blues revival of the 60s. Large emphasis of R and B. Also a fusion of rock. Miles Davis paved the way for Jazz- Rock Fusion

fusion

Style which combines the jazz musicians improvisatory approach with rock rhythms and tone colors; developed in the 1960's. Use of electrical instruments, wide variety of rhythms Expanded jazz audience

Piano/Organ Afrofuturism Avant-Garde/free Jazz

Sun Ra

"Mwadishi" was a _____ word that was adopted by ______ as an album title in the 1970s

Swahili/ Herbie Hancock

Charleston dance craze

Sweeps the nation - jazz music

The revival movement appeared after the ______ period.

Swing

Ragtime

Syncopated right hand juxtaposed with the pounding of the left hand.

Other Bebop musicians

Tad Dameron - composer Milt Jackson - modern jazz quartet 1952 Ray Brown - bass George Shearing - piano JJ Johnson - trombone Kai Winding - trombone Miles Davis w/ Parker Sonny Stitt - sax

Call and Response

Technique with one lead singer issuing the call, and the rest of the participants providing the response.

streaming services, social media, crowd funding, live streaming

Technological Revolution in Jazz was characterized by what four things?

Who of the following was not part of the bebop generation? a. Sonny Stitt b. J.J. Johnson c. Teddy Wilson d. Dexter Gordon

Teddy Wilson

TV

Television

Drummer/Producer

Terri Lyne Carrington

Piano and Vibraphone Hard Bop

Terry Pollard

Africanization

The African influence on this cross fertilization of cultures. Aspects of African culture and africans intentions are infused in jazz.

Neo-Classical

The ___________ style emerged in the 1980s in reaction to the popularity of avant-garde and fusion during the 1960s and the 1970s.

Remastering

The digital enhancement of an original recording's sound quality; it includes such techniques as filtering out extraneous noise and boosting certain frequencies

Bitches Brew

The first song that showed a change in direction in Miles Davis' band. Often called the first jazz-rock fusion and most controversial album. The album attracted a younger crowd and was thought of as "pop music" by many. Rejuvenated Davis' career and won a Grammy Award.

This male group, with lead singer Levi Stubbs, produced such hits as Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch and Standing in the Shadows of love

The four tops

The house rhythm section for Motown was called

The funk brothers

Eric Susoeff

The guitarist who accompanied the guest singer today is ______________.

Which of the following accurately describes this performance?

The music becomes abstract at times, but the song form is still recognizable.

Progressive Jazz

The music industry's answer to a decline in record sales during the bebop period. Shabby treatment of jazz fans by the musicians caused bebop to lose popularity. Concentrated on big band brass sound and Western European compositional techniques. Kenton was the leader of this period; short period because it did not provide enough challenge to soloists or appeal to the general audience.

New York City

The origins of West Coast jazz as white musicians relocated to California

Arranger

The person who plans the form of a band's performance and often notates the parts for the different instruments

The house rhythm section for Fame records was called

The swampers

Vocalese

The technique of setting lyrics to existing jazz solos

Bridge

The term that describes the B section of a song, head describes the A section of a song

Gil Evans

This arranger's collaboration with Miles Davis produced the Birth of the Cool recordings.

Afrofuturism

Understanding, exploring, and conceptualizing the roles and appearances of Black folks in futurescapes. Note the way in which it is beholden to the reimagining of the past to help imagine the future. a movement in literature, music, art, etc., featuring futuristic or science fiction themes which incorporate elements of black history and culture.

1st university to establish a Jazz PhD program

University of Pittsburgh

Geri Allen earned a MA in ethnomusicology at the ___________.

University of Pittsburgh

Improvisation

Unscripted portion of songs, but within the parameters of the chords given

African contributions

Use of pitch bends Emphasised dancing to music Polyrhythms

Collective Improvisation

Used during the free jazz period;simultaneous improv by several musicians

Sun Ra

Used synthesizer.

Polyrhythm

Using two or more rhythms simultaneously.

_________ and ________ were the star players in the International Sweethearts of Rhythm.

Vi Burnside; Tiny Davis

This group features the __________.

Vibraphone

Vibrato

Vibrating the notes, "shimmer"

"Ting Ning" 1995

Vietnamese fold melodies Hard rock guitar jazz sax and drums mixes jazz players with traditional Vietnamese musicians Texture moves from sparse beginning to complex polyphonic texture near the end

New York Spaces

Village Vanguard, Warren Smith's studio, Fat Tuesday's, Knickerbocker, Bradley's, Seventh Ave. South, Bottomline, SOB's Sounds of Brazil, Blue Note, Sweet Basil's, Mikell's, Indigo Blue, the Apollo Theater

Miles Davis

Though ______ returned to the public light and released successful album, Tutu, he passed away in 1991.

•Musical characteristics: the use of electric instruments (guitar, bass, synthesizers) wide variety of rhythms (rock, funk, Latin, etc.) Played in Large Rock N Roll Arenas

Three Characteristics of Jazz Rock/Fusion

In this song, the composer used an unusual ___________.

Time Signature

Timbre

Tone production, quality of sound, "personality"

famous singer Bill Evans recorded with?

Tony Bennett

Drummer Pioneer of Jazz Fusion

Tony Williams

Which drummer led the group "Lifetime" and was the harbinger of jazz fusion?

Tony Williams

What was a moldy fig?

Traditionalist who didn't like modern jazz

Lester "Prez" Young

Transitional period between bebop and swing. Played tenor saxophone and most influential on Charlie Parker, responsible for "cool sound" in Jazz in the 1950's. Pure vibratoless sound

Melba Liston

Trombone (hard bop) Recorded with Dexter Grodon Performed with and arranged for Dizzy Gillespie's big band in the late 1940s

Miles Davis grew up in a wealthy black family.

True

Norman Granz's concerts were rowdy and competitive affairs, dismissed by critics as vulgar and incoherent. True or False?

True

Thelonious Monk's compositions rarely departed from the twelve-bar blues and thirty-two-bar pop song forms

True

Miles Davis

Trumpet - played with Charlie Parker - laid back style - use of space, middle register, "different" timbre (use of mutes and non-mute sounds) - less notes, more melody and use of space

Chet Baker

Trumpet and singer - very mellow sound - tragic life and death - played in Gerry Mulligan band

Kenny Dorham

Trumpet player Had Latin influence in his song "Afro-Cuban (1955)

Lee Morgan

Trumpet player died young, his wife shot him played with the Jazz Messengers

Early jazz band instruments

Trumpet, clarinet, trombone, occasionally saxophone

Collective improvisation

Trumpet: plays melody Trombone: harmonised melody Clarinet: solos around melody

musical characteristics of hard bop (each artist under this term is a hard bop musician)

late 1950s in contrast to cool jazz, hard bop reemphasizes the african american roots of jazz funky jazz, soul jazz, gospel jazz elements of blues, r&b/soul, and gospel art blakey and the jazz messengers and brown-roach band represented the sound of hard bop

ellington's trombone setions, ultimately called "gods trombones", included:

lawrence brown, dual tizol and tricky sam nanton

Miles Dewey Davis

leader of "the cool"; trumpet, 1940s-1990s; preferred sound with no attitude (not too much sound); multi-era artist: cool, avant-guard, hard bop; "Boplicity" (1949)- Birth of the Cool album, moved to NY to play with artists such as Charlie Parker, born in Alton, IL, played in Billy Eckstine's band, invited by Charlie Parker to play at Minton's playhouse, drug addiction; contributed to nearly every style of jazz

which two pianists- one ease coast and one west cost-brought more esoteric composition concerns to the new cool style of jazz:

lennie tristano and dave drubeck

father of the cool

lester young

who were the two of the ear lies jazz artistis to attempt to avoid the constraints of the bar lines and move toward a more free-flowing rhythm:

lester young and gerrry mulligan

musical characteristics of cool jazz (each artist under this term is a cool jazz musician)

light, airy, soft, and subdued sound unusual instruments for jazz (french horn, tuba, etc.) restrained expressions, emphasis on mid register delicate balance between improvisation and composition performed by various sizes of ensemble based on bebop

jazz ensembles/programs serving as mentorship

lionel hampton band art Blakey and the jazz messengers Betty carter's jazz ahead program

where is art Blakey from

los angeles

the shift of emphasis from ensemble playing to the soloist was, in part due to the virtuosity of:

louis armstrong

who was jazz's major genius, virtuosos cornet/trumpet player and master communicator:

louis armstrong

media and technology in 1970s

magnetic tape, multi track recording vinyl 33 1/3 rpm record 45 rpm record television electronics effects compact disc ipod

Media/Technology

magnetic tape/ multi-track recording, vinyl, 33 1/3-rpm record, 45-rpm record, television, electronics, effects [wah-wah, (analog) delay, distortion, fuzztone, etc] sampling, compact disc, ipod

Melody

main part of a song

Miles Davis

major 1950s cool jazz musician sideman of Charlie Parker his music improved over time trumpeter associated w hawkins and Charlie Parker leader in cool period, recording in hard bop, avant grade and fusion period

Sun Ra

major figure of free jazz/avant grade played piano/bandleader Born in Birmingham, AL Came to Chicago in 1930 creating a cosmology involving the planet Saturn "Jazz in Silhouette (1959) Film "Space is the Place" (1974)

the best known of all of scott joplin's compositions is:

maple leaf rag

Pittsburgh jazz musicians and instruments

mary lou williams, earl fatha hines, Ahmad jamal -piano billy strayhorn- arranger George benson- guitar art blakey, kenny clarke- drummer ray brown- acoustic base Nathan davis, stanley turrentine-- sax, flute

alice coltrance, a pianist in her own right, eventually replace which musician in john cotrane's group:

mccoy tyner

kenny barron

mentor of geri Allen piano

Kenny Barron

mentored Geri Allen, piano, NY

multi-track recording

method of sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources that create an adhesive whole

Vibrato

method of varying the pitch frequency *used for the musical/emotional effect *primarily in wind instruments, strings and vocals

2 leading musicians in modality

miles Davis John coltrane julian connonball adderly

weather report

miles Davis veterans fusion era Wayne shorter, Joe zawinul

leader of the cool period

miles davis

2 leading musicians in modality

miles davis and bill evans

MJQ

milt Jackson quartet, John lewis, cool period

"so what" by miles davis

modal jazz

George Russell's explorations of jazz theory helped pave the way for this jazz technique.

modal jazz

Which of the following counts as jazz historicism in action?

modernist interpretations of jazz classics original music that celebrates music of the past the revival of entire idioms, such as traditional jazz or swing

which of the following was prominent in the fusion of latin jazz with soul and rhythm and blues:

mongo santamaria

Thelonious Monk was known for his

mood swings and episodes of idiosyncratic behavior

M-Base

movement in Brooklyn in the '80s that fused hip hop and jazz, important because it used odd music, Gerri Allen was involved with brewing up ideas in New York

m-base

movement in nyc during the late 80s and 90s, women instrumentalists were very influential, is a way of expressing music through improvisation and structure, is non-western and innovative

minton's playhouse

movement of bebop, was the place to hear jazz in new york, musicians tested abilities, tempos increased, and harmonies were substituted, critics put down the genre for its experimentation

famous sonny albums

moving out - 1954 saxophone colossus - 1956 sonny rollins plus 4 - 1956 tenor madness - 1956 way out west - 1957 the sound of sonny - 1957 a night at the village vanguard - 1957 newks time - 1958 freedom suite - 1958

"Chasin' the Trane," John Coltrane's first foray into the avant-garde, makes relentless use of

multiphonics

Polyrhythms/Polyrhythmic

multiple rhythms played simultaneously

Cutting Contest

music competition in which players try to surpass, or "cut", one another in the brilliance of their improvisations

bebop attitude and cariacture

music in new york during the early 1940s, musicians wanted respect as artists, not entertainers; they began to dress more sophisticated/intellectual, music played in short, rhythmical phrases with syncopation; known as "dope age" because musicians were heavy users

recording strike

music industry was struggling in america, mainly because us was already at war, on aug 1, 1942 the american federation of musicians ordered members to stop making records except for v-disks (specifically for soldiers) until record companies agreed to pay them each time their music was played on a juke box or the radio, capitol and delta settled after a year, but columbia and victor held out longer, took 2 years before all were settled, charlie parker and dizzie gillespie worked with small groups but were still affected, they were able to create a new genre called bebop for their dedicated listeners and collaborators

contrafact

musical composition consisting of a new melody overlaid on a familiar harmonic structure

chord progression

musical series of chords, are changes that establish a tonality founded on key, root, and tonic chord

call and response form

musical statement by a singer/instrumentalist that is answered by other singers/instrumentalists

alto-sax

musical wind instrument consisting of conical, brass tubes with keys, valves, and a mouthpiece with one reed

hard bop context

musicians felt that cool jazz was white-washing of jazz styles, so they intentionally tried to reclaim the black identity of jazz created compositions that heavily relied on blues, funk, r&b, gospel they wanted to counter the white-washing

Jazz historicism was promoted as early as the 1970s by

musicians from the jazz loft scene

Young Lions

musicians in the 1980s, respectful of traditions of jazz and icons, cloned style of icons, dressed nicely, suits, ex. Marcellus brothers

This song is an example of ___________ jazz represented by musicians such as Wynton Marsalis.

neo-classical

young lions (1980s to 1990s)

new bop jazz ensemble mainstream and bebop jazz young musicians chose to reproduce the music of jazz icons of the past

Contrafacts

new melody overlaid on a familiar harmonic structure;used by Charlie Parker

the first jazz recordings were made by the original dixieland jazz band in:

new york, 1920

civil rights movement

occurred during the Avant Garde movement rosa park MLK free jazz

Soli

often designates a part of the piece written to feature an instrumental section in harmony

cassette tape

one of the forms of technology jazz music was played on, was able to hold an entire album and be used in a car stereo

Lionel Hampton

one of the most important swing bands in the 20th century, he played the vibes and drum, the orchestra launched the careers of many successful musicians

jimmy smith

organ

jimmy smith instrument

organ

Jimmy Smith

organist, one of the leading soloists in the Hard Bop era, brought the organ to the forefront in jazz

Ray Brown

original member of MJQ, acoustic bassist and cellist, Bebop, born in Pittsburgh, worked with Peirson and Ella Fitzgerald

father of avant garde (critics)

ornette coleman

the free form artist honored by a guggenheim foundation grant was:

ornette coleman

3 monumental avant garde jazz musicians

ornette coleman, eric dolphy, john coltrane

the free jazz musician who believes that "you can play sharp in tuen and flat in tuen" is:

ornetter coleman

valid snow

outstanding trumpeter during 1920s-1930s woman in jazz

Wayne shorter

part of bitches brew, weather report, hard bop fusion

gunther schuller

part of third string (mix of classical and jazz) French horn, composer

the grammy winning guitarist/leader, known for his blend of jazz, rock, and latin influences, is:

pat metheny

one man, thought not a great jazz musician, was influential in supporting jazz and jazz musicians and his orchestra could conceivable be considered the first third-stream ensemble:

paul whiteman

Creoles of Color

people of mixed black and white ancestry. They were better educated than the black population. Musicians from this group generally had classical training and could read musical scores

vibraphone

percussion instrument with metal bars and rotating propellers under each bar that produces a vibrato sound and is common in jazz

The Modern Jazz Quartet is best known for

performing together for more than four decades. performing in concert halls wearing tuxedos. combining jazz with the Baroque style of J. S. Bach

John Lewis

pianist and composer during the Cool Period, founder of the MJQ, one of the co-founders of the Third Stream movement, recognized the importance of European jazz

dave brubeck

pianist during cool jazz, helped colleges grow to be the largest market for jazz in us record named "time out" take 5, piano, cool jazz period

Dave Brubeck

pianist during the Cool Period, presented music in a semi-academic way to appeal to college students, made one of the first records that had success in the college market; arranger/composer in cool jazz; take five

Bobby Timmons

pianist during the Free Jazz/Avant-Garde movement, political spokesperson

Thelonious Monk

pianist known for his harmonic compositions

Cecil Taylor

pianist, Free Jazz

Billy Strayhorn

pianist, a Bebop musician who was also comfortable playing Cool, Third Stream, and Classical music

Claude Thornhill

pianist, arranger, composer, and bandleader, Bebop

Gil Evans

pianist, composer and arranger that worked with Miles Davis, one of the people that introduced modality to jazz during the 50's and 60's; cool jazz

Professor Geri Allen

pianist, former professor at Pitt, member of the M-Base collective, noted scholar, renowned jazz musician

Hampton Hawes

pianist, hard school within the cool

Kenny Barron

pianist, mentor to Geri Allen in the 1990s

*bud powell

piano

Jason Moran plays the

piano

bill evans

piano

cecil taylor

piano

dave brubeck

piano

geri allen instrument

piano

herbie hancock

piano

horace silver

piano

mary lou williams

piano

sun ra

piano

thelonious monk

piano

Chick Corea

piano lead spin off band Return to Forever

In addition to his compositions, Thelonious Monk was known as a

piano soloist

Hank Jones

piano, Fat Tuesdays

the standard rhythm section of the swing era was:

piano, bass, drums, and guitar

Mary Lou Williams

piano, born in Atlanta but grew up in Pittsburgh, had amazing technique, got her popularity from Andy Kirk's band, first female to arrange and compose for the big bands; Everything, including Ragtime, Spiritual, Blues, Swing, Bebop; The Lady Who Swings the Band

Lennie Tristano

piano, identified with Progressive and Cool schools but he actually played in his very own school, his approach was intellectual

professor geri allen

piano, scholar, pianist kenny barron was mentor born in Detroit director of jazz at Pitt brought the music of Mary lou Williams here

Lil Hardin

piano,Louis Armstrong's wife, New Orleans/Chicago/Swing

Antonio Carlos Jobim

piano. unobtrusive filigree lines. classically trained pianist and composer as well as a guitarist and vocalist. Known for jazz bossa nova. · João Gilberto - vocals and guitar.

Hazel Scott

piano/voice first African American female TV host born and raised in Houston TX Classical piano, swithced to jazz after college Thelonious Monk Institute

where is John Coltrane from

pittsburgh

Admad Jamal

pittsburgh pianist; cool jazz

the amen chords of gospel jazz are:

plagal cadences

Chano Pozo

played a major role in the founding of Latin Jazz

Joe zawinul

played keyboard in the cool period and was in bitches brew; pianist in weather report, fusion

sun ra

played keyboards during the free jazz era spoke out on issues ranging from politics to racial injustice

Vi Redd

played the alto saxophone, played in the bebop and hardbop eras

Louis Armstrong

played with "The Big 5"

modality

playing on modes instead of chords; Restricted harmonic possibilities of improvisersà strict 4/4 beat; "The new thing;" Difficult because no guidelinesà had to create feeling out of "oneness". Hard bop, west coast, developed in late 1950s and early 1960s in search of new melodic concepts, fixed harmony with improvisation

Ornette Coleman challenged musical convention by

playing with microtonal pitches.

Cool Jazz

predominantly white. Often been cited as the least innovative period. 1950s;started with Miles Davis recording birth of cool; centered on West Coast(LA); recording studios; relaxed,cool and reserved=opposite of hardbop, pure unemotional, steel-like sonority on instruments; closely linked to sound used by classical musicians; common sized group is semi-big; a composer's period; motion picture industry important; musicians held back the aggressive approach to improvisation. Lester Young became a role model for this period known as "The Father of Cool"

Lennie tristano

progressive era piano

Sun Ra

prolific jazz composer, bandleader, pianist and synthesizer. He was a poet and philosopher and preached awareness and peace

Professor Geri Allen

prominent woman instrumentalist; noted scholar, piano, world renowned jazz musician

the arranger whose arrangement for the dizzy gilespie state department sponsored tour proved that good, funky blues worked for big bands was:

quincy jones

most recording of blues were aimed at the african american community in the south and were called:

race records

brecker brothers

randy - trumpet michael - sax

black swan records

record company that specialized in jazz music, was the first company to record black musicians

okeh

recording company subsidiary for columbia records, was founded by otto k.e. heinemann, was a r&b recording company

Bebop Attitude

refused to acknowledge applause, refused to announce the name of compositions, refused to acknowledge requests and so on. Intellectualism was the fashion. Wore berets and fake glasses. The musicians were "hip"(important)

cool jazz (1949)

relaxed, cool, reserved, composed

Kenny "Klock-a-mop" or "Klock" Clarke

revolutionized drumming, worked with Sidney Bechet to make jazz an important art form in France, one of the founding members of the MJQ, born in Pittsburgh, had a reputation as the most reliable and swingingest drummer; emotional player with "explosive" instrumentation; didn't like that John Lewis didn't like to smile or show emotion

the rock influence in jazz/rock fusion appears most dominant in the:

rhythm section

Thelonious Monk's professional career began in the

rhythm section at Minton's Playhouse

Describe Art Tatum's style

rich repertoire of harmonic substitutions. master of stride technique. improvised based on elaborate "routines" based on his favorite songs. fast right-hand runs

Drummer Kenny Clarke shifted the pulse from the bass drum to the _________

ride cymbal

The drummer Kenny Clarke shifted the pulse from the bass drum to the

ride cymbal.

the basie band of the 1930's was known for:

riff based"head arrangements" and great soloists

Arrangements

riffs: short simple phrases repeated Call-and-response style: one part of band plays A part of melody and another plays the bridge

eddie palmieri and ray berretto led a back to basics latin movement that became known as:

salsa

In the mid-1960s, Latin American musicians created a new hybrid style known as

salsa.

grover washington jr.

sax

john coltrane

sax

sonny rollins

sax

*charlie parker

saxophone

Which instrument did Cecil Taylor play?

saxophone

Lester Young

saxophone, Father of the Cool, played with a soft, smooth sound

although many ellingtonites spent their entire careers with the band, who was the record holder who stayed from 1926 to 1974:

saxophonist harry carney

Archie Shepp

saxophonist, afrocentric music in late 1960s, collaborated with Cecil Taylor and John Coltrane

Bebop gets its name from the

scat syllables that reflecting the new rhythmic style

the first center of ragtime music was:

sedalia, mo

groove

sense of propulsive rhythmic "feel" or sense of swing created by the interaction of the music played by band's rhythm section

melody

sequence of notes that is musically satisfying

phrases which describe train's remarkably virtuosic playing technique

sheets of sound

Jo Jones is known for?

shifting the rhythmic emphasis from the snare and bass drum to the hi-hat cymbal.

progressive jazz 1940s

short lived era, big band music (concert oriented) highly theoretical arrangements

Vibraphone

similar to a xylophone, in the struck idiophone subfamily of the percussion family

Johnny Smith Quintet

small combo effort of the progressive era; "cherokee" 1953

musical characteristics of bebop (each artist under this term is a bebop musician)

small group improvisation > composition, arrangement rhythm-more syncopated and complex melody-intricate lines consists of notes from extended chords; irregular length of melodies; improvised melodies are based more on chords than on melodies harmony-9th, 11th, 13th chords, fast and complex chord changes fast tempo contrafacts

in the early 1990s the jazz community began to define its own legacy. the preferred format of this new center of jazz is:

small-group styles stressing improvisation rather than composition

This song is an example of _______.

smooth jazz

some fusion musicians were also considered to be the early ________ _______ musicians

smooth jazz

Melodic Paraphrase

solos tend to stay close to original melody (ornaments the melody with trills, etc)

avant garde

something that is outside of tradition and ahead of its time, artists are experimental and innovators, used interchangeably with free jazz (isn't exactly equal); space of free tonality with no specific key area, no specific meter, borrowed ideas from other cultures (africa and middle east), harmonic clusters, tempo changes, use noise for music (imperfect)

Take Five

song by Dave Brubeck, West Coast/Cool jazz

Chameleon

song by Herbie Hancock (Headhunters), fusion

Boplicity

song by Miles Davis and Gil Events in the album, Brith of the Cool, Cool Jazz

Free jazz

song by Ornette Coleman, avant-garde

the artist who twice retired to practice because he was dissatisfied with his playing was:

sonny rollins

the saxophonist who used thematic variation rather than variations on a standard melody or playing changes was:

sonny rollins

Effects

special effects that were introduced during the Fusion era: delay, reverb, distortion, fuzztone, wah-wah pedal

Some critics feel that Miles Davis was less skilled as a trumpet player in his __________ than Dizzy Gillespie.

speed and virtuosity

mahavishnu orchestra

spin off of miles Davis groups John McLaughlin band, influenced by Indian music, fusion

Herbie Hancock

spin-off artist from Miles Davis, played in Miles Davis' group, then formed his own group called the Head Hunters, piano, Free Jazz/Avant-Garde Era, brought together the elements of rhythm and blues and mainstream jazz to create Fusion

Mahavishnu Orchestra

spin-off group from miles davis; John McLaughlin's band

aspect of Lester Young's personal style

spoke in a creative, personal slang held his saxophone at an extreme horizontal angle wore a porkpie hat wore narrow knit ties

the man who frequently and effectively performed with brazillian composer/guitarist jai gilberto was:

stan getz

initial drummer for fusion movement

stan kenton

men of the progressive jazz era

stan kenton (father), Boyd raeburn, claude thornhill

many west coast jazz players were alumni of the:

stan kenton band

jazz education

stan kenton era 1940s during progressive jazz era institutionalize of jazz jazz how-to books clinics learning in the schools vs. streets

Ride Cymbal

standard cymbal that maintains a steady rhythmic pattern or "ride" pattern

people of the modern jazz era

steve coleman robert glasper thelonious monk

the red-light district of new orleans where many jazz musician

storyville

traditional jazz

style associated with african american musicians in nola around beginning of 20th century, draws upon african, european, and african american musical style like ragtime and blues; nola and chicago featured the individual and group improvisations, melodic instruments played multiple melodies simultaneously, creating a polyphonic ensemble

atonality

style of composition that lacks a tonal center and its derived harmonies

What was known Fats Waller know for?

subtle and expressive interpreter of ballads and blues.

stressing the weak beat or the weak part of the beat is called:

syncopation

Modern Jazz

synonymous with Bebop

Sampling

taking a "sample" of one sound recording and reusing it in a different song

Maurice Chestnut

tap dancer, current

"dropping bombs"

technique introduced by Kenny Clarke, accents using the bass drum

Legato

technique of playing notes smoothly in a connected matter

Staccato

technique of playing short detached notes

trade fours

technique where musicians alternate brief solos of pre-set lenght, usually occur after each musician has had the chance at a solo, involved alternating segments with the drummer

John "Trane" Coltrane

tenor & soprano sax, guru of jazz 1960s, sheets of sound, hard bop, associated with Miles Davis in modality, east indian musical influence; free jazz; "a love supreme" (1964); influenced many artists; was very talented because he practiced constantly, he made controversial recordings like Ascension, some said he played in "sheets of sound" because he played so fast, also part of the Avant-Garde

Wayne Shorter

tenor and soprano sax, sideman in Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Hard Bop Era, free style, Free Jazz/Avant-Garde Era, reed player in Fusion Era

archie shepp

tenor sax

stan getz

tenor sax

stanley turrentine

tenor sax in hard bop era who showed a return to the blues clear sharp edged bluesy sound that inspired John coltrane pitt hard bop sax

stan getz

tenor sax, american jazz musician who went to Brazil to learn more about various rhythms, cool period

Dexter Gordon

tenor sax, hard school within cool from west coast, played with Eckstine band

Sonny Rollins plays the

tenor saxophone

Sonny Rollins plays the _______________

tenor saxophone

Sonny Rollins

tenor saxophone, Hard Bop (late 1950's)

Stanley Turrentine

tenor saxophone, Hard Bop (late 1950s)

pharaoh sanders

tenor saxophone, free jazz, screamed into saxophone

Stan Getz

tenor saxophone, performed in Bebop and Cool jazz groups; brazil

John Coltrane played the?

tenor saxophone.

sonny rollins

tenor saxophonist with highly personalized and intellectual lines hard bop

royalty

term encompassing many jazz musicians that have been termed as exceptionally musically gifted, honorific, and aristocratic

Moldy Figs

term used by younger musicians and fans in the 1940s to describe older jazz fans who clung to the music of the 1920s and 1930s and derided the newer bebop style

Homophony/Homophonic

texture in which two or more parts move together in harmony

Rhythm Section

that provides the rhythmic pulse, harmonies, and bass line. It may include: piano, guitar, bass, or drums

John Lewis left the Miles Davis Nonet and formed his own jazz ensemble, called

the Modern Jazz Quartet.

John Lewis left the Miles Davis Nonet and formed his own jazz ensemble, called ________________

the Modern Jazz Quartet.

Intonation

the ability of a musician to reproduce a given pitch. The players know how to make small adjustments in the pitch of their instruments as they play so that they match the pitches of the other players in the section

Sampling

the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece

africanization

the african influence on the cross fertilization, helped neutralize western european elements of the culture and added its own

sampling

the art of taking a portion of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or sound recording in a different song or piece

Break

the band stops and allows a soloist to play alone

most musicians believe that which band was the "swingingest" band in jazz:

the basie band

in boogie-woogie piano playing, the obstinate phrase is always in:

the bass

Charlie Parker was crucial for linking the modernist complexity of bebop with

the blues

Charlie Parker was crucial for linking the modernist complexity of bebop with ________________

the blues

each of the front line players had a definite obligation in the ensemble. who had the dual role of playing a countermelody and creating momentum:

the clarinetist

cross fertilization

the coming together of western african and western european cultures, one culture is assimilated into the more dominant one, aspects of music, dance, art, language, and religion

in the dixieline front line whose role was to play the melody:

the cornetist

the most important instrument in African music was:

the drum

dr Nathan davis established -

the first International jazz hall of fame

effects

the influence of jazz on many cultures

Charles Mingus's "Fables of Faubus" was a protest sparked by

the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Hard bop tended to feature longer solos, in part because of _______________________

the invention of the LP (long-playing record)

king oliver was:

the king of new orleans cornet players

riff

the musical phrase that repeats throughout the song, can be a series of notes or a chord pattern

Rhythm

the pattern of regular or irregular pulses caused in music by the occurrence of strong and weak melodic and harmonic beats.

jazz traces its history through:

the performances of individuals

Lead Player

the player who takes the melody or top part and occupies the first chair of the section. The lead player usually plays a little higher than other players

rhythm section

the section within a jazz band consisting of drums, double bass, piano, banjo, and/or guitar, these instruments establish harmony and rhythm

Cross-Fertilization

the spreading of different cultures that influenced different groups

the musical experiments of the cool era led to a mixing of jazz and classical compositions that was eventually known as:

third stream

The Jazz Messengers

this band represented the sound of hard bop: bluesy, soulful, danceable, call and response Started by Art Blakey Mentorship for young musicians "Maonin" (1958) "Sandu" (1956)

Lifetime

tony williams band (drummer), fusion

mambo craze

took place in 1950s dance that evolved in the US

Which innovation did Gil Evans introduce on the groundbreaking 1957 album Miles Ahead?

transitional interludes between tracks

jj johnson

trombone

melba liston

trombone

at the turn of the twentieth century, traveling minstrel shows, often featured such blues singers as bessie smith and ma rainy, were the main form of entertainment for both races:

true

bebop musicians built much of the repertoire by creating new, complex melodies based upon the framework and chore changes of standard tunes:

true

david sunburn is the saxophonist whose playing bridges the very commercial world of pop and the jazz tradition:

true

field cries and hollers often relied on bending tones slowly upward or downward to either a specific or non-specific pitch:

true

jazz musicians use repetition and contrast to build and to give balance and symmetry to their performances:

true

john coltrane played in the navy jazz band while he served in hawaii:

true

most jazz musicians agree that writing down and exact interpretation is next to impossible:

true

ragtime is a composed music using a complex form resembling that found in traditional marches

true

spanish fandangos, tangos, habaneras, etc., were derived from African antecedents:

true

the call and response pattern, which was so important to African religious music, can be heard in jazz musicians "training fours":

true

the distinction between cool and had bop was both musical and geographical:

true

the stride pianists did not concern themselves with the complex ragtime form:

true

*dizzy gillespie

trumpet

clifford brown

trumpet

don cherry

trumpet

miles davis

trumpet

Valaida Snow had great success, especially in Europe, with what aspect of jazz performance?

trumpet dance conducting voice

chet baker

trumpet and voice

Wynton Marsalis

trumpet from New Orleans, director of jazz at Lincoln center, young lion

Donald Byrd

trumpet, fusion

lee Morgan

trumpet, hard bop

Wynton Marsalis plays the

trumpet.

hi-hat

two cymbals on single rod that snap together when operated by a foot pedal

hi-hat

type of cymbal and stand used by percussion in jazz, consists of open and closed notes

Eric Dolphy

unofficial father of avant garde to musicians alto sax used polyrhythmic patterns knowledge of Western European classical composers was impressive bass clarinet and flute father of avant garde

Royalities

usage-based payment made by one party to another for the right to ongoing use of an asset by the licensor.

Electronic

used in Jazz/Rock Fusion era

bebop drummers:

used the bass and snare drums mainly for accents

Avant-Garde "fore-guard"

used to describe artists that are experimental or innovative or "ahead of their time." Often used interchangeably with a style of music known as "free jazz." "Free tonality," disintegration of a specified meter or consistent time throughout a performance or piece. The borrowing of musical ideas from other cultures. Also, the usage of noise as a fundamentally linked with the social movements of the 1960s; "space music"; 1960s(Civil Rights Movement)-revolutionized black culture like the Harlem Renaissance did;attempted to break down conventions of jazz;return jazz to its primitive roots.

funky

used to describe hard bop, produced a cultural language of shared emotion of early blues, emphasized african american return of jazz, also used words like cookin, burnin, and nasty

Third Stream Jazz

used to describe the combination of west european classical art music and mainstream jazz that was played during the late 1950s and early 60s. More intellectual than progressive jazz; Two mainstream of music; a composer's music; not very successful;people didn't like that it was a mix of two music types.

What is Coleman Hawkins's most significant harmonic innovation?

using substitute chord changes

Milt Jacksonn

vibraphonist, was member of the MJQ

scat

vocal improvisation, using non=lexical syllables to imitate sounds made by instrumentalists

What style did Jon Hendricks help create, where you write lyrics to transcribed solos and instrumentals?

vocalese

Ella Fitzgerald

vocalist first and last truly great scat singer gained notoriety with Chick Webb's group after his passing

Eddie Jefferson

vocalist, vocalese, bebop

João Gilberto

vocals and guitar.

who was called "father of blues":

w.c. handy

hard bop

was a reaction to cool jazz that returned to the earthier roots of blues, gospel, and rhythm and blues. The instrumentation typically included trumpet, tenor saxophone, and a rhythm section of piano, double bass, and drums. It had a heavier sound and simpler melodic lines and harmonies than in bebop. - elements of Blues, R&B/Soul and Gospel

Hard Bop

was the east answer to "cool school." Hard, swinging and very alive danceable- reason for its wide success. Produced a "rigid" musical freedom that led to the free style of the 60s. Return to the roots of jazz- the blues. Combination of gospel, bebop and rhythm and blues; extremely popular; mid 1950s; introduction of organ trio; language;" Put the pots on cookin should; small combos Popular instruments of hard bop=sax,trombone, piano, bass, drums and organ trio.

alternative name for cool jazz

west coast jazz

Cool Jazz

west coast jazz style; relaxed, reserved, pure, unemotional. Instruments like the flute, French horn, and the tuba added a special sound to the music

Walking bass

when a group is playing a 4/4 beat

Inside playing

when the melody lines favor the principal notes

Outside playing

when the players depart from the notes of the harmonies

West Coast jazz

white musicians from New York City that relocated here where the largely segregated film studios offered them financial security with musical day day jobs

lyrics

with its addition during the dixieland revival (more intellectual), the role of the jazz vocalist changed, it used to be an added addition, but now they were the star and made more money

vi redd

woman in jazz alto sax bebop

Terri Lyne Carrington

woman in jazz; current artist; drummer, trio with Prof Allen; "mosaic project"

beret

worn by bebop/jazz musicians to make them seem more sophisticated, intellectual, and cultural

Transcription

written version of what a listener hears

like benny goodman before him, who has won parries as both a jazz and classical artist:

wynton marsalis

herbie hancock

young bebop pianist produced an LP entitled ESP with davis also a free jazz pianist synthesizer of funk music fusion era spin off of miles Davis piano player headhunters

chick corea

young bebop pianist and played for miles davis fusion

Bossa Nova Craze

•"New Wave" •bossanova was born in Brazil •Charlie Bird (guitar) and Stan Getz (tenor saxophone) brought bossanova to the US •Antonio Carlos Jobim(1927-1994)"Desafinado""The Girl from Ipanema"

Third Stream

•A term coined by Gunther Schuller in 1957 •Fuse basic elements of jazz and Western art music (the two mainstreams) •The application of the term gradually broadened •Different from symphonic jazz during the 1920-30s

Eric Dolphy

•Alto sax, flute, bass clarinet •Performed with Charles Mingus •Participated in Coleman's Free Jazz •Toured Europe w/ John Coltrane, appeared on his albums •Some similarities to and influence from Coleman but developed his own style

Modality (Modal Jazz)

•Around the end of the 1950s •Kind of Blue by Miles Davis in 1959 represents this trend (the best selling jazz record) •Coltrane, Cannonball, and Bill Evans (1929-1980) •Improvise on church modes (mainly Dorian and Mixolydian) instead of chord progressions •Reaction to repeatedly used common chord progressions (such as ii-V-I) *Giant Steps can be considered as a different reaction to patterned chord progressions

Art Ensemble of Chicago

•Avant-garde jazz and new music ensemble formed in Paris in 1969 •Grew out of AACM (the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians) •Returned to the US and got recognized •Still active as a collective

Miles Davis "Bitches Brew"

•Bitches Brew, recorded in 1969, released in 1970, fusion of (free) jazz and rock—symbolized the era •Very influential because it produced several spin-off bands •Some critics accused Davis of "selling out" •Davis' 5-year retirement from 1975 to 80

Geri Allen in the 1980s

•Black Rock Coalition: founded in 1985 by guitarist Vernon Reid, journalist Greg Tate and producer Konda Mason in reaction to the constrictions that the commercial music industry places on Black artists. •A collective of artists, writers, producers, publicists, activists and music fans assembled to maximize exposure and provide resources for Black artists who defy convention •Though Allen wasn't involved with the collective directly, she worked with Vernon Reid in the 80s and the 90s •"M-Base and BRC were youth lead organizations that were built to empower younger artists who were looking to advance their artistry and visibility on the NYC scene"

Sun Ra

•Born Herman Blount in Birmingham, AL •Came to Chicago in 1930 •Created a cosmology involving the planet Saturn, renamed himself Sun Ra, organized the Orchestra •Jazz in Silhouette (1959) •Film Space is the Place (1974) •A cult following

John Coltrane

•Born and grew up in North Carolina •Moved to Philadelphia •Played alto sax in a navy band in Hawaii (1945-6) •Switched to tenor when worked with Eddie Vinson (1947-8) •Replaced Sonny Rollins in the Miles Davis Quintet in 1955 •Addiction to drugs and alcoholism but overcame in 1957 •Played in Monk's quartet in 1957 •Rejoined Davis (1958-60 intermittently) •Quartet with McCoy Tyner (p), Jimmy Garrison (b), Elvin Jones (ds) •Died of liver cancer in 1967

Geri Allen

•Born and grew up in Pontiac, MI . Piano •BA in music at Howard U. •Received an MA in ethnomusicology at Pitt •Became an important part of the NY jazz scene in the 1980s •Acknowledged Kenny Barron and Betty Carter as her mentors in music •Worked with many notable musicians: Ornette Coleman, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter, Tony Williams, etc. •Guggenheim fellowship in 2008 •Associate professor of Music and the Director of the jazz studies program at Pitt from spring 2014

Charles Mingus

•Born in Nogales, AZ raised in LA •Toured with Lionel Hampton in the late 1940s •One of the key figures of the transition from bebop to more adventurous approaches •Frequent turnover of personnel in his band •Interested in the combination of jazz and speech •Left many compositions . Bass/Composer

Cool Jazz

•By the early 1950s, "cool" was used to describe a particular school of jazz born out of bebop that had a light, laid-back, reticent quality. •As cool jazz grew in popularity, it was usually associated with white musicians who relocated from the east coast to California, where the largely segregated film studios offered them financial security with musical day jobs. •West Coast jazz (originated in NYC)

The Mainstream Jazz Vocal Tradition

•Carmen McRae (1922-1994) •Betty Carter (1929-1998) •Sheila Jordan (1928-) •Mel Torme(1925-1999) •Tony Bennett (1926-)

Jazz in the 1990s

•Deaths of legends (Art Blakey, Dexter Gordon, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Frank Sinatra) •Surviving legends: Roy Haynes, Max Roach, Benny Golson, Jimmy Heath, James Moody •Older, conservative styles are still alive •Some new directions and trends from the 80s: smooth jazz, jazz/hip hop fusion, jam bands, jazz/alternative rock fusion further developed

Art Blakey

•Drums •Born and raised in Pittsburgh •Fletcher Henderson, ML Williams •Formed the Jazz Messengers in 1954 •The Messengers became a school for many young musicians

Pittsburgh Jazz Musicians

•Earl Hines (1903-1983) •Mary Lou Williams (1910-1981) •Kenny Clarke (1914-1985) •Art Blakey (1919-1990) •Erroll Garner (1923-1977) •Ray Brown (1926-2002) •Stanley Turrentine (1934-2000) •George Benson (1943-)

"Me Too" Movement in Jazz

•Encouraged by the "me too" movement in other fields, some women spoke up about sexual misconducts they experienced •The We Have Voice Collective: promotes safe(r) work place in the performing arts

Miles Davis Quintet (Avant-Garde)

•First quintet/sextet (1955-58): w/ Sonny Rollins (John Coltrane), Cannonball Adderley, etc. •Second quintet (1964-68): w/ Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter, Tony Williams •They performed very freely though not completely free like avant-garde musicians

Fusion

•From the end of the 1960s to the 1970s •Jazz rock, jazz rock fusion, jazz fusion •Highly commercial attempts to combine jazz with rock music •Musical characteristics: the use of electric instruments (guitar, bass, synthesizers), wide variety of rhythms (rock, funk, Latin, etc.) •Later, types of fusion would vary widely •Expanded the jazz audience

Roy Hargrove

•Grew up in Dallas, TX •Wynton Marsalis's support •Important part of the NYC jazz scene since the early 1990s •Bebop/hard bop tradition •Hip-hop and R&B

Jazz/Hip Hop Fusion

•Hip hop emerged from the streets of the Bronx in the 1970s and had spread to the rest of the country by the 1980s •Two directions: hip hop musicians sampled jazz songs; jazz musicians incorporate hip hop elements

Guest Musicians from Class

•Kenia: Born in Brazil, moved to NYC, then to Pittsburgh. Vocals. Has produced critically acclaimed albums as well as appeared on the albums by James Taylor, Michael Brecker, and Chuck Loeb. •Eric Susoeff: Guitar. Has been integral part of the Pittsburgh jazz scene since 1976, has performed with a number of local and international luminaries including Dizzy Gillespie

Kenny Gorelick

•Kenny Bruce Gorelick(b. 1956, Seattle, WA) •Adult contemporary and smooth jazz saxophonist •Started to play sax when he was 10 •Have performed professionally since he was 17 •Signed with Arista Records in 1982 •Released his version of "What a Wonderful World," in which he overdubbed himself on top of the original Louis Armstrong record.

Hard Bop

•Late 1950s •In contrast to cool jazz, hard bop re-emphasized the African-American roots of bebop •Funky jazz, gospel jazz •Elements of Blues, R&B/Soul and Gospel •Strong backbeat •Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers and Brown-Roach band represented the sound of hard bop: bluesy, soulful, danceable, call & response •"Moanin'" (1958) •"Sandu" (1956)

Lennie Tristano

•Lennie Tristano school •Tristano(1919-1978, pianist), became blind shortly after his birth •Played with both bebop (Parker and Gillespie) and cool jazz (Lee Konitz) musicians •His music sounded "experimental, emotionally aloof" and showed off an extravagant virtuosity •Drew only a cult following

Musical Characteristics of Cool Jazz

•Light, airy, soft, and subdued sound •Unusual instruments for jazz (French horn, tuba, flute etc.) •restrained expressions, emphasis on mid register •a delicate balance between improvisation and composition •Performed by various sizes of ensemble •Based on bebop

Geri Allen in the 1980s

•M-Base: Macro-Basic Array of Structured Extemporizations (coined by Steve Coleman), a collective of young black musicians •"expressing our experiences through music that uses improvisation and structure as two of its main ingredients" •Not a style but "a way of thinking about creating music" •Graham Haynes, Cassandra Wilson, Geri Allen, Robin Eubanks, Greg Osby

Avant-Garde/Free Jazz

•Many different ways to challenge the rules and conventions of jazz performance •Omission of the piano •Some musicians explicitly used their music to support the Civil Rights Movement-Sonny Rollins-Charles Mingus-Max Roach&Abby Lincoln-John Coltrane

The Young Lions

•Mostly African American male musicians born in the 1960s, playing jazz in older styles •Wynton Marsalis •Branford Marsalis (b. 1960) saxophones •Terence Blanchard (b. 1962) trumpet •Donald Harrison (b. 1960) alto saxophone

1980s

•Neo-classical/neo-traditional: a reaction to the popularity of avant-garde/free jazz and fusion during the 1960s and 1970s •Revived more traditional jazz styles and compositions •Wynton Marsalis (b. 1961): trumpet, artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center •Black Codes (From the Underground) (1985) •Inspiration from the great African American jazz musicians of the past •Formal presentation of jazz •Canonization, dismissal of other styles

Herbie Hancock

•Pianist, composer •Born in Chicago, IL •Debut album Takin'Off (Blue Note Records, 1962) •Joined Miles Davis Quintet in 1963 •Released Mwandishi(1970): departure from traditional jazz •Formed The Heanhunters, released Head Hunters(1973) •VSOP quintet (the late 1970s to the 1980s) •The Possibilities (2005) •The Imagine Project (2010)

Jaco Pastorius

Virtuoso electric bass player; joined the band The Weather Report, and then went solo to create his own band.

Charlie "Bird"Parker

Was not originally gifted, but learned by practicing 8-10 hours a day. Alto Saxophonist and composer;bebop;used narcotics;alto sax/composer

In 1970, Joe Zawinul and Miroslav Vitous put together a new group. List the name of the band, personnel and instruments.

Weather Report a) Joe Zawinul, keys b) Miroslav Vitous, bass c) Wayne Shorter, tenor d) Alphonse Mouzon, drums/vox e) Airto Moreira, percussion f) Jaco Pastorious, bass (replaces Miroslav)

Cool jazz was also known as

West Coast jazz

Cool jazz was also known as _____________________

West Coast jazz

West Coast Jazz

What is an alternate name for cool Jazz?

Sheets of Sound

What phrase describes Coltrane's remarkably virtuosic playing technique?

Stan Getz and Charlie Bird

What two guys were associated with the Bossa nova craze (the 1960s)

1949: Birth of the Cool 1959: Kind of Blue 1969: Bitches Brew

What were three of Miles Davis's Landmarks in 1949, 1959, and 1969

Congo square

Where slaves in New Orleans were safe to maintain culture

Modal Jazz

Which jazz style does Miles Davis's album Kind of Blue represent?

Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers

Which musician or group represents the sound of hard bop?

All Avant-Garde Musicians abandoned the steady beat

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about avant-garde/free jazz performances?

Only a limited few jazz musicians can release their CDs through major labels

Which of the following is NOT describing the current jazz scene?

Hazel Scott

While _________ had a glamorous career in TV and film, she was an accomplished jazz pianist as well as a civil rights activist

Gil Evans

White composer and pianist whose work fit more into the cool jazz Collaborated with Miles Davis to produce the "Birth of the Cool" recordings

Ornette Coleman

Who made the record titled Free Jazz ?

Miles Davis and John Coltrane

Who were the 2 leading musicians in Modality

John McLaughlin: Mahavishnu Orchestra Chick Corea: Return to Forever Herbie Hancock: Headhunters Wayne Shorter and Joe Zawinul: Weather Report

Who were the 4 musicians from Miles Davis' groups who led spin-off bands (names of bands)

Popularity of early jazz

Wide appeal, young listeners - parallels 50's-60's music and was shunned by older people especially because of dancing - is still listened to now

Bebop big bands

Woody Hermon clarinet Wisconsin Billy Eckstine Dizzy Gillespie - musical director Claude Thornhill Gene Krupa Buddy Rich Stan Kenton

European contributions

Written notation Sacred songs as opposed to secular Harmony, fixed meter, fully developed melody Cornet, piano, trombone, guitar, tuba and bass

New songs

Written specifically for jazz

Trumpet Young Lions in the 1980s

Wynton Marsalis

Black Rock Coalition

_______ was founded in reaction to the constrictions that the commercial music industry places on Black artists.

Max Roach

________ and Abby Lincoln released Freedom Now Suite in 1960.

Barbara Donald

_________ is considered "one of the most powerful trumpeters in free jazz."

Esperanza Spalding

__________ teaches at Harvard and won the Grammy Best New Artist in 2011.

Terry Pollard

___________ played both piano and vibraphone, working with Terry Gibbs during the 1950s.

"Minton's Playhouse" is _____________

a Harlem jam session spot where bebop was founded.

Bossa Nova

a Latin jazz style that developed from Brazilian music in the late 1950s and early 1960s

Territory Band

a band that played and toured a region around a major city that served as a home base

jukebox

a box that plays music

Obbligato

a complementary melodic part played along with the main melody as a necessary or expected addition. It's improvising

Gil Evans was ___________________________

a cool jazz arranger and orchestrator

Mutes

a device played in or over the bell of a brass instrument (trumpet) to alter their tone

Hard bop differed from cool jazz in preferring _________________

a direct connection with gospel and rhythm and blues

Smooth jazz

a form of fusion jazz that combines rock or funk with an electronic ambience to create an "easy listening" feel.

third stream

a form of music that uses both jazz and classical music techniques. Synthesis of classical music and jazz. Improvisation was key

the music of west Africa can best be described as:

a functional tool used in work, religion and life

chord

a group of typically 3 or more notes sounded together, is the basis of harmony

Bebop was known for the "flatted fifth," which was ___________

a harmonic dissonance

Bebop was known for the "flatted fifth," which was

a harmonic dissonance.

By "unit structure" Cecil Taylor meant

a harmony structure (unit) that would be repeated indefinitely. a short phrase musicians would learn by ear, and use while improvising. a section for free improvisation that has a specific time limit.

Hard bop differed from cool jazz in that it favored

a heavy, dark, impassioned timbre

jukebox

a large device jazz was played on, usually found in diners

Big Band

a large jazz group that consists of (3 to 4) trumpets, (3 to 4) trombones, (4 to 5) saxophones and doubling, and rhythm (piano, guitar, bass, and drums)

the highpoint of coltrane modal/free jazz performance can be heard on:

a love supreme

"Third Stream," co-founded by composer/French horn player Gunther Schuller and pianist John Lewis, was characterized as:

a merging of jazz and classical music to bring about a new style

Arrangement

a musical plan and form worked up in advance, written out and provided to players on the gig or at a rehearsal

Head arrangement

a musical plan and form worked up verbally by the players in rehearsal or on the bandstand

Call-and-response

a musical produce in which a single voice or instrument states a melodic phrase (the call) and a group of voices of instruments follow with a response

modality

a particular mode in which something exists or is experienced/expressed, is the return to early church modes

improvisation

a performance without planning or preparation

put the pots on

a phrase termed by miles davis that meant groovin

Trill

a rapid alternation between a note and a note that is a step higher. The higher note generally embellishes the lower note

neo-classical

a reaction to the popularity of avant-garde/free jazz and fusion during the 1960s and 1970s which revived more traditional jazz styles and composition

vamp

a repeated melodic idea in which a player can improvise new ideas upon

Groove

a repeated pattern in the rhythm section most common in funk playing; a repeated rhythm pattern that creates the dominant feel of a piece.

Backbeat

a rhythmic device in which the second and fourth beat are heavily emphasized in 4/4 time.

Meter

a rhythmic pattern arising from regular groupings of 2 to 3 beats

melody

a rhytmically organized sequence of single tones so related to one another as makeup a particular phrase or idea.

Stride Piano

a school of jazz piano performance based on a moving left-hand accompaniment

Counter-melody

a secondary melody that accompanies the main melody

Compared to swing, bebop was __________

a self-conscious art music

Compared to swing, bebop was

a self-conscious art music.

Motive

a short melodic fragment used as the basis for improvisation or development

motive

a short melodic fragment used as the basis for improvisation or development

Pickup

a short melodic idea that ends on the downbeat

Ray Charles Robinson

a singer-songwriter who was a pioneer of the soul music and pianist who was coined "The Genius"

Standard song form

a standard architecture in American popular song and jazz: 32 bars, consisting of 4 8 bar phrases, AABA, with a contrasting bridge or B section

Backbeat

a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar (accents on 2nd and 4th beat); used by Art Blakey's band

Backbeat

a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar, used especially in jazz and popular music.

backbeat

a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar, used especially in jazz and popular music; in a 4/4 rhythm these beats are 2 and 4. Characteristic of hard bop

backbeat

a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar, used in jazz and popular music

musical characteristics of soul jazz

a strong backbeat. popular dance rhythms. borrowings from gospel music.

In African American slang, the term "funky" originally applied to __________________

a strong, foul odor

In African American slang, the term "funky" originally applied to

a strong, foul odor.

Electronics

a style of Jazz commonly played with a keyboard and electric instruments

bossa nova crave

a style of Latin jazz popular in the 1960s

cool jazz

a style of jazz that emerged in the 1950s that is softer, more relaxed, and less frenzied than bebop

Vocalese

a style or musical genre of jazz singing wherein words are sung to melodies that were originally part of an all-instrumental composition or improvisation.

dropping bombs

a technique devised in bebop in which the bass drum plays strong accents kenny clark was known for this style

Comping

a technique in which a pianist or guitarist plays a chord progression in a rhythmically irregular fashion

Trade Fours

a technique in which musicians consistently alternate brief solos of pre-set length for four bars usually occurs after each solo.

third stream

a term coined in 1957 by composer Gunther Schuller, in a lecture at Brandeis University, to describe a musical genre that is a synthesis of classical music and jazz - fuse basic elements of jazz and Western art music

Synocopation

a variety of rhythms which are unexpected which make part of a tune off-beat

Dizzy Gillespie became famous for

a witty, genial stage persona. his beret, goatee, and unusually shaped trumpet. his bebop-style big bands.

List the members of the Ahmad Jamal trio, and their instrument

a) Ahmad Jamal, piano b) Vernel Fornier, drums c) Israel Crosby, bass

List 4 other artist associated with John Coltrane between 1964 and 1967

a) Alice Coltrane, piano b) Pharoah Sanders, sax c) Freddie Hubbard, trumpet d) Rashid Ali

In 1961 two legendary pianists released seminal albums that took the piano trio to the next level artistically.

a) Artist: Bill Evans b) Album: Sunday at the village vanguard c) Scott Lafaro, bass d) Paul Motion, drums a) Artist: Oscar Peterson b) Album: Sound of the trio live in chicago c) Ray Brown, bass d) Ed Thigpen, drums

In the mid 1950's the Miles Davis Quintet recorded several classic records for Prestige. Name the owner/producer of this record label, and list 4 recordings from this period

a) Bob Winestock b) Relaxin' c) cookin' d) workin' e) Steamin'

List 3 musicians who played with Charles Mingus over the years

a) Charlie Parker, sax b) Max Roach, drums c) Jimmy Knepper, Trombone

In 1972, Chick Corea puts his own group together called Return To Forever. List the personnel and instruments

a) Chick Corea, keys b) FLora Purim, vox c) Al Demiola, Guitar d) Joe Farell, Sax e) Stanely Clark, bass f) Lenny White, drums g) Airto Moreira, percussion

List 2 style characteristics of the music of Charles Mingus

a) Collective improvisation b) Multiple forms throughout one tune

List the members of the Dave Brubeck Quartet

a) Dave Brubeck, piano b) Eugene Wright, bass c) Paul Desmond, sax d) Joe Morello, drums

Members of Cream and instruments

a) Eric Clapton, Guitar b) Jack Bruce, Bass c) Ginger Baker, Drums

Name 5 pivotal jazz recordings all made in 1959

a) Giant Steps, John Coltrane, Atlantic b) The Shape Of Jazz To Come, Ornette, Atlantic c) Time Out, Dave Brubeck, Colombia d) Mingus A Um, Charles Mingus, Colombia e) Kind Of Blue, Miles Davis, Colombia

Members of Jimi Hendricks experience and instruments

a) Jimi Hendricks, guitar/vox b) Mitch Mitchell, drums c) Noel Redding, bass

List 3 saxophone players that played with the 1960's Miles Davis Quintet between the time John Coltrane left the band and Wayne shorter joined.

a) Jimmy Heath b) Sam Rivers c) George Coleman

Band members of Led Zepplin and instruments

a) Jimmy Page, guitar b) John Paul Jones, bass c) John Bonham, drums d) Robert Plant, vox

List the members of the John Coltrane Quartet, and their instrument

a) John coltrane, sax b) McCoy Tyner, piano c) Jimmy Garrison, bass d) Elvin Jones, drums

List 3 influential artists signed to Atlantic Records

a) Led Zepplin b) Aretha Franklin c) John Coltrane

List 10 important and influential musicians who played with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers over the years

a) Lee Morgan, trumpet b) Brian Lynch, trumpet c) Clifford Brown, trumpet d) Freddie Hubbard, trumpet e) Wayne Shorter, tenor f) Joe Henderson, tenor g) Hank Mobley, tenor h) Curtis Fuller, trombone i) Horace Silver, piano j) McCoy Tyner, piano k) Reggie Workman, bass

List the musicians on the Kind of Blue album and their instrument

a) Miles Davis, Trumpet b) John Coltrane, Tenor Sax c) Cannonball Adderly, Alto sax d) Bill Evans, Piano e) Wynton Kelly, Piano f) Paul Chambers, bass g) Jimmy Cobb, drums

Personnel on the 1970 Miles Davis album, Bitches Brew

a) Miles Davis, trumpet b) Wayne Shorter, tenor c) Joe Zawinul, keys d) Larry Young, organ e) Benny Mopin, bass clarinet f) Lenny White, drums g) Billy Cobham, drums h) Dave Holland, bass i) Harvey Brooks, e. bass j) Don Alias, percussion k) Airto, percussion l) Chick Corea, keys

List the members of the classic Miles Davis Quintet of the 1960's

a) Miles Davis, tumpet b) Wayne Shorter, tenor c) Herbie Hancock, piano d) Ron Carter, bass e) Tony Williams, drums

List the members of the Ornette Coleman Quartet

a) Ornette Coleman, Sax b) Don Cherry, Pocket trumpet c) Billy Higgins, drums d) Charlie Haden, bass

Members of the who and instruments

a) Rodger Daultry, vocals b) Pete Townsend, guitar c) Keith Moon, drums d) John Entwhistle, bass

blues text usually follows which of the following formats:

aab

examples of collectives

aacm (american association of creative musicians) afro yaqui public radio NPR tiny desk concerts

In the shift from swing to bebop, which instrument was dropped from the rhythm section?

acoustic guitar

what coltrane song was recorded in response to the 1963 birmingham church bombing?

alabama

collective improvisation

album made in 1961, was entirely improvisation of the ornette coleman quartet, musicians interacted simultaneously with no pre-concerned harmony or idea

coltrane's legacy was because of his:

all of the above

among the compositional and performances practices of the art ensemble of chicago are:

all of these

bebop was filled with:

all of these

bessie smith was often accompanied by which of the great jazzmen of the day:

all of these

chicago and blood sweat and tears:

all of these

the years from 1943 to 1951 were difficult ones for duke ellingtion and his orchestra because of:

all of these

Collective Improvisation

allows musicians to show creative expression through their instrument while simultaneously accommodating the style and personality of the other musicians.

lee konitz

alto sax

Lee Konitz

alto sax, cool jazz, played in Stan Kenton's band, collaborated with Lennie Tristano

lee konitz

alto sax, cool period

eric dolphy

alto sax, flute, bass clarinet

ornette coleman

alto sax, trumpet, violin

steve coleman

alto saxophone, associated with m base

Eric Dolphy

alto saxophone, bass clarinet, flute, Modality, Father of Avant-Garde according to musicians; 1960s

Dr. Nathan davis

american hard bop jazz multi instrumentalist played w Eric dolphy, Kenny Clarke, art Blakey, ray Charles, slide Hampton, wrote the textbook founder of jazz department at pitt plays tenor sax, soprano sax, flute

Ahmad jamal

american jazz pianist and successful small band leader, founder of milt Jackson quartet (MJQ)

paramound records

american record label, known for its african-american jazz and blues recordings during the 1920s and early 30s, recorded artists like ma rainey and blind lemon jefferson

Blues

an African American folk music that appeared around 1900 and exerted influence on jazz and various forms of U.S. popular music

habanera

an Afro-Cuban dance song that came to prominence in the nineteenth century, marked by a repeating bass and a repeating, syncopated rhythm

Bebop derived its name from ____________

an abrupt, two-note ending to a melodic line

swing

an american style of jazz originating in the 1930s, typically characterized by "big bands" with an emphasis on solo passages, and a 4/4 tempo with an almost even emphasis on each beat of the measure

Avant-garde jazz has been around for more than half a century and has become

an educated taste for a small, ardent audience.

Rent Party

an informal gathering to help raise money to pay the rent or buy groceries

A "press-roll" is ________________

an intense rumbling on the snare drum

"Jazz at the Philharmonic" was

an interracial jam session in concert form.

"Jazz at the Philharmonic" was ________________

an interracial jam session in concert form.

freedom

another name for the Avant Garde era. Names of jazz of the 1960s. Free Jazz

freedom

another name for the avant-garde era

capital records

another record company that specialized in jazz music

freedom

another term for 1960s jazz

woodshedding

another word for intensive practicing

coltrane disciples

archie shepp pharaoh sanders eric dolphy dave liebman steve grossman john surman michael brecker dave holland barry alshult ron mclure gary campbell

musical characteristics of modal jazz (each artist under this term is a modal jazz musician)

around the end of the 1950s "kind of blue" by miles davis in 1959 represents this trend improvise on church modes instead of chord progressions reaction to repeatedly used common chord progressions (such as ii-v-i)

Gil evans

arranger, cool period, ability for ranging, collaboration with miles davis

people of the hard bop era

art Blakey and the jazz messengers jon coltrane miles davis dr Nathan davis lee morgan jimmy smith bobby timmons

the hard bop jazz messengers were a "jazz university" that trained many artists. who led the jazz messengers:

art blakey

2 members of jazz messengers

art blakey bobby timmons

who did he play with after lionel hampton?

art blakey, horace silver

who among the following is considered to be the most versatile and possibly the best pianist in the history of jazz:

art tatum

Progressive Jazz

associated with Stan Kenton. Moving away from jazz aiming to be dance music and instead highly intellectual and focused on itself.

music that seeks to avoid the chord and melodic relationships normally associated with the major-mini system is called:

atonal music

Boyd Raeburn

bandleader and bass saxophonist

gerry mulligan

baritone sax

clave

basic rhythm patterns that exist in a variety of Afro-Cuban music styles

Charles Mingus was a virtuoso on the

bass

esperanza scalding instrument

bass

jimmy blanton

bass

esperanza

bass acoustic and electric vocals current / contemporary

Perey Heath

bass, MJQ

jaco pastorius

bass, rock performance, weather report

charles mingus

bassist

"anthropology" by charlie parker

bebop

max roach

bebop drummer

the two important influence on john coltrance's musical development were:

bebop and modal jazz

prestige

bebop musicians tried to prove a point, they wanted respect as an artists, not an entertainer, they wore glasses, berets, and tried to look more sophisticated

who was the clarinetist/band leader who also recorded with many of the major "classical" ensembles:

bennie goodman

most jazz writers/historians credit whose 1935 opening at the palomar ballroom as the beginning of the swing era:

benny goodman

the blues singer whose strong record sales saved columbia records from bankruptcy was:

bessie smith

while mahalia jackson only sang gospel, one of the earlier influences on her style was which of the following blues singers:

bessie smith

who was called "empress of blues":

bessie smith

according to many critics, the ellington orchestras' greatest recording years were:

between 1940 and 1942

syncopation

between beats, is where the emphasis does not fall on the expected beat of 1,2,3,4; but instead falls between them; this is characteristic of jazz and some rock

The predominant group sounds of the progressive era could be described as

big band brass

like most of the alter "stars" of the bop and cool era, miles davis "paid his dues" in one of the big bands. whose band was that:

billy eckstine's

the ellington band's theme song, "take the A train" was written by:

billy strayhorn

who joined the ellington organization in 1939 and became duke's compositional "alter ego":

billy strayhorn

joe zawinul, composer/pianist, with weather report, credits the "sound spectrum" style of which famous recording for influencing his composition approach:

birth of the cool

the recording sessions led by miles davis in 1949-50 produced which of the following hallmark albums of jazz:

birth of the cool

miles Davis landmark LPs

birth of the cool 1949 kind of blue 1959 ESP 1965 (avant garde) bitches brew 1969 (fusion)

in which of his famous recordings did miles davis use and "electric" rhythm and an amplified trumpet:

bitches brew

the chicago style cornet player whose fluid, poetic playing has earned him the reputation as the first of the "cool" artists was:

bix beiderbecke

expatriate

black jazz musicians moved away from the united states to europe to avoid discrimination (usually went to france)

Jazz Rock Fusion

blending of rock rhythms with jazz and Latin music; "The Big Crossover" (1970-1980);Evolution from hard bop and modality share roots in gospel, work song, and blues

hard bop (mid 1950s)

blues based combo of gospel, bebop, blues and rhythm return to African Americanism

hard bop

blues based; East coast answer to cool school; combo of gospel, bebop, rhythm, and blues; return to African-Americanism. Detroit, Pitt, Philly, New York, funkin, cookin, puttin the pots on, groovin, return to the blues, swing bebop syntax (1950)

which versatile singer continues the scat singing tradition of louis armstrong, ella fitzgerald, mel tore and clark terry:

bobby mcferrin

from its beginning, rock shared which of the following elements with jazz that would make fusion possible:

both A and B

the "fill-ins" at the end of each line of text in the blues evolved into:

breaks

Riff

brief, relaxed phrase repeated over changing melodies

decca records

british record label, established in 1929, us label established in 1934, very small number of jazz records released

saxophones

built to mirror the human voice, there are many different types and sizes

Sonny Rollins was influential in his use of ___________________

cadenzas

Sonny Rollins was influential in his use of

cadenzas.

Count Basie Orchestra

career was divided into the Old Testament Band and the New Testament Band because it spans across 50 years

modern women jazz musicians and their instruments

cassandra Wilson- vocalist emily emler- guitar esperanza spalding- bass mary lou williams- piano Terry lynne carrington- drums Betty carter- vocalist geri allen- piano

the free jazz artist whose concerts are known for difficult to follow, long, uninterrupted, intense, improvisational composition is:

cecil taylor

the free jazz performer who is able to blend the two musical worlds is:

cecil taylor

music based on random relationships is known as:

chance music

afro cuban drummer in dizzy's bop big band

chano pazo

the cuban conga drummer who added the "latin tinge" to dizzie gillrspie's big band was:

chano pozo

Modality

characteristic of freedom, generally refers to a type of scale, coupled with a set of characteristic melodic behaviors: slow-moving harmonic rhythm (where single chords may last four to sixteen or more measures), pedal points and drones, absent or suppressed standard functional chord progressions, quartal harmonies or melodies, polytonality

"haitian fight song" and "better get in your soul" are compositions by:

charles mingus

the player/composer whose career ranged from working with louis armstrong to leading intense experimental ensembles was:

charles mingus

role of jazz musician

charles mingus sonny rollins max roach

the two leading architects of bebop were:

charlie parker and dizzy gillespie

in the 1960s, which city reprised its role as the geographical center of a style of jazz:

chicago

the "austin high gang" was a group of young jazz musicians from:

chicago

return to forever

chick corea, fusion

Donald byron instrument

clarinet

although he listened and tried to imitate many trumpet players, miles davis cites whom as his main influence:

clark terry

Third Stream music proposed to mix jazz with __________

classical music

Before playing jazz, Cecil Taylor had musical experience in

classical music.

Third Stream music proposed to mix jazz with

classical music.

of the core group that recorded "the birth of cool" many were alumni of:

claude thornhill's band

Third Stream

co-founded by Gunther Schuller and John Lewis, term used to describe combination of West European art music and main stream jazz music

John lewis

co-founder of third stream with Gunther shuller, pianist one of founders of MJQ

M-base

coined Steve Coleman; denotes a way of thinking about music; improvisation and structure, contemporary relevance, music as expression of life experience, use of non-western concepts - a collective of artists, writers, produces, publicists, activists and music fans in the 1980s

third stream

coined by gunther schuller (composer), described the combination of western european art, music, and mainstream jazz in the 50s and 60s, featured highly trained musicians, music was precomposed with little improvisation, and wasn't financially successful

billie holiday's singing style was influenced by her favorite instrumentalist:

coleman hawkins

the two dominant tenor saxophonists whose influence can still be heard today were:

coleman hawkins and lester young

m base movement (1984)

collective group of musicians who strive to express themselves freely formed in NY steve coleman was originating member

Characteristics of Mingus' Music?

collective improv Multiple forms within the same tune combining social and political issues with music Directly influenced by Duke Ellingtons music

when ensembles create their music by improvising all the parts, it is called:

collective improvisation

coltrane's harmonic scheme was referred to as:

coltrance changes

Fusion

combination of jazz and rock or jazz-rock

Chart

common term for a jazz band arrangement

Free jazz was innovative in that it ___________ traditional harmonic structures.

completely changed

Bebop

complex jazz style developed in the 1940s, had started in the end of the swing era - many of their compositions had intricate and angular melodies with big leaps and highly syncopated, complex rhythms

Igor Stravinsky

composer Progressive jazz

contrafact

composition based on existing chord changes how bebop musicians got around having to pay for copyright fees

4 characteristics of cool jazz

composition driven understand latin complex harmonies

dropping bombs

concept created by kenny clarke, is the playing of heavy accents on the bass at various places within the measure

the site in new orleans where slaves were allowed to gather on sunday to sing and dance was:

congo square

young lions

conservative jazz movement, after the free jazz movement in the 1960s, lead by wynston and ellis marsalsis, musicians were purely against acoustics and wore older styled suits, allowed musicians to explore jazz on a more commercial scale

Album that Bill recorded using tracking, essentially accompanying himself?

