BIO 100: Exam 2
What is the probability of having four girls in a row?
1/8
What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring (assuming independent assortment)? AABb x AaBb->AAbb
1/8
When a population has a gene with two alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?
3
How long would the peptide be that is translated from this mRNA sequence: 5'-AUG GGC UAC CGA-3'?
4 amino acids
Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'-ATG GCC GGT TAT TAA GCA-3'
5'-AUG GCC GGU UAU UAA GCA-3'
You have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip?
50%
Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the "X" chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia?
50% of the boy children
A strawberry has ___ (it's octoploid) sets (or copies) of DNA
8
Natural Selection:
:The process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Adaptation:
A heritable trait that aids the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present environment (match of the organism to the environment).
What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?
A plasmid
What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?
AB, Ab, aB, ab
A strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of TAG CTA C will have a complementary strand with the sequence ___.
ATC GAT G
The honey bee waggle dance is an example of which of the following? Why is the honeybee waggle described as altruistic?
Altruistic behavior and Signaling. Because one animal's action benefits the other animal.
Evolution:
Change in populations over time. (An individual CANNOT evolve, only a population can).
Three things must be true for natural selection to occur:
Characteristics have to be heritable More offspring are produced that survive (limited resources) Offspring are varied
Three domains of life:
Archaea, Eukaryote, and Prokaryote
In which of these scenarios would asexual reproduction be most appropriate?
Constant and predictable habitat.
What is DNA proofreading?
Correction of DNA mutations.
Mutation:
Creates one allele out of another allele, and changes an allele's frequency by a small but continuous amount each generation. (Incremental changes of an allele that occurs in each generation). It's a change in a gene/DNA, and it causes cancer/illnesses or variation, or makes no difference.
Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?
Cytoplasm
Why do your chromosomes come in pairs?
Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father.
What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?
Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene.
In a certain movie about a clownfish in the Great Barrier Reef off of Australia, a barracuda approaches the nest of the clownfish while the father fish is above the nest in their anemone home. The father sees what is happening! Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to display in this situation?
Distraction.
Which of the following are BENEFITS to living in a social group? Choose all that apply.
Division of labor Predator avoidance Best mate choice Cooperative hunting Social interaction and development
What are some factors that affect a species' evolution?:
Food, temp, space, competition
Which of the following is an example of INNATE behavior?
Jerking your hand away from a hot stove.
Which of the following does cytosine pair with?
Guanine
How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize?
He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand.
Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces SEXUALLY? .
Hermaphroditism.
Why are all the eggs in humans X and never Y?
Human females only have X genes to put into their eggs.
A nucleotide is made of _______.
Sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
If the sequence of a newly synthesized strand is ATG TAC G, what is the sequence of the original parental strand?
TAC ATG C
The movement of one's face to display a given emotion is considered to be universal among most cultures.
TRUE.
Which of the following is a type of innate behavior?
Taxis.
Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?
Longer distance between divided groups.
What is gene regulation?
Mechanism to turn specific genes on or off. Addition or removal of methyl tags may be influenced by environment; diet, exercise, stress, chemicals
What are the Four Mechanisms of Evolution?
Mechanisms of Evolution: 1. Natural Selection 2. Mutation 3. Genetic Drift 4. Migration (gene flow)
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.
Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?
Natural selection.
In Pavlov's experiment the following was true:
The conditioned response was the dog salivating when he heard a bell ring.
Which of the following is an example of LEARNED behavior?
Not talking and listening for instructions when your teacher is talking to the class.
Transcription happens in the ___ ; transcription is DNA → RNA.
Nucleus
Where does transcription take place in human cells?
Nucleus
The original DNA template strand sequence is as follows: ACC TTA ATA ACC. A mutation in the DNA gives origin to the following sequence: ACC TTA AAT AAC C. What type of mutation is this?
Insertion
DNA replicates by which of the following models?
Semiconservative.
**Which of these characters is most typical of a subspecies?
Show intermediate characters where their boundaries meet.
Most helpful forensic tools (that actually works):
DNA Drug testing Fingerprints Matching hair Ballistics Eyewitness Burn patterns in arson Bite marks
What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Which of the following mating systems would most likely be monogamous?
The male guards the female closely, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring.
A fossil of terrestrial reptile is found in the same sediment layer in western Africa as eastern South America. What is the most likely cause for this observation?
The species lived during a time when these continents were part of Gondwana.
Which of the following describes natural selection in a population of mammals?
The species varies in the length of their legs; water levels rise and the habitat becomes swampy; the individuals with shorter legs are better able to swim to food; the population evolves to become shorter-legged.
*Half of the gametes produced by an organism with genotype Aa will receive the A allele while half will receive the a allele.
This is an example of segregation.
Which of the following is the MAIN REASON (discussed here) that animals live in groups?
To mate.
What is the order of transcription and translation?
Transcription -- > Translation
We smashed the berry to destroy the cell wall ____.
break open the cell.
The purpose of the salt is to ___. We then filtered to remove the chunks.
break up proteins that may be stuck the DNA (the sodium displaces the protein because it is positively charged).
Human behavior, like other mammalian behavior, is determined by ______.
by a mixture of genes and learning.
A reproductive mistake is ______.
choosing a mate who will produce young that do not survive.
A dog salivating when it hears the sound of a can opener is an example of _______.
classical conditioning.
The most prominent method of human learning is ___.
cognitive learning, the manipulation of information using the mind,
When people from varying cultural backgrounds display different cultural rules of emotion, this is an example of _______.
cultural display rule.
An appropriate basis for distinguishing human races is ________.
culture and personal identity.
Translation happens in the ___; translation is RNA → Protein
cytoplasm
Which situation is NOT an example of a prezygotic barrier? a. Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year. b. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. c. Two species of birds display different mating dances. d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.
d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.
Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal?
either fission or fragmentation
Speciation occurs when _______.
enough differences accumulate between two populations that they can no longer interbreed.
The word "theory" in theory of evolution is best replaced by _______.
fact.
Females tend to be in charge of mating because _______.
females have more to lose if they choose poorly.
Process of Gel electrophoresis:
gel electrophoresis uses an agarose gel to separate DNA based on size, then an electric current is applied to the gel and the DNA migrates toward the positive charge. The larger the DNA fragments the slower they move, the smaller the faster. This means large fragments are up top and small frags are down lower.
One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of _______.
genetic drift and founder effect.
Innate behaviors are ____ inherited.
genetically
The existence of superficial differences among groups of humans is primarily due to _______.
geographic isolation.
If mom's genotype is Bb, her eggs will be ______.
half B and half b
Melanin in the skin _______.
helps protect from UV energy.
The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.
homologous structures
A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.
homozygous
Classical and operant conditioning are ___ ways for humans and other intelligent animals to learn.
inefficient
The now discredited idea about how traits are acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population is called _______.
inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________ .
inside the nucleus, DNA
The sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called ___.
kin selection.
Undirected movement in response to a stimulus is _______.
kinesis.
Parents are naturally selected to _______ the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care ________exist when the benefits are substantially greater than the costs.
maximize, will
Homologous Structures (hummingbirds & ostriches):
meaning they share similarities (despite their differences resulting from evolutionary divergence). From a common ancestor, meaning it's divergent evolution.
*During protein synthesis, the DNA remains in the ___.
nucleus.
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
occurs as a result of experience.
The ability of rats to learn how to push a lever to get food is an example of ___.
operant conditioning.
Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?
When members of closely related species reproduce. (Ex: Horses and donkeys mating and reproducing mules).
Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? a. A flood causes the formation of a new lake. b. A storm causes several large trees to fall down. c. A mutation causes a new trait to develop. d. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.
a. A flood causes the formation of a new lake.
Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?
a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d. All of the above Answer: d
Which of the following are costs of parental investment?
a. Time b. Energy c. Resources d. Risk e. Only a few offspring f. All of the above Answer: f
Human skin color can indicate ________.
a. race b. cultural heritage c. predisposition to disease d. None of the above Answer: d
Probability Terms: "Or" in a sentence means to ___. "And then" in a sentence means to ___.
add; multiply
A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______.
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
VNTRs:
are repeating base pair sequences that occur all along the DNA molecule and have a repetitive nucleotide pattern, like CAA CAA CAA CAA.
Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his/her ___.
phenotype.
The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ___.
phenotype.
Natural select works at the ___ level, but is based on underlying ____ ____.
phenotypic; genetic variation
We then added ethanol and the purpose of that is to ___.
precipitate the DNA from the strawberry (bring it up and isolate it.
According to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are separate species because they ______.
produce hybrids, called mules, and the hybrids cannot produce offspring.
Asexual reproduction _________.
results in offspring that are clones of the parent.
The purpose of the detergent is to ____.
separate the components of the cell.
Ecomorph:
share similar habitat but in different places, similar morphology and behavior, but do not have common ancestors (aren't evolutionarily close).
Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.
single-stranded circular; single-stranded linear chromosomes.
*A population's allele and genotype frequencies are inherently ___ unless some type of ___ ____ is acting on the population.
stable; evolutionary force
Unless evolutionary forces are acting on a population the allele frequency of the gene pool will _______.
stay the same.
The modern, social definition of race is based on ______ national affiliation
superficial physical differences.
Theory of epigenetic inheritance:
the idea that environmental factors (smoking, diet, stress) can affect the genes of your children.
During replication the DNA helix is maintained, but ________________ .
the individual base pairs are "unzipped" by a specific enzyme.
Migration (Gene flow):
the movement of alleles from one population to another.
The main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid is _______.
the source of the extra chromosomes
Sexual Dimorphism:
two sexes exhibit different characteristics
Convergent Evolution:
when similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species. (Similar organisms develop similar traits despite living in different areas)
Divergent Evolution:
when two species evolve in different directions from a common point (ancestor). (When they have a common ancestry, but they diverge and develop different characteristics)
DNA: At The Grand Canyon
(Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?
Epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels
In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?
All offspring with red eyes.
In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?
All offspring with red eyes.
The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?
Descent with modification.
Altruistic behavior improves the fitness of the individual performing the behavior.
FALSE.
The theory of evolution provides an explanation for the origin of live on earth.
FALSE.
Which of the following techniques allows for DNA fragments to be separated by size?
Gel electrophoresis
Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?
Gene flow.
All of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population is called?
Gene pool.
Genetic drift:
Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies due to chance in randomly mating populations. Genetic drift occurs in all populations. Genetic drift will eventually lead to the loss of all but one allele of a gene, termed fixation.
A lek of male Prairie Chickens presents an interesting paradox. The noisy group of males is more likely to attract the attention of a predator than would a lonely male dancing by himself. What is a possible benefit that outweighs this major cost to participating in the lek and making a male Prairie Chicken so obvious to enemies?
Males in leks are more likely to find mates and pass on their genes.
In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?
Mutation and gene flow.
What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?
One involves the movement of the organism, whereas the other involves a change in the environment.
Positive and negative reinforcement are associated with which of the following?
Operant conditioning.
What is likely to happen over many generations to the coloration of the spiders?
The coloration after several generations depends on which, if either, of the colors has the greatest impact on fitness
Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a pair of genes in which the gene for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the gene for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype?
There should be one green for every one yellow seed.
Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?
These genes are inherited independently of each other.
Analogous Structures (bats & bugs):
They are similar in function and appearance, but do not share an origin in a common ancestor. Instead they evolved independently in the two lineages. This happens due to convergent evolution.
In different types of cells lining the stomach is the genome (DNA) different or the same?
They are the same. The DNA/genes are the same, but there are different codes turning the genes on and off. Whether or not they get turned on depends on your environment.
Which of the following situations would be beneficial for living alone? Choose all that apply.
You are a large predatory cat that lives in the branches of small trees, space is cramped. You are a small reptile prone to getting parasites that are highly contagious.
Central Dogma is ___.
[DNA Replication ]DNA → [Transcribe] RNA → [Translate]
Alternate forms of a gene are called ___.
alleles.
Habituation happens when ________.
an individual stops responding to an old stimulus (gets used to it).
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is ___.
an organism with an artificially altered genome.
We then added the extraction buffer, which was ___ and ___.
detergent and salt
The overwhelming acceptance of the theory of evolution by scientists is due to _______.
overwhelming evidence.
The biological definition of a species is a group of ___________ .
populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Evolution acts on _______.
populations.
Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.
segregation.
The wings of a penguin are examples of _______.
vestigial structures.