Bilogy Unit 2

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eggs, black beans, fish, poultry, cheese, milk

sources of protein in our diet.

--A compound consists of two or more distinct bonded atoms --a molecule is the smallest chemical subunit of a compound --a molecule may consist of two similar elements chemically bonded

statements regarding a compound and a molecule:

polymerization

synthesis of repeating molecules

cytosine, thymine

Adenine pairs with _____, and guanine pairs with_____in DNA.

hormone

Aids in the control of a specific function in the organism

a biological catalyst

An enzyme is:

True

An enzyme may react with several substrate chemicals simultaneously. TRUE or FALSE

ionic

A bond of the following elements would be of what type? Ca + 2Cl

organic

Any chemical compound which contains carbon.

to rearrange its configuration to result in a complete outer energy level

Chemical reactions are the result of an atom attempting:

False

Chemical reactions will occur independently of the reactant's temperature. TRUE or FALSE

steroids

Cholesterol belongs to the group of lipids called _____.

steroids, phospholipids, fats

Choose from the following list the three groups of lipids.

"If even one amino acid in a sequence of several hundred amino acids of a protein is changed, the whole nature of that protein will be changed.An example of the critical nature of a specific sequence is the hemoglobin (the oxygen-transporting molecule in the blood) of a person with sickle-cell disease. Only a single amino acid is different, but that mutation results in insufficient oxygen transport (sickle-cell anemia)."

Describe the effect on a protein if one or more amino acids are changed.

true

Each element consists of only one type of atom. TRUE or FALSE

protons

Each unique element is determined by the number of_______ occurring in the atom.

ion

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of electrons

17 18 17 17 35

Element: Chlorine Symbol: Cl # Protons # Neutrons # Electrons Atomic Number:

11 12 11 11 23

Element: sodium Symbol: Na # Protons # Neutrons # Electrons Atomic Number:

-1, 0, 1

Element:Chlorine Electrons Can Donate: Electrons Can Receive: Valence (incl. + or -):

0, 2, -2

Element:Oxygen Electrons Can Donate: Electrons Can Receive: Valence (incl. + or -):

are formed from accelerated decomposition of lipids

Enzymes:

electron

Exists in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom and carries a negative charge

four

How many electrons does carbon lack in its outer shell?

cation

Identify this symbol.

molecule

Identify this symbol. H2O

anion

Identify this symbol. OH -

they may not be able to react

If the reactants found in a cell are removed from the cell how will they behave chemically?

nitrogen

In addition to the elements found in carbohydrates and lipids, proteins contain the element

friction

In the chemical reaction that takes place in the lighting of a match, activation energy is supplied by _____.

A or B

In the figure illustrating the typical enzyme reaction, which is a substrate reactant?

substrate

Involved in a chemical reaction and is chemically changed by the reaction

atom

Identify this symbol. Ne

organic solvents

Lipids are soluble in solvents called

metabolism

The process by which organisms decompose food and synthesize energy and tissue is

True

Two bases connect the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder. TRUE or FALSE

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic code

the sharing of electrons by two or more atoms

A covalent bond is:

lipid

A group of organic compounds including fats and steroids

solvent

A liquid which acts to dissolve or suspend solutes

strong base

A pH of 12 indicates a(n):

strong acid

A pH of 2 indicates a(n):

catalyst

A substance which accelerates any chemical reaction but is not consumed by the reaction is called a

energy

An electron in the second energy level has more____than an electron in the first energy level.

hydrogen bond

An intermolecular force occuring between a hydrogen atom and fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms

peptide bonds

Bonds between amino acids are called

plants

Carbohydrates are produced readily by

diatomic

Containing two atoms

four

Matter can exist in how many phases

a molecule of two Nitrogen atoms

Nitrogen gas consists of:

hereditary

Nucleic acids carry the____codes of life.

True

Numerous different enzymes are produced by the cells. TRUE or FALSE

cofactor

Often enzymes require a______ in order for them to function as a catalyst.

carbohydrates

Organic compounds consisting of various compounds of sugar are generally called

False

Starch is a monosaccharide. TRUE or FALSE

units of C 6 H 12 O 6

Starch is made up of:

monosaccharide

The building block unit of carbohydrates; a simple sugar

hemoglobin

The oxygen-transporting protein in the blood is called

nucleus

The positively charged center of an atom

synthesis, growth, repair,decomposition, energy release,reversible reactions, equilibrium,synthesis and decomposition,exchange reactions, control of pH

Which processes are involved in metabolism?

to act as a catalyst in chemical reactions.