conversations with myself - 1963

cultural language of Hard Bop

cookin', burnin', "put-the-pots-on"

the miles davis "persona" is best exemplified by which of his many stylistic periods:

cool

gerry mulligan

cool recording 1949 miles Davis Bari sax

cultural language of Cool

cool, "laid back"

East Coast

created Hard pop as the answer to cool jazz

Historicism suggests that

creativity in the present is inextricably bound to the past

fusion

crossover jazz, blues revival of 1960s, emphasis on r&b, popular with young/white middle class, emergence of integrated society, blues was "in", musicians involved exotic and experimentation, influenced by hard bop, way was paved by miles davis

civil rights movement

cultural change for african americans in the 60s and 70s, scene changed in the 60s when popular music began to be overwhelmed by rock, jazz musicians struggled to make money

modern jazz

culture of consumerism in 80s and 90s, regan era conservation, "young lion" and creation of MTV; the 90s marked the end of the cold war and music entered the digital age

nicole mitchell

current / contemporary flute/composer/educator detroit

esperanza spalding

current, bass, vocalist, young Berkeley professor

Terri Lyne carington

current/contemporary drums

Cakewalk

dance involving an exaggerated walking step

3 cool musicians

dave brubeck stan getz gil evans

12 bar blues

defined by chord progression, has distinctive form in lyrics, phrase, chord strucutre, and duration

musical characteristics of free jazz (each artist under this term is a free jazz musician)

developed in the late 50s and 60s experimental harmonically, rhythmically, instrumentally avant-garde erratic virtuosic musicians who were masters of jazz styles breaking the rules and exceptions

media- vinyl, lp, cassette, cd

different modes for jazz recordings, evolved with techonology and helped the spread of music and artists

latin rhythms cycled back into jazz in the big bands of:

dizzie gillespie and stan keaton

famous people curtis fuller played with

dizzy coltrane miles lester young james moody quincy jones art blakey

one of the signature compositions of the late 1940s cubop, "a night in tunisia", was written by:

dizzy gillespie

famous big band lee morgan got his start in?

dizzy gillespie big band

Valaida Snow

do it all African-American musician and entertainer

Connie Kaye

drummer of MJQ

*kenny clark

drums

art blakey

drums

max roach

drums

The highly popular organ trio usually included __________ as accompaniment to the organ.

drums and electric guitar

Tony Williams

drums, jazz fusion era, experimented with using multi-polyrhythms; influential drummer for Fusion movement; his band was named Lifetime

terri lyne carington instrument

drumset

mary lou williams

dynamic pianist, first legitimate female jazz instrumentalist to receive critical acclaim first female jazz artist to arrange and compose major big bands wrote and published a book on how to play jazz, from Pittsburgh swing era piano, arranger, bebop mento part of the great black migration

Mary Lou Williams

dynamic pianist. first female jazz artist to receive critical acclaim

Dixieland Revival

early 1940s (followed by the Swing Era), very financially unsuccessful, attempted to revive the music of early New Orleans musicians. Mostly appealed to young middle-class whites. Lu Watters, Turk Murphy, Bob Wilber and Bunk Johnson. Movement was centered on the West Coast, mainly San Fran and LA. Was much more well received in Europe than in the states. Sidney Bichet was largely responsible for the success of Dixieland revival in France.

hard bop

east coast answer to cool jazz, was hard and swinging with an alive sound, returned to the roots of jazz (blues), leaders were mahalia jackson and ray charles, small combos made them camouflaged, popular and financial, was funky, cookin, and burnin (cultural language)

On In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew, Miles Davis

edited the audio tracks heavily in studio post-production.

John mclaughlin

electric guitarist who played in bitches brew, his band came from davis' recording group in BB

Sampler

electronic devices used to both sample and play back sounds

chick webb, in addition to leading one of the great swing bands, also gave which legendary jazz vocalist her start:

ella fitzgerald

queen of jazz

ella fitzgerald

dixieland revival

emenated the ragtime era, occurred in the early 40s, most financially successful jazz period, old and not hip, group of young while musicians that tried to revive new orleans jazz music, now more emphasis on the musician, ellington allowed arrangements to showcase talents, sidney bechet on soprano and clarinet, claude luter on clarinet and brought african-american performers onstage, black ex-patriots became citizens of other countries

r&b

emphasis on it when there was a blues revival in the 1960s, popular with young, white middle class, cultural habits of blues with african american aspects, more of an exotic and experimental movement, music paved by miles davis, attracted non-jazz fans

father of progressive jazz

eric dolphy

which blues singer is best remembered for her recording of "stormy weather":

ethel waters

Dr. Nelson Harrison

expert on Pittsburgh Jazz, scholar, trombone, academy jazz vs street jazz; player during the free jazz era

art Blakey and the jazz messengers

explosive drummer driving rhythms and sensitive use of dynamics organized a 17 piece big band bebop, hardbop from pittsburgh

Goatee

facial hair, was a look of the bebop era

all improvisation is jazz and all jazz is improvised:

false

all jazz rhythms came from Africa:

false

although successful during his lifetime, as the years pass, duke ellington is now being relegated to the back burner of jazz history:

false

colrance was known for playing the alto saxophone primarily:

false

like louis armstrong and duke ellington, charlie parker had a long and active career spanning much of the "golden age" of jazz:

false

the album, "sketches of span", was miles davis's return to the fiery bop quintet format:

false

the jazz musician, like his or her classical counterpart, is concerned with producing the "ideal" sound or tone on the instrument:

false

Tony Williams

famous american jazz drummer in the 1960s

sidney bechet

famous soprano saxophonist of swing, new orleans

ornate coleman

father of avant-garde alto sax jazz voice of the future 1950s multi instrumentalist played on a plastic white sax father of avant garde

stan kenton

father of progressive jazz name came from recording companies arranger had latin influences in his music

Ornette Coleman

father of the avant-garde according to critics; alto-sax, multi-instrumentalist, 1960s, free jazz; considered the voice of the future

terri lyne carrington

female jazz musician, contemporary drummer, played in trio with professor allen

lene horne

female jazz vocalist

chano pazo

first afro cuban drummer (in dizzys big band)

chuck mangione

flugel horn

Nichole Mitchell instrument

flute

3 new melodic instruments in cool

flute tuba oboe

Eric Dolphy played

flute. alto saxophone. bass clarinet.

Swing

form of music most prevalent in the 30's and 40's. Usually consisted of, but wasn't limited to, big bands

third stream (1950s)

form of music that uses both jazz and classical music techniques in a single composition

the twelve-bar blues and the AABA are examples of:

forms used in jazz

modern jazz quartet

founded by kenny clarke (drummer), most consistent group to gain notoriety during cool jazz, chamber classics with cool, was also lead by john lewis, changed concept of dropping bombs, flag wavers were flat show tunes, show case band, and collaborated with franny boland

milt jackson

founder of MLQ, vibes

the ellington "book" is often divided into how many categories or styles:

four

which of these artists is considered the consummate american singer:

frank sinatra

the central figure in the development of jazz/rock fusion was:

freddie hubbard

"free jazz" by ornette coleman

free jazz

This is an example of _________.

free jazz

With his 1965 album Ascension, John Coltrane made clear his adherence to

free jazz

Cecil taylor

free jazz, piano

Archie shepp

free saxophone player

4 alternative name for jazz of 1960s

freedom space avant garde new thing

john coltrane's short but celebrated career lasted:

from 1955 to 1967

musical characteristics of fusion (each artist under this term is a fusion musician)

from the end of the 1960s to the 1970s other names: jazz rock, jazz rock fusion, jazz fusion highly commercial attempts to combine jazz with rock music musical characteristics: the use of electric instruments (guitar, bass, synthesizers), wide variety of rhythms (rock, funk, latin, etc.) later, types of fusion would vary widely expanded the jazz audience

"bitches brew" by miles davis

fusion

"chameleon" by herbie hancock and the headhunters

fusion

The Big Crossover

fusion between jazz and Rock Music

Acid Jazz

fusion of soul jazz and hip hop

Swing

generic term for the jazz and popular music of the mid-thirties through the mid-forties

Movie Industry

geographical area for cool jazz and progressive jazz

who led a famous cool style pianoless quartet:

gerry mulligan

coltrane's extension of bebop culminated in:

giant steps

the innovate composer/pianist who collaborated with davis in many highly respected albums was:

gil evans

which trombonist led the most publicly popular of all the swing bands:

glenn miller

AACM (the association for the advancement of creative musicians)

group formed in france free jazz collective (support group)

Rhythm section

group of musicians who provide the underlying rhythm; bass, drums, piano, guitar

Ghost band

groups whose founding leaders have died but who continue to travel and work under new direction

goatee

grown by bebop musicians to seem more sophisticated, intellectual, and cultured

Johnny smith instrument

guitar

george benson

guitar and vocal

George Benson

guitar, fusion, pittsburgh

John McLaughlin

guitarist and leader of the Mahavishnu Orchestra in the era of Jazz Rock Fusion

Jaco Pastorius

had big band in Fusion Era, bassist, one of the most innovative bands of 1980s, Latin American musician, played in Weather Report

jimmy smith

hammond b-3 organ hard bop

"moanin" by art blakey and the jazz messengers

hard bop

ellington's major break came during the band's tenure at:

harlem's cotton club

2 characteristics of freedom

harmonic rhythmic

Monk's approach to improvisation is striking in its use of

harmonic dissonance

3 elements of music

harmony, melody, rhythm

Beret

hat worn by many bebop artists *symbol of freedom*

monroe's uptown house

headed by clarke monroe, was a night club in nyc and along with minton's playhouse it was one of the two principle premier clubs in the early history of bebop jazz

electronics

help jazz spread throughout the country and world

television

helped contribute to the spread of jazz during the digital age, now musicians were able to have videos go along with their music

Latin

highly syncopated latin samba rhythms are still one of the most popular, influences on jazz.

Kenny Clarke derived his nickname, "Klook-mop," from _______________

his combined snare drum and bass drum hits.

"song for my father" was _______ attempt to incorporate the true feeling of the bossa nova into his funky hard bop:

horace silver's

just as new york's minion's playhouse had been the center of the bop community, which of the following was a center of west coast style:

howard rumsey's lighthouse

the meter of the blues lyrics is:

iambic pentameter

Lee Morgan

important trumpet player; hard bop

Scat

improv vocals of musical instruments

improvisation

improvised music

Harmonic Improv

improvising on the chord progression rather than on the melody (Coleman Hawkins was one of the first to do this)

Modal jazz is characterized by

improvising with scales over very few chords.

Recording Strike

in 1942, Musicians union ordered to end all recordings by musicians associated with the union, no longer made records and new styles were created.

tony williams

in a group that produced an LP entitles ESP on drums in 1970s experimented extensively with multi poly rhythms one of the founders of fusion drummer, harbinger of jazz fusion

The bebop style first appeared in public ________

in clubs on New York's 52nd Street

Latin jazz

incorporated Latin America music esp. dance rhythms "South of the Border" "Afro-Cuban" "Tijuana Moods"

global music

incorporated many aspects of different cultures into the music

Steve Coleman

influenced by James Brown; alto sax, m-base, blues, complex melodies, meters, hip hop; free jazz

ray charles robinson

influenced by nat king cole

Jimi hendrix

influenced miles Davis heavily, late rock/fusion, vocalist and guitarist

latin

integral part of jazz in the 1970s, merged with african music (hard to separate), consisted of highly syncopated rhythms

Gunther Schuller

invented Third Stream

whose performance in 1979in carnegie hall with dizzy gilespie, stan getz, and mongo sanataria signaled the latin jazz revival of the 1980s:

irakere

Avant-Garde

is a style of music and improvisation that combines avant-garde art music and composition with jazz. Avant-jazz often sounds very similar to free jazz, but differs in that, despite its distinct departure from traditional harmony, it has a predetermined structure over which improvisation may take place. This structure may be composed note for note in advance, partially or even completely. It originated in the 1950s and developed through the 1960s.

The term "harmolodics"

is an amalgamation of the words harmony, movement, and melody. was coined by Cecil Taylor to describe his unique approach to composition. means playing several simultaneous notes on an instrument, like the saxophone, designed to produce only a single note.

