BIM

BIM-based clash detection

-3d geometry-based clash detection + semantic & rule-based clash analysis

Telecommunication room

-A central room for telephone and data sytems. -located in the basement or on the ground floor as close to the telecommunications service entrance as possible. -should be configured with ease of access and max flexibility

Information contractors want from BIM

-Detailed building information -temporary components: Equipment, formwork, scaffolding... etc. that are critical to the sequencing and planning -Specification information associated with each building component: link to textual information specification 9this information is needed for procurement, installation, and commissioning) -Analysis data related to performance levels and project requirements: structural, mechanical, electrical... etc. for fabrication & MEP detailing -Design and construction status: track and validate the progress of components

Type of subcontractors & fabricators providers

-ETO component producers -Design Service Providers -Specialist Coordinators

Fire Walls: Requirements

-Fire resistance rating of 2-4 hr -must be constructed as 2 separate walls (independently supported by structure on opposite sides) -must limit the chance for fire to jump from one side to other

Benefits of BIM process

-Marketing & tendering -reduced product cycle time -reduced design coordination errors -lower engineering and detailing costs

Fan room

-Multiple fans distributed throughout the building are often desirable -allow the building to be zoned for better local control -reduce the total volume of ductwork in the building

International Building Code allows these mixed uses to be treated as either

-Nonseparated occupancy -Separated occupancy

Counted

-Occupancy loads -Egress requirements

Separated occupancy

-Segregated from one another by fire separations

Planning Service Cores

-Space for the vertical distribution of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing services in a large building need to be planned simultaneously with other bldg elements that are vertically continuous or that tend to occur in stacks

Nonseparated occupancy

-There are no requirements for fire separation between them, and allowable building height and area are determined for the whole structure by applying the requirements of the most restrictive occupancy throughout.

NOT counted

-Toward the # of floors -Area limits of a building

Mixed-Uses

-When two or more Occupancy Groups are combined in one building, the IBC

Interface to management information systems

-a 2 way interface to communicate with procurement, production control, shipping, and accounting information system

Specialist coordinators

-a comprehensive ETO product provision service: organizing designers, material suppliers, and fabricators under a 'virtual' subcontracting company

Plumbing

-a plumbing wall has an internal cavity large enough to house the supply, waste, and vent piping necessary to serve the fixtures -plumbing walls should be stacked vertically from the bottom of the building to the top -its possible to offset plumbing walls a few feet from one floor to the next

all water systems

-air is circulated locally (duct is eliminated) -heated and chilled water are furnished to each space -water piping is much smaller than equivalent ductwork -most compact of all

air and water systems

-air is ducted to each space & heated water and chilled water are piped to each space, where they are used to modify the temperature of the circulated air at each outlet to meet local demands -circulate less air, which makes it somewhat more compact and easier to house in a building

pros and cons (air & water )

-all air systems offer excellent control of interior air quality. the central air handling equipment can be designed for precise control of fresh air, filtration, humidification, dehumidification, heating,and cooling -air and water & all water systems, besides saving space, can offer better individual temperature control

estimating

-assessing conditions in the project that impact cost (unusual wall conditions, unique assemblies.. etc.) -optimize prices from subcontractors and suppliers.

4d tools

-bentley & autodesk

BIM model consists of

-building components -geometries + attributes: group of entities -quantity -activity -necessary resources: labor, equipment, material... etc. -associated time and cost information -for construction planning: scheduling -4d model -5d model: 3d + time + financial aspects

Local Zoning Ordinances control

-building uses -heights -areas -distances from property lines -on-site parking capacities

Why subcontractors and fabricators use BIM

-buildings have become increasingly complex. -they are one of a kind products requiring multi-disciplinary design and fabrication skills. -Engineered to order (ETO)

constraints are often imposed

-by local fire districts -by state regulations pertaining to particular uses -by national regulations governing equal access to public facilities and housing

all-air systems

-central fans circulate conditioned air to and from the spaces through long runs of ductwork

pros and cons

-central system are generally quieter & more energy efficient -central equipment tends to last longer -local system occupy less space -local system are often more economical to buy and install

Chilled water plant

-chiller gives off heat,noise, and vibration -in large building a long narrow room is usually preferable to a square one

4d model benefits

-communication multiple stakeholder input -site logistics -trade coordination -compare schedules and tract construction progess

engineered-to-order components

-customized to fit a specific location and fulfill certain building functions

ETO component producers

-detailed design, engineering, fabrication, and erection of their products

Design Service Providers

-do not participate in actual fabrication and onsite installation -structural steel detailer, precase concrete design and detailing engineers, and specialized facade and curtain wall designers

Hydraulic Elevator

-economical -a machine room approx 45 sq ft required -for vertical distances up to 40-60 ft

Types of estimating software

-export quantities to estimating software -directly link BIM components to estimating software -quantity takeoff tool

Electric Traction Elevator (mechanical)

-for greater heights - Has its hosting machinery located in a penthouse machine room above the top of the elevator shaft -inside dimension must be approx 9 ft high - located exactly over the top of the elevator shaft -compact hoisting machinery (machine roomless elevators)

clash type

-hard clash: objects occupy the same space -soft clash (clearance clash): objects are too close (insufficient space for access, insulation, safety.. etc.)

central system

-heat is supplied to a building or extracted from it by large equipment situated in one or several large mechanical spaces -air and water is heated and distributed to the area of building by ductwork or piping

water pumps

-in a building taller than 3 or 4 stories, a suction tank and a pair of water pumps are needed to boost the water pressure in the domestic water system -a similar pair of pumps are required for a sprinkler system -a chiller for drinking water and a heat exchanger to heat domestic hot water are often located in the same area

Fan Rooms

-in all air system, an air handling unit in a fan room circulates air through a filter and thermostatically controlled hot water and chilled water coils to condition it -may be located anywhere in the building (hot & chilled water through insulated pipes from the boiler room and chilled water plant)

local system

-independent, self-contained pieces of heating and cooling equipment are situated throughout the building

boiler room and chimney

-large buildings contain at least 2 boilers -All boilers connected to a single chimney -Common location: a basement, a mechanical room on grade, a mechanical floor, or the roof. -boiler room and chilled water plant are often combined in a single room, or next to each other.

new ways of working

-lean construction -less paper in construction -increased distribution of work

Types of building components

-made-to-stock components -made-to-order components -engineered-to-order components

Tools & Processes

-manual method using 3d or 2d tools -built-in 4d features in a 3d or bim tool -export 3d/bim to 4d tool and import schedule

Specification

-may not exceed 1/3 of the open area of a room -required to remain open

precast concrete

-more complex than modeling structural steel: internal parts -> rebar, pre-stress strands, steel embeds. -greater freedom in shapes and a rich variety of surface finishes

electrical & telecom closets

-must be accessible from public areas of the floor -must be stacked above one another -must include wiring shafts, and must be kept free of plumbing, steam, and other types of wiring

Transition to BIM

-not a natural progression from computer-aided drafting. -> it involves a paradigm shift from drawing to modeling.

Business occupancies include

-office -professional -service activities -storage of related records and accounts.

multiple stakeholder input

-often used in community forums to present to laypersons how a project might impact traffic or other critical community concerns

structural steel

-overall structure is divided into distinct parts that can be easily fabricated, transported to the site, erected, and joined

General BIM system requirement for fabricators

-parametric and customizable parts & relationships -reporting components for fabrication

communication

-planners can visually communicate the planned construction process to all project members

Made-to-order components

-pre-stressed hollow-core planks, and windows and doors selected from catalogs

marketing & tendering

-preliminary design & estimating -3d with visual communication

lean construction

-process improvement : building may be built to meet clients' needs while consuming minimal resources -focus on workflow stability, with an emphasis on identifying and removing obstacles and bottlenecks -pull flow control

communication tool

-revealing portential bottleneck conditions in construction -a method to improve collaboration

general contractor

-some self-perform works & hire subcontractors for specialized services -some only manage the construction process & hire subcontractors for all construction works -design-build GC firm: responsible for design and construction

general considerations

-sometimes a number of spaces with similar thermal requirements can be grouped into a larger zone -sometimes rooms must be put in separate zones because they have differing requirements for air quality of temperature -sometimes different zones must be established to deal effectively with different rates of internal generation of heat

made-to-stock components

-standard plumbing fixtures, drywall panels and studs, pipe sections

Engineered to order (ETO) components

-structural steel -precast concrete structure -architectural facades -curtain walls of various types -mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems -timber roof trusses -reinforced concrete tilt-up panels

Floor Opening & Atrium

-subject to special restrictions intended to protect occupants against the rapid spread of smoke or fire between floors. -protected by sprinklers -be provided with a mechanical smoke control system

lower engineering and detailing costs

-through the increased use of automated design and analysis software -almost fully automated production of drawings and material takeoffs -reduced rework due to enhanced quality control and design coordination

Major advantages of BIM Technology for construction

-time & money -a smoother and better planned construction process that save time and money -reduces the potential for errors & conflicts