Why are enzymes necessary?

because it is capable of forming multiple covalent bonds

Why can carbon bond to many elements simultaneously?

ion

an atom which has gained or lost electrons

92

there are____ elements that can be found to occur in nature.

protein

An enzyme is a large____molecule

amino acid

basic units of proteins

synthesis reaction

bonds broken and elements released

inorganic

A chemical compound not containing carbon.

cation

A positively charged ion; an atom which has lost an electron.

two atoms exchange electrons and become ions

An ionic bond occurs when:

-is the attraction of two oppositely charged ions -involves actual transfer of electrons

An ionic bond:

False

Carbon is ideally suited to form ionic bonds. TRUE or FALSE

complex information, detailed instructions

Genetic codes contain:

True

Salts help to maintain the natural ionic concentration of an organism. TRUE or FALSE

hydrolysis

The breakdown of molecules by the addition of water:

atom

The smallest unit of an element

mixture

Two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined

antibodies, enzymes, hormones

Which of the following chemicals are proteins?

RNA reads and translates the DNA code

Which statement correctly relates to DNA and RNA:

anion

a negative ion

put together

The word "synthesize" means:

exchange reaction

simultaneous decomposition and synthesis

starch

A polymer of glucose units

polysaccharide

A polymer of simple sugars

True

A polysaccharide is a polymer of simple sugar. TRUE or FALSE

DNA

Carrying the genetic code and determining an organism's structure and function are the functions of:

forward reaction rate equals reverse reaction rate

Chemical equilibrium results if:

compound, molecule

HCl is an example of a(n):

--they are formed from different basic elements --the H/O ratio is different

How do lipids differ from carbohydrates?

Na+

How is a sodium ion symbol written?

anion

Identify this symbol. Cl -

1.an electron may change to an excited state 2.an electron may move to a higher energy level

If an atom is supplied with excess energy:

ionic bonds

Inorganic compounds are usually held together by

True

Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates. TRUE or FALSE

Law of Mass action or molecular concentration because they relate to the same principle

The rate and direction of reactions are greatly influenced by the:

green plants

The most abundant sources of carbohydrates are _____.

fats

The most highly concentrated source of energy in the body is

valence

The number of electrons lost or gained to complete an element's outer energy level

atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

phospholipids

The organic chemicals which help cell walls to conserve internal fluids are _____.

7

The pH of water is___because it contains an equal amount of H+ and OH- ions.

0 and 14

The pH scale ranges between__and__

protein

The physical properties of a _______are highly sensitive to the sequence in which the amino acids are linked.

reversible

The products and reactants of a(n) _____ will form at the same rate when equilibrium is attained.

active site

The region where the substrate molecule binds andreacts with the enzyme

atom

The smallest unit which retains the properties of an element is a(n)

electrons

The subatomic particles/ units which govern potential chemical reactions among elements are:

substrate chemical.

The substance on which the enzyme acts is called the

chemical bond

The union between atoms by the interaction of their electrons in the outermost energy level

polymerization

Two or more similar molecules unite, forming a larger complex molecule

polymer

Two or more simpler molecules strung together

the sequence of bases making up the "rungs" of the ladder

What determines the coded information contained within DNA?

energy is released

What happens when organic molecules decompose?

energy input

What is required for reactants to form bonds?

True

When fats decompose in an organism, energy is released. TRUE or FALSE

hydrolysis

decomposition using water

False

Water can only dissolve inorganic compounds.TRUE or FALSE

+1, -1, +2, -2, +3, -3

Which valences have the greatest tendency to form ions?

ionic bond

A bond formed by the electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions

covalent

A bond of the following elements would be of what type? 2H + O

covalent

A bond of the following elements would be of what type? C + 4H

lipid

A group of organic compounds including fats, steroids, and phospholipids

False

A hydrogen bond is completed by the transfer of its sole electron to another element. TRUE or FALSE

reactant

A substance which enters into a chemical reaction is called a

solute

A substance which is dissolved in a liquid.

product

A substance which results from a one-way chemical reaction is called a

carbohydrate

A sugar or polymer of sugar

synthesis

A(n)_______reaction occurs when a molecule is formed from the bonding of atoms, ions or simpler molecules.

catalyst

Accelerates a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions in the organism for maintenance of the processes of life

False

All the subatomic particles participate in chemical reactions. TRUE or FALSE

carbon

An organic molecule will always contain:

False

An organism can live without enzymes. TRUE or FALSE

Lipit: . Lipids: "insulation against cold"

Antibodies: proteins genetic code: Nucleic Acids Most readily available energy: Carbohydrates

number of protons

Any particular element can always be identified by its:

matter

Anything which occupies space and has mass

neutrons

Atomic mass is determined by the number of protons plus

chemical reaction

Atoms of elements or compounds interact to form at least one new compound

compound

Atoms of two or more elements chemically bonded to one another

True

Atoms which possess completed outer energy level or have a stable octet are inert. TRUE or FALSE

base

Capable of combining with hydrogen; it normally donates a hydroxyl (OH-)

protein

Large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

monosaccharides

The simplest sugars are generally called

photosynthesis

Carbohydrates are manufactured in plants by the process of

energy

Carbohydrates are the most readily available source of _____.

acid

Donates a hydrogen atom during disassociation.

carbohydrates,polymers,proteins,nucleic acids

Large organic molecules which are synthesized from multiple identical subunits are:

minerals

Naturally occurring compounds in the earth are called

not

Organic lipids will___dissolve in water.

synthesis reaction

Salts help to maintain the natural ionic concentration of an organism.

amino acids

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by incorrect sequencing of _____.

lipids

Steroids are:

energy level

The area surrounding the nucleus of an atom in which electrons are normally located

amino acid

The basic building block of proteins

hydrolysis

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules with water being a reactant

proteins

The building blocks of _____ are amino acids.

electrons

The common subatomic particles that make up an atom consist of protons, neutrons, and

polysaccharides

The complex sugars are generally called

salt

The compound formed by the ionic bonding of a cation and anion.

decomposition

The compound is broken into its constituent parts

8, 18

The first (n=1) energy level of an atom contains a maximum of 2 electrons, the second (n=2) energy level contains a maximum of ___, and the third (n=3) energy level contains a maximum of ___

exchange reaction

molecules rearrange and form new molecules

acid

produces H+ions when added to water

base

produces OH-ions when added to water

hydrogen bonds

Water molecules are attracted to each other by

buffer

A substance which will resist changes in pH within reasonable limits

base

A substance which yields a cation plus the hydroxyl ion in water is a(n):

acid

A substance which yields an anion plus a hydrogen ion is a(n):

nucleic acid

A sugar or polymer of sugar

disaccharide

A two-sugar polymer

covalent bond

A water molecule is held together by a

matter

What has mass and occupies space?

carbohydrate

a polymer of sugar

ionic

A bond of the following elements would be of what type? Na + Cl

dehydration synthesis

A bonding of subunits to form a polymer with the loss of water

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed between two atoms by the sharing of electrons

exchange reaction

A chemical reaction where the substrates trade constituent parts

protein

A large complex organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids

pH

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

CO2

A molecule of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen would be written:

hormone

A natural chemical which controls a specific body function is called a(n)

anion

A negatively charged ion is called a(n)

anion

A negatively charged ion; an atom which has gained an electron.

RNA

A nucleic acid which participates in the synthesis of proteins

cation

A positively charged ion is called a(n)

5,000

A protein may consist of as many as _____amino acid molecules.

enzyme

A protein molecule which speeds up a specific chemical reaction in biological systems

antibody

A protein specialized to defend the body against disease

antibody

A protein specialized to protect the body from disease is a(n)

nucleic acid

A sequence of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous organic bases

glucose

A simple sugar (C6H12O6) occurring in plant and animal tissues

neutron

A subatomic particle that carries no charge

proton

A subatomic particle with a positive charge

False

Many elements bond to carbon by exchanging electrons. TRUE or FALSE

two

Many elements exist naturally as a diatomic molecule. This means that the element is found in nature as ______chemically bonded atoms.

cannot arise by random undirected processes

Many scientists have concluded that coded information:

product

That which is produced as a result of a chemical reaction

double helix

The DNA molecule has a structure similar to a

Law of Mass Action

The concentration of reactant product influences the rate and net direction of a reversible reaction

paired

The connecting bases of DNA are always made of ___sets.

activation energy

The energy required to start a chemical reaction

proteins, fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

The four organic molecules common to organisms are _____.

nucleic acids

The largest and most sophisticated molecules in a cell are _____.

atomic mass

The mass of an element

reversible reaction

The reactants used to form the products can also be synthesized from those products

molecule

The smallest unit of a compound is a(n

4

The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA are connected to one another by sequences of___different bases.

hydrogen, oxygen

The two elements besides carbon found in carbohydrates are _____.

molecule

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

a compound partitions into its components

What occurs during a decomposition reaction?

chemical equilibrium

When a reversible reaction is occurring in both directions at the same rate

are usually ions of the original elements

When compounds which are formed from ionic bonds decompose, the products:

separate into ions

When salts are dissolved in water they:

when less than half of the outer energy level is filled

When will an atom give up electrons?

A. electrons of a neutral atom always equals the number of protons

Which statement is correct? A. electrons of a neutral atom always equals the number of protons B. neutrons always equal the number of protons C. neutrons always equal the number of electrons D. atomic weight is identical to atomic mass

carbohydrate polymers formed

Which statement represents dehydration synthesis?

reversible

Which type of reaction is dependent on the concentration of the products and reactants?

cation

a positive ion

exchange

a______reaction occurs when the bonds of the reacting compounds are broken and new combinations are formed.

reversible

a_____reaction occurs when the reactants are reproduced by reaction of the products.

complete

alence is the number of electrons an atom must gain or lose in order to ______ its outer energy level or have a stable octet.

RNA

an acid located in the cell nucleus

decomposition

an_____reaction occurs when ionic or covalent bonds are broken and elements, ions, or simpler molecules are formed.

--an attraction between polar molecules --inter-molecular force between hydrogen and oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen

characteristics of a hydrogen bond:

carbon. oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

four of the most abundant elements found in plants and animals.

reversible reaction

molecules formed from components

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

most common elements which bond to carbon.

cofactor

plays an important role in activating that enzyme


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