John Coltrane's A Love Supreme is unusual in that it

is divided into four "movements" with abstract titles (e.g., "Acknowledgement").

ride cymbal

is suspended over a drum set, usually the player's right struck by a stick held in the right hand

Bebop differed from swing in that ____________

it was performed by small combos rather than big orchestras

Bebop differed from swing in that

it was performed by small combos rather than big orchestras.

which trombonist proved that it was possible to play in the bebop style on a trombone:

j.j. johnson

The musical innovations of bebop grew out of

jam sessions

The musical innovations of bebop grew out of _______________

jam sessions

the saxophonist who is continuing sidney bechet's legacy of the soprano sax is:

jane ira bloom

the most democratic music ever to evolve, and one which is indigenous to the United States is:

jazz

Billy Strayhorn

jazz composer, pianist, lyricist and arranger collaborated with Duke Ellington

jazz rock fusion 1970s

jazz groups played horns and electronic effects blending of rock with jazz and rnb with jazz popularity of jazz skyrocketed because young generation started going to concerts

Jazz Education

jazz how-to books; clinics; learning "in the academy vs in the streets"

Dr. Billy Taylor

jazz pianist, composer,broadcaster and educator

Dr. Billy Taylor

jazz pianist, composr, broadcaster, and educator

Jimi Hendrix

jazz rock fusion; 1968 "Voodoo Child";

the use of modal scales and slower-moving harmonies helped open the door for:

jazz rock/fusion

vocalese

jazz style of genre or jazz singing where lyrics are written for melodies that were originally part of an all instrumental composition or improvisation, the technique or setting lyrics to existing jazz solos, lead by eddie jefferson, practices traced to the late 20s

Betty Carter

jazz vocalist founded the Jazz Ahead program.

the ragtime pianist who opened the way for written arrangements of jazz was:

jelly roll morton

latin and indian music influences throughout jazz history

jelly roll morton, dizzy Gillespie, John Coltrane, avant garde and fusion eras, contemporary jazz

the jazz saxophonists who carried the stylistic mainstream established by the bebop players into the present dy movement of the "young lions" were:

joe henderson, dave leibman, and phil woods

although the neoclassical school is rooted in the small-group styles, which neoclassical saxophonist began his career in the big bands of woody herman and mel lewis:

joe lovano

who is the musician whose control and co-odincation of his outstanding technique was often referred to as "sheets and sound":

john coltrane

the miles davis album, "kind of blue", which is one of the best selling jazz recording of all time, featured which group of jazz greats:

john coltrane, bill evans, cannonball adderly

4 musicians from miles davis' groups who led spin-off bands

john mclaughlin - mahavishnu orchestra chick corea - return to forever herbie hancock - headhunters joe zawinul - weather report

which style of the ellington orchestras was built around the raucous playing of cootie williams, bubber miley, and joe "tricky sam" nanton:

jungle

the piano has always been solidly anchored in every style of jazz. today, who carries on the tradition of jelly roll morton, james p johnson, and art tatum:

keith jarrett, herbie hancock, and ahmad jamal

Chick Corea

keyboard player, member of Miles Davis band, but left and made his own band, Return to Forever. Important in the "The Big Crossover" (fusion) of the 70's and 80's, used electronics and effect; Latin Percussion "Light as a Feather" (1972)

Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers

known for strong backbeats, drummer, leader of the Hard bop movement, born in Pittsburgh, mentorship; "Moanin"

cultural language of cool

laid back

Cool School style characteristics

laid back feel lyrical approach to improv slower tempos more emphasis on arrangements

prominent vocal trio famous for using vocalese

lambert hendricks and ross

"put the pots on"

language associated with Hardbop

Return to Forever

Chick Corea's band; spin-off band from Miles Davis

Pentatonic Scale*

-African set of notes -pitches cannot usually be reproduced by Western instruments -blues system is hybrid of Western and African note systems -cross fertilization of African and European ideas creates unique pitches

Free Jazz Album

-1960 -Double quartet -37-minute performance

Joe Zawinful

Austrian jazz keyboardist and composer

Sun Ra

Avant-garde pianist/bandleader ___________, who created a cosmology involving the planet Saturn, had a cult following

Avant-Garde/Free Jazz Musical Characteristics

•Rhythm: abandoned the steady dance beat, preferring an ambiguous pulse or several pulses at once •Harmony: dispensed with harmonic patterns based on chords or scales, creating a serendipitous harmony •Melody: depended on the soloist, melody could be lyrical or full of squeals and squawks (extended techniques to produce a variety of sound) •Structure: frequently rejected blues and songs, and encouraged free improvisation •Instrumentation: favored the widest variety of instruments •Presentation: no longer entertainment, serious, challenging music, requiring the listener's full concentration •Politics: associated with the increasingly militant Black Nationalism and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s; whether or not it referred to specific events, it adopted an assertive posture

Avant-Garde/Free Jazz in the 1960s

•Social movements to challenge existing social norms (racism and sexism) •Musical freedom to challenge existing norms (rules and conventions) of jazz performance •There are many different ways of challenging the norms

Virtual Jazz

•Technological revolution in jazz •Changed the ways music is conceived, recorded, distributed, marketed, and shared •"1000CDs in jewel cases now just $890" •Self production and promotion •Streaming services, social media, crowd funding, live streaming •"jazz musicians have been forced to become entrepreneurs and savvy managers of their own careers" •Impacted the jazz scene in many ways •Increased the visibility of the musicians who didn't have opportunities before

Archie Shepp

•Tenor sax •Born and raised in Fort Lauderdale, FL •Moved to Philadelphia •Moved to NY in 1959 •Performed with Cecil Taylor, Don Cherry, and John Coltrane (1964-5) •Has taught at several colleges •Still active

Smooth Jazz

•The term first appeared in the late 1980s •"listener-friendly blending of jazz with an upbeat, celebratory brand of R&B and funk" •Dates back to the 60s and the 70s •Grover Washington Jr. (1943-1999), Winelight(1980) •Kenny G (1956-)

Don Cherry

•Trumpet (cornet) •Born and raised in Oklahoma City, OK, moved to LA •Met Ornette Coleman and started to play together in 1957 •Left Coleman and worked with Sonny Rollins, Archie Shepp, etc. •Taught at Dartmouth college in 1970 •Based in Sweden for 15 years

Barbara Donald

•Trumpeter •Born and grew up in Minneapolis, MN •Started playing the cornet at 9 •Couldn't join high school jazz band because she was a woman •Started her career playing R&B in NY •Considered "one of the most powerful trumpeters in free jazz" •Worked in LA with Dexter Gordon and Stanley Cowell •Second husband was saxophonist Sonny Simmons (1964-1972) •Turbulent marriage

Bitches Brew Spinoff Bands

•Wayne Shorter (ts)+Joe Zawinul(key)-->Weather Report •John McLaughlin (g)+Billy Cobham(ds)-->The Mahavishnu Orchestra •Chick Corea(key)-->Return to Forever •Bennie Maupin (ts) +*Herbie Hancock (key) -->Headhunters *Hancock was not on Bitches Brew

Miles Davis in the 1980s

•Went into seclusion in 1975 •Returned to the public light and began recording and touring •Tutu(1985) •Dressed in "what looked like a left-over Halloween costume"

In 1969, Miles Davis releases a record that features a new electronic instrument. List the name of the album, personnel and instruments.

Album: In A Silent Way a) Miles Davis, trumpet b) Wayne Shorter, tenor c) Joe Zawinul, synth/organ d) Herbie Hancock, e.piano e) Chick Corea, e. piano f) Dave Holland, bass g) John McLaughlin, guitar h) Tony Williams, drums

The 4 movement acknowledgment, resolution, pursuance, and psalm are part of a seminal recording. What is the name, label and year of this recording?

Album: A Love Supreme Label: Impulse Year: 1965

Art Ensemble of Chicago

Avant-Garde Jazz ensemble from Chicago; known for their multi-instrumentalism as well as their use of "little instruments," such as bicycle horns, bells and wind chimes.

1960

Avant-garde/free jazz emerged and developed during the ________s.

Major Figures in the Third Stream

Bandleaders •Gunther Schuller (1925-2015) •Jimmy Giuffre (1921-2008) •George Russell (1923-2009) •Don Ellis (1934-1978) •John Lewis (1920-2001)

Trumpet Avant-Garde/Free Jazz

Barbara Donald

Who founded Motown Records and in what year?

Bari Gordy in 1958

Esperanza Spalding

Bass - acoustic and electric vocals (contemporary) Won the Grammy Best New Artist in 2011, beat out Justin Bieber Teaches at Harvard "Unconditional Love" with Prof. Geri Allen

Progressive Jazz (1945-1947) was the music industry's response to declining record sales in a revolutionary style of jazz known as ____________.

Bebop

Thelenois Monk

Bebop Era; pianist; the Thelonious Monk Institute, one of the most prestigious of the private jazz programs, was founded in his honor.

1930s-1940s

Bebop started as a quite revolution in big bands and was played in the

Herbie Hancock

Became a star playing with Miles Davis, built his band into a group called Head Hunters. Was playing sold out concerts across the country with Miles Davis as his warm up band. Concentrated on combining elements of jazz, funk, R&B and soul.

Who did JJ Johnsons get his start with arranging?

Benny Carter

Origins of jazz:

Brass bands accommodating dancing

Front line instruments

Brass: trumpets and trombone Woodwinds: saxophone and clarinet

From which country did bossa nova emerge?

Brazil

What country inspired jazz during the cool period, especially Stan Getz' version of "Desafinado"?

Brazil

In 1954 Clifford Brown and Max Roach started a group called?

Brown and Roach Inc

This song was written to protest the governor who refused to comply with the ___________ decision.

Brown v. Board of Education

Among the pioneers of bebop was a man who applied the virtuoso style of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie to the piano.

Bud Powell

Bitches Brew

By Miles Davis that symbolized the era of fusion Recorded in 1969, released in 1970 Fusion of jazz and rock

Kind of Blue

By Miles Davis, 1959 The best selling jazz record Ushered in modality, modern jazz

Who was NOT known as a Progressive Jazz musician?

Charlie Parker

At age nineteen, Miles Davis was hired to play with

Charlie Parker.

king of alto sax

Charlie parker

Trumpeters who best exemplifies a west coast style?

Chet Baker

Piano Return to Forever Fusion

Chick Corea

•Light, airy, soft, and subdued sound •Unusual instruments for jazz (French horn, tuba, flute etc.) •restrained expressions, emphasis on mid register •a delicate balance between improvisation and composition •Performed by various sizes of ensemble •Based on bebop

Characteristics of Cool Jazz

Which composer was among the first to pay tribute in his music to great jazz musicians of the past, such as Lester Young and Jelly Roll Morton?

Charles Mingus

This song is performed by ________'s band.

Charlie Parker

Which Kansas City-born jazz saxophonist is known as a pioneer of bebop?

Charlie Parker

Call and Response

One musician plays a sort of call and another follows with the response; popular in the Blues

Palomar Ballroom

The Benny Goodman Orchestra played here after being rejected from numerous places. They decided to have a good time and play like it was their last night together, and the cheer of the crowd proved that the country was about to embark on the Swing Era.

jazz rock fusion

The Big Crossover in 1970-1980, Miles Davis, Electronic instruments

In 1962 Sonny Rollins released a landmark recording. This album also featured Jim Hall on guitar. What was the name of this record?

The Bridge

Which venue was particularly important to avant-garde jazz?

The Five Spot

This family band from Gary, IN was signed to Motown in 1969

The Jackson 5

The most important and influential band in the evolution of Hard Bop

The Jazz Messengers

Lions

The young ______ are the mostly African American male musicians born in the 1960s, playing jazz in traditional styles

This song is an example of the style called ____________.

Third Stream

Dave Brubeck

This cool jazz bandleader experimented with unusual time signature such as 9/8 and 5/4.

Modern Jazz Quartet

This cool jazz quartet included the vibraphonist Milt Jackson.