4d model processes

-tools & processes -bim tools with 4d capability -4d tools

Minimum toilet fixture requirements in IBC

-type of occupancy -number of occupants served

Plumbing considerations

-under most circumstances, separate toilet facilities are required for each sex

Cooling towers

-unhealthy conditions from the splash, fog, and microorganisms given off by the towers

outside transformers

-usually mounted on a ground-level concrete pad -less expensive, cools beter, easier to service, transmits less noise to the building, and safe against fire

information visualization

-visualizing management information in 3d view

Vertical Transportation Considerations

-walking distance from the elevator lobby to any room should not exceed 150 ft -elevators serving the same zone of the building should be arranged in a single bank - elevator shafts are noisy

drinking fountains

1 per 100

Variable Air Volume (VAV)

Air is conditioned at a central source -> supply and return fans circulate through ducts -> at each zaonem a thermostat controls temperature by regulating the colume of air

Prospect

Downsizing of drafting staff, addition of modeling roles by architects and engineers

Fire Areas

Fire-rated walls and floor/ceilings assemblies may be used to subdivide portions of a building into FIRE AREAS -> Frequently as a means of avoiding sprinkler requirements

Gathering spaces less than 750 sq ft in area or accommodating fewer than 50 persons are treated as..

Group B, Business occupancies

Mercantile Occupancy

Includes the display and sale of retail and wholesale merchandise and the related stocking of such goods.

Three systems

Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing - ducts for HVAC -piping runs for water and gas supply for disposal -routing trays and control boxes for electrical and communication systems

Typical organization of Project Team

Owner Client -> Architect -> Other designers & engineers Owner/Client -> general contractor -> Fabricators General contractor -> subcontractors -> building Product suppliers

A-2

This group includes food and drink establishments

R-2

This group includes residential facilities where occupants are primarily permanent such as apartment houses, nontransient boarding houses.

R-1

This group includes residential facilities where occupants are transient, such as hotels, motels, and transient boarding houses.

Why is the collaborative tool important?

To contribute their knowledge to the project during the design phase, when they can add significant value.

a multiuse building may incorporate parking, retail shops, lobbies, offices, and apartment, each requiring _________

a different type of heating and cooling system.

Building Information Modeling

a human activity that ultimately involves broad process changes in architecture, engineering and construction

interoperability

ability to communicate information between their bim systems and those of designers, engineers, general contractors, and other fabricators.

Floor-wide horizontal distribution

advantage: all electrical and communications services are available at any point in the area

Mezzanines

an intermediate platform located between the floor and ceiling of a room

Fire walls

are used to divide structure into 2 or more parts such that each distinct part may then be considered a separate building for the purpose of determining its allowable height and area.

early design phase

areas & volumes (type of space, perimeter, lengths, etc.)

design phases

detailed spatial & material quantities

In commercial bldg, where each tenant will be billed separately for heating and cooling costs, ____ will constitute a separate zone

each tenant space

Rough out zoning scheme for the building

establishing separate controlled zones so that thermal comfort can be achieved throughout a building

electrical system

every building has electrical transformers, meters, and a panel or switchgear

water closets

first 50 occupants: 1 per 25

lavatories

first 80 occupants: 1 per 40

Standard efforts

gathering steam

owners of large buildings usually provide their own transformers and purchasing electricity at the...

higher transmission voltage

Green building

increasingly demanded by a public consciousness

BIM's primary contribution for general contractors and fabricators is...

it enables virtual construction

reduced product cycle time

lean production

disadvantage of VAV

limited in the range of heating and cooling demand within a single system

Advantage of VAV

offers local temperature control at moderate cost

Automated model verification tools for checking

program compliance & constructability

compare schedules and tract construction progress

project managers can compare alternatives schedules easily, and they can quickly identify project status

building codes

regulate everything from building heights and areas to the types of interior finish materials that may be used.

BIM tools with 4d capability

revit architecture & digital project

a large business or mercantile bldg might be divided into _________ to fit the capacities of the fans and ductwork or the capacities of package air conditioning systems

several large zones of approximately equal size

The zoning of a building is significant in the early stages of design because it may...

suggest a choice of heating and cooling system.

buildings are classified by..

the activities for which they are used, termed occupancy group.

Integrated Project Delivery (IDP)

where a joint contract requires that the architect, designers, general contractor, and key trade contractors work together from the start of a project, makes the best use of BIM as a collaborative tool.

Zoning may also have an impact on ...

where the major equipment spaces are placed

buildings in which solar heat gain through windows is a major component of the cooling load need to be zoned according to the various ..

window orientations

Problems

- a large number of meaningless clashes -cannot detect clashes between objects within other objects

automation of fabrication tasks

- bim software tool and automation of the fabrication tasks should be carefully considered

Scheduling methods

- critical path method: such as microsoft project -line of balancing scheduling: such as vico control

4d Model

- initially developed in the late 1980s -> custom and commercial tools in the mid to late 1990s -primary functionality: communication tool

site logistics

- planners can manage lay-down areas, access to and within the site, location of large equipment, traliers... etc.