Bio 102 exam 2

You don't need to memorize the specific structures of a flower as shown in Fig. 23.9, but what is the difference between an ovary and ovule? What ultimately develops from those structures?

An ovule forms inside and ovary. The carpel (consisting of stigma, style, and ovary) is the female reproductive part in a plant. Ovary- houses the ovule. If fertilized the ovary wall enlarges Ovule- inside ovary. Site of meiosis to produce megaspores.

Where do archea live? Can you compare and contrast halophiles, thermophiles and methanogens? Are these extremeophiles?

Archaea live in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents and terrestrial hot springs. They are also found in a diverse range of highly saline, acidic, anaerobic environments. Halophiles- means "salt-loving" live in environments with high levels of salt Thermophiles- live in extremely hot environments- hot springs, geysers, and near volcanoes, thrive in temperatures near 100degrees C Methanogens- live in strange places such as swamps, inside cow guts and termites- help break down cellulose

Why are the three domains of life? What types or organisms are grouped in each domain?

Archaea-primitive, single-celled microorganism that are prokaryotes with no cell nucleus, organisms live in the most extreme environments on earth, such as extremely salty water, hot springs, and deep-sea levels. Example: salt-dwelling halophiles, the heat-tolerant thermophiles and the cold-dwelling psychrophiles Bacteria- consist of a single cell with simple internal structure, microscopic single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments Example: Staph aureus, N. gonorrhea, E. coli, Chlamydia trachomatis Eukarya- organisms with cells that contain a nucleus as well as membrane-bound organelles Examples: animals, plants, fungus

How can large-scale agriculture place stresses on the environment? Are there ways to grow large amounts of food without using so many chemicals, herbicides, and pesticides?

Because industrial agriculture is using more monocultures, rather than a diversity of crops, the loss of biodiversity is leading to more resource usage. Using natural pesticides and fertilizers or limiting the amount used

Why are drug-resistant strains of malaria becoming common in several parts of the world?

Factors that have been associated with antimalarial drug resistance include such disparate issues as human behavior (dealt with in detail elsewhere), vector and parasite biology, pharmacokinetics, and economics.

When photosynthetic organisms rearrange CO2 and H20, what are the end products? What type of biomolecule is made by photosynthesis, and what types of biomolecules can NOT be made by photosynthesis?

Glucose and Oxygen Biomolecules produced during photosynthesis IS C6H12O6 H2o and c02

What insect vectors are necessary to transmit African and American trypanosomiasis?

Kissing bugs

What kind of organism is the causative agent that results in malaria in human? How are humans infected with this organism?

Malaria is caused by the protozoa called Plasmodium. Humans are infected with Plasmodium by the bite of female mosquitos.

What is a meristem (meristematic tissue)? Apical meristem? Lateral meristem?

Meristem- a region of plant tissue, containing undifferentiated cells, found in zones where plant growth can take place Apical meristem- found at the apices, or tips of the plant, both the tip of the shoot and the root, and is a region of actively dividing cells. (apex: tip of something) Lateral meristem- a meristem (as the cambium and cork cambium) that is arranged parallel to the sides of an organ and that is responsible for increase in diameter of the organ

How do monocots differ from dicots? Can you give examples of each type of plant that are grown for food for people?

Monocots: (in seed) one vein(cotyledon), parallel veins, vascular bundles complexly arranged, fibrous root system, floral parts in multiples of 3 Example: asparagus, bananas, corn, garlic, ginger, grass Dicots: (in seed) two veins(cotyledon), veins usually netlike, vascular bundles in shape of ring, taproot present, floral parts arranged in multiples of 4 or 5 Example: peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, tomato, mint, lettuce, oak

Be sure you review the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant growth!

Nitrogen fixing plants don't pull nitrogen from the air on their own. They actually need help from a common bacteria called Rhizobium. The bacteria infects legume plants such as peas and beans and uses the plant to help it draw nitrogen from the air.

What actions can be taken to reduce the expansion of populations of mosquitoes that are resistant to common insecticides?

One way to reduce the expansion of mosquitoes that are resistant to common insecticides is to release sterile male mosquitoes which will mate with wild mosquitoes

Can you describe and give examples of symbiotic relationships such as parasitism, mutualism and commensalism?

Parasitism- a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life Examples: tapeworms, fleas, barnacles Mutualism- benefitable to both organisms Examples: oxpecker (bird) land on rhinos and eat ticks and other parasites that live on them Commensalism- one organism benefits and the other is neither benefited or harmed Example: orchids growing on branches of trees

A plant that has very deep roots would be well suited for what kinds of environments?

Plants with very deep roots are well suited for environments in which rain is common and flooding is possible.

What kinds of internal structures are found in prokaryotes? Make the case for why specialized membranes might qualify as internal organelles.

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. They do not have a nucleus but instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.

How do prokaryotes obtain energy and what options do prokaryotes exploit in order to fix carbon into their biomolecules?

Prokaryotes can use different sources of energy to assemble macromolecules from smaller molecules. Phototrophs (or phototrophic organisms) obtain their energy from sunlight. Chemotrophs (or chemosynthetic organisms) obtain their energy from chemical compounds. Chemotrophs that can use organic compounds as energy sources are called chemoorganotrophs. Those that can also use inorganic compounds as energy sources are called chemolithotrophs. Autotrophic prokaryotes synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic prokaryotes obtain carbon from organic compounds. Photoautotrophs use energy from sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide and water, Chemoheterotrophs obtain energy and carbon from an organic chemical source

Why are there so many different kinds of prokaryotes, and why do they seem to be almost everywhere?

Prokaryotes reproduce so fast that they can create immunities to many different things. (Demonstration in class with the antibiotic Petri dish)

Can you identify examples of common foods derived from stems, fruit, roots, seeds or leaves?

Stems- asