BIO 100 Unit 2 Pre-Assignment Questions
Select the statements that best describe how nucleotides pair with one another in a DNA molecule. Select the TWO answers that are correct.
-Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. -Nucleotides pair with each other, joining two strands of DNA by hydrogen bonding.
What is the difference between mutagens and carcinogens?
-All carcinogens are mutagens. -Carcinogens are any substance that damages DNA and can lead to cancer.
Cell cycle checkpoints detect and control
-DNA content. -signals that promote cell division. -DNA damage. -proper chromosome alignment.
Which statement accurately describes how genes, chromosomes, and proteins are related?
A gene on a chromosome encodes a protein.
What is a possible consequence of a mutation affecting a nucleotide in a coding sequence of an mRNA molecule?
An incorrect amino acid is added to the growing chain, resulting in a defective protein that potentially does not function properly.
What causes cancer to kill people?
Cancer cells crowd out normal cells and disrupt organ functions
Which of these does NOT occur during mitosis?
Chromosomes are replicated.
_____ on mRNA interact with _____ on tRNA to allow the _____ to connect amino acids in the correct order during translation.
Codons; anticodons; ribosome
Which statement about PCR is true?
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR.
How are DNA and proteins related?
DNA stores the information needed to synthesize proteins.
Why can the same short tandem repeat region vary in length between the two copies of a chromosome of an individual?
Each chromosome is inherited from a different parent.
Is the genome of stem cells larger than that of specialized cells?
No, because all of a person's cells have the identical set of genes in their genome.
How does CRISPR allow for precise modification of genetic material?
The enzyme used to cut the DNA matches up with a specific gene sequence where the cut is to be made.
What may happen when a mutation changes the amino acid sequence of a protein?
The protein may become less effective, more effective, or altogether nonfunctional.
Which statement accurately describes amino acid side chains?
They provide unique functions and allow for the correct folding of proteins.
Similar to the process of transcription, tRNA molecules bring amino acids to mRNA molecules during translation using base-pairing rules. Identify the anticodons that match the mRNA sequence AUGUCAUGGACU.
UAC, AGU, ACC, and UGA
A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG. What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?
UAGCUAAC
Select the best description of a short tandem repeat.
a nucleotide sequence of at least two bases that is continuously repeated in a DNA strand
A protein is made up of a chain of _____.
amino acids
What is encoded by a single codon?
an amino acid
What is a transgenic organism?
an organism that contains genes from a different species
Cancer consists of too much
cell division
Scientists altered the gene for spidroin so that it could be isolated from yeast by attaching the _____.
coding sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast regulatory sequence
Identify the part of the mRNA molecule and tRNA molecules that correspond with one another in translation.
codon and anticodon
Which of the following describes sister chromatids?
identical copies of a chromosome held together by a centromere
What factor does gel electrophoresis use to separate DNA molecules?
length of individual DNA molecules
_____is the product of transcription, and _____ is the product of translation.
mRNA; a protein
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double-stranded DNA molecules consists of _____.
one old strand and one new strand
In addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide?
phosphate and sugar
A person can be deficient in the production of a protein if he or she has a mutation in the:
regulatory region or the coding region of a gene.
The _____ control(s) the timing of gene expression.
regulatory sequence for a gene
The biological function of stem cells is to _____.
replenish existing stem cells and differentiate into specific cell types
In normal cells, tumor suppressors are
required for DNA repair or programmed cell death.
In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during
s phase
A mutation would most likely be inherited if it is located in a ____ cell.
sperm
What is the function of DNA?
stores chemically coded, heritable information in an organism
A proto-oncogene is a gene that
tells the cell to go through the cell cycle.
Cellular differentiation, or cell specialization, results from _____.
the "turning off" of some genes and the "turning on" others
An individual's STR may vary from the same STR of another individual by
the number of times the sequence is repeated.
Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skin cells has _____.
the same genome and a different pattern of gene expression
What determines a protein's function?
the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
to ensure that cell cycle phases proceed only when the cell is ready
The end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is
two cells identical in size and genetic material.
Which of the following is not a nucleotide found in DNA?
uracil
Complete the following statements regarding the steps necessary to copy a DNA sequence during PCR: 1) The two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by _____. 2) The enzyme _____ "reads" each template strand and adds _____ to make a new strand.
1) heat, 2) DNA polymerase; complementary nucleotides