BIO 101 FINAL REVIEW: CHAPTERS 1-10

When Anna Eaton was deciding whether to vaccinate her baby, Caroline, she came across the fact that the onset of autism symptoms typically occurs around 16-24 months of age. Most children receive the MMR vaccine around the age of 15 months. This is an example of a _______.

correlation, but there is no support for a cause-effect relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.

You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar. The easiest way to do this would be to?

determine whether the compound dissolves in water.

O2, also termed atmospheric oxygen, is formed by a covalent bond between two oxygen atoms. This type of bond involves oxygen atoms

sharing electrons.

The fact that the onset of autism symptoms typically occur at about the same age children receive many of their vaccinations, including the MMR, is an example of an observed?

Correlation but not necessarily evidence of a cause-effect relationship.

When calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl−) interact with one another, they bond using ________ bonds.

Ionic

A carwash attendant offers to treat Martin's windshield with a protective agent. This substance coats the glass, causing beads of water to easily roll off during a rain shower. Which of the following must be correct about the protective agent?

It must be hydrophobic.

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are held together by chemical bonds to form ________ of sugar.

Molecules

Your own scientific literacy would NOT be helpful in answering which of the following questions?

Which movie should I watch this weekend?

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?

Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?

Scientists at a major university are attempting to isolate the gene that slows the degeneration of collagen in skin. This is an example of ______.

Basic research

The central element found in organic molecules is

Carbon

What is the MOST likely explanation for why all living organisms use the same genetic code stored in DNA?

DNA is a molecule that was found in the earliest life-form and has been passed on to all offspring?

The information presented in the following figure represents a scientific....

Fact

The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific __________.

Fact.

Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the ________ made by a hypothesis.

Predictions

The highest concentration of free hydrogen ions is found in

Stomach acid

Land biomes are most commonly defined by....

Their climate and physical characteristics that influence the dominant plant life and, subsequently, animal life in them,

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a.....

Theory.

A tissue is defined as ________.

a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.

Observational studies that follow a particular group of individuals over a certain time period are ________ studies.

cohort

An acid is a polar substance that dissolves in water and ?

donates hydrogen ions to the solution.

Scientists repeat their experiments over and over again because they?

must make sure the results were not accidents and that they are repeatable.

Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together within an individual water molecule by ________ bonds.

polar covalent

The hypothesis that there is a common ancestor to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation?

Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior.

A pharmaceutical company conducts trials on animals and cell lines to determine the safety of a new vaccine before performing clinical trials on adult human volunteers. This is an example of?

Applied research

Sue has twin baby boys and is trying to decide whether to have them vaccinated against chickenpox or to take them to a "chicken pox party" where they can be naturally exposed to other children who currently have chicken pox. Which of the following would be the first relevant question for Sue to research before making her decision?

Are there any peer-reviewed, scientific studies of observable and quantifiable claims regarding the chicken pox vaccine or chicken pox parties?

The federally funded Centers for Disease Control routinely collect and evaluate data regarding communicable diseases. This information helps researchers make recommendations regarding vaccination schedules for children and adults. This is an example of?

Basic research

If iodide ions (I−) were dissolved in water, they would be attracted to

A and C.

A scientist publishes a paper in a peer-reviewed journal; this paper is later retracted. Which of the following (if found to be true) is NOT a legitimate reason for the retraction?

Although the findings were not replicated by other researchers, some studies indicated that the original paper might suggest a valid line of reasoning and warrants further investigation.

A researcher in a laboratory tests a food item and identifies protein in it. The food item must also contain ______.

Amino acids

After adding a small amount of Solution A to Solution B, the pH of Solution B declines from 8 to 3. Solution A must contain

An acid

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers.

The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks's team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the ________ where the bats lived.

Ecosystem

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the

Electrons

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

A popular post on the Internet states that hugs "transfer energy" between participants, giving them an "emotional lift." Which of the following is a scientific approach to evaluating the claim of "energy transfer" during hugs? The hypothesis for the experiment would be as follows: if one person hugs another, the person receiving the hug will have more measurable energy after the hug.

First, develop a method of physically measuring the amount of energy available in a human being. Divide hundreds of subjects randomly into two groups, huggers and nonhuggers. The available energy in the individuals of each group would be measured, the individuals would then hug (or not), and then the energy levels are measured again. The experimenter should not know which group is the hugging or nonhugging group to avoid expectation bias. The experiment should be repeated numerous times before analyzing the data.

The chemical reaction that represents photosynthesis is 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. What are the reactants?

H2O and CO2

You discover that a holistic treatment called "ear candling" involves putting the end of a wax-coated cloth cone (a "candle") into your ear and lighting it on fire, letting it burn to within about four inches of your face, and then repeating with a new candle. This process is supposed to remove tension, anxiety, and stress from your body. Which of the following statements or questions would be MOST helpful in scientifically evaluating these claims?

Have there been any reproducible, peer-reviewed studies that compared ear candling in individuals who have ear infections with those who do not have ear infections?

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as _________

Homeostasis

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific _____________.

Hypothesis

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.

An individual claims to be able to detect the presence of graves in an old cemetery by using a "dowsing" or "divining" rod. The rod is a forked twig held in front of the individual as he walks across the cemetery. The "dowser" (person who is using the dowsing rod) claims that depending on which way the twig moves (up and down or side to side) he can determine if there is a grave there and the gender and age of the individual buried at that spot. Which of the following would NOT help evaluate if the dowser is a fraud?

It would help to know the dowser's age and affiliation with other dowsers.

Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of a(n)

Organ system

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the ______.

Plasma membrane.

You are reading an article in National Geographicregarding the evolution of humans. This would be an example of ________ literature.

Secondary

A disaccharide consists of two _______.

Sugars

A scientific hypothesis must be ________; if not, science cannot evaluate it.

Testable

Based on the scientific evidence presented in the journals Lancet and Vaccine which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase in incidence of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?

The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.

Which of the following situations might present a logical reason for accepting a scientific claim made by a person who did not have appropriate credentials for making that claim?

The claim could be supported by other nonbiased and credentialed scientists who have conducted similar research and arrived at the same conclusion and been reviewed by their peers.

A patient is coughing and producing a wheezing sound as she breathes; she also has a fever. She goes to the doctor who listens to her chest, takes X-rays of her chest, and determines that she probably has something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?

The patient is coughing, wheezing, and has a fever.

Which of the following would be a positive consideration when evaluating a researcher's expertise regarding a particular scientific claim?

The researcher has a PhD, MD, or at least an MS and years of experience in the field in which he or she is making a scientific claim.

Astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples?

The samples must contain carbon atoms.

Which of the following statements is true?

The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions.

The graph below shows which of the following?

There is a strong correlation between the sale/consumption of organic food and the number of individuals diagnosed with autism between 1998 and 2007. Consuming organic food causes autism. The increased consumption of organic food has led to an increase in the rate of autism between 1998 and 2007. There is strong evidence that a cause-effect relationship exists between the consumption of organic food and the development of autism.

Which of the following is NOT a reason to scientifically evaluate the plausibility of claims made by a psychic who states that a missing child is alive and located in a particular area of the countryside months after the child went missing?

There is anecdotal evidence suggesting that psychics can predict the location of missing children.

A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?

They can evolve as groups.

Which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds?

They form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms

What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms?

They make their own energy.

The roots of a sunflower plant growing downward while the shoot grows upward and the flower turns toward the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?

They sense the environment and respond to it.

Which of the following accurately describes viruses?

Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria.

Oil and water do not mix well because?

Water is polar and oil is nonpolar.

Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened to animals or plants that lived millions of years ago?

Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures.

Carbon is an example of a(n)

Element

Therapeutic touch (TT) is a type of "energy" medicine that involves the practitioner moving his or her hands over the energy field of the patient, without actually touching the patient, but redirecting the energy field to heal the patient. If a researcher were to design a survey of TT practitioners and their patients to determine the validity of TT, which of the following questions would NOT be helpful in determining the validity of the survey?

How old is the researcher?

Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the ________ bonds that form between them.

Hydrogen

Which of the following statements about the process of science is accurate?

Science is a systematic method of procedures designed to answer questions by evaluating evidence.

Which of the following would be a theory?

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.

4. Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?

They capture energy from sunlight.

Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists?

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

When sodium chloride (Na+Cl−) is dissolved in water, the sodium ion

attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules

Scientists working for a major cosmetics company are attempting to determine if a new face cream can reduce the number of fine lines and wrinkles on a person's face. This is an example of _________.

applied research

Which of the following types of organisms are single-celled (unicellular)?

bacteria, yeast, and many protozoans

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?

can evolve as groups

Carbon's prominence in living systems can be explained by the fact that ______.

carbon-based molecules can form long chains and rings.

You are reading a paper in the journal Vaccine that analyzed and combined the results from five observational studies involving over 1 million children and another five studies that compared children with autism to children without autism (a total of nearly 10,000 children). The paper you are reading is best recognized as a _______.

case-control study

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?

cells → tissues → organs → individual

A small, potentially living object was found. For this object to be considered alive, the object must?

contain one or more cells

Carbon atoms are bound to each other by ________ bonds.

covalent

Atoms in a single molecule of methane, CH4, share electrons. Methane is formed by ________ bonds joining ________ atoms.

covalent; 5

The graph below shows that after the childhood vaccination program was initiated in the United Kingdom in 1999, the annual number of meningitis cases in children

decreased to nearly zero by 2004, as did the meningitis rate for adults

If the Centers for Disease Control's recommended vaccination schedule is delayed, the children who do not receive their vaccines on schedule

experience an increased risk of disease

Although it seems contradictory, real science does not intend to "prove" a hypothesis to be true. This is because_________.

future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refutes the hypothesis.

Phospholipids are large organic molecules with a hydrophilic, polar phosphate head connected to hydrophobic, nonpolar fatty acid tails. These molecules arrange themselves to form a mostly impermeable barrier between a liposome and its environment by lining up

hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane.

The figure below, based on data collected by The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, graphically illustrates that as

increasingly more individuals in a community are vaccinated against a particular pathogen, future outbreaks of the disease are limited to fewer individuals because fewer people will become infected and then pass it on.

Sodium chloride (table salt) is formed when positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions are chemically attracted to each other. This attraction is best described as a(n)

ionic bond

Which of the following is an organic compound?

methane (CH4)

A solution with a pH of 4 is ________ acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. The solution with the pH of 4 has a ________ concentration of hydrogen ions than the solution with a pH of 5.

more, higher.

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does.

nucleotide

Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by?

observing a quantifiable natural phenomena

Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of free H+ ions?

pH 1

Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because _____.

partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another.

Liposomes form spontaneously from ________ and are important because ________.

phospholipid bilayers; they provide a barrier between an external environment and an internal environment

A researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared environment is said to be working at the level of a _________.

population.

You are reading an article written by Neil Shubin et al. regarding the pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae in the peer-reviewed journal Nature. Dr. Shubin is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and is employed by The University of Chicago. This article represents a ________ literature presentation of ________ research

primary; basic

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), by the end of September 2014, roughly 8,000 cases of whooping cough had been reported in California for that year; more than 250 patients (mostly infants and young children) were hospitalized with 58 of them requiring intensive care. Several other childhood diseases that were once common but then eradicated through high vaccination rates have returned since the antivaccination movement grew in the 1990s. The epidemiological data collected by the CDC indicates this resurgence of childhood diseases is most likely the result of ________.

reduced herd/community immunity

Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis ___________.

still cannot be considered to have been proven true.

Ice floats on water because?

the distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water.

A screen door allows breezes to enter and aromas to exit but keeps out insects. Its function most resembles

the plasma membrane

Announcing "scientific" findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal suggests _______.

there may be reason to question the validity of the results or conclusions.

The selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane can be increased with help from ________ proteins.

transport proteins, channel proteins, and passive carrier