BIO 101 Chapter 9

fermentation and cellular respiration efficiency

-fermentation is extremely inefficient -produces just 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule compared to about 29 ATP molecules per glucose molecule in cellular respiration -organisms never use fermentation if theres an appropriate electron acceptor available for cellular respiration

mitochondria

-inside the mitochondria material can lie in the inter membrane space in the mitochondrial matrix -the molecules create an electron transport chain that enables ATP production

alcohol fermentation

-pyruvate is enzymatically converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 -acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH -ethanol and NAD+ are produced -occurs in yeast

lactic acid fermentation

-pyruvate produced by glycolysis -accepts electrons from NADH -lactate and NAD+ are produces -occurs in muscle cells

oxidative phosphorylation

-third stage of cellular respiration -as a result, ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis -occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in

NADH

glycolysis

a 6-carbon glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvate. Net result: 2 ATP produced and NAD+ is reduced to 2 NADH -First stage of cellular respiration -occurs in cytoplasm -anaerobic (no CO2 present)

DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA which accurately describes this process

anabolic process

an allosteric inhibitor does which of the following

binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate

transition reaction

both pyruvate sugars are split apart forming 2 acetyl sugars. produced: 2 CO2 and 2 NADH

concentration gradient

during the transport of electrons in cellular respiration a concentration gradient of H+ ions is formed across the inner membrane into the inter membrane space

citric acid cycle

each acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 -second stage of cellular respiration -occurs in mitochondria -aerobic

cellular respiration

energy is released in small amounts that can be captured by a biological system and stored in ATP -glucose loses its hydrogen atoms and is ultimately converted to CO2 -at the same time, O2 gains hydrogen atoms and its converted to H2O -occurs in mitochondria

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule.

glucose; ATP

cellular respiration is 40% efficient, the rest of the energy is lost as___

heat

which of the following is true as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration

it is broken down into carbon dioxide

You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of fat on a diet. Where did the fat go?

it was released as CO2 and H20

what might decrease your energy levels and make you feel fatigue easily

low levels of glucose in your blood, malfunctioning mitochondria due to a genetic disorder, low levels of oxygen in the air

why do plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria

mitochondria breaks down sugars produced by photosynthesis to provide energy for the cellular work of the plant

Whenever one molecule is loosing H+ another molecule is accepting them. In cellular respiration, who gained the H+ atoms?

oxygen

the energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is

providing energy to coupled reactions

pyruvate processing

pyruvate is processed to form acetyl CoA, during which another NADH is produced

which activity would produce lactic acid via anaerobic respiration

sprinting 100 meters

which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy

sucrose

which contains more energy an ATP molecule or a sugar molecule

sugar molecule

ATP synthases

the concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP synthesizes and enzymes found in the membrane, and ATP is produced

dehydrogenase

the enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule, requires a coenzyme NAD+ to shuttle electrons -NAD+ can become reduced when it accepts electrons and oxidized when it gives them up

chemiosmosis

the potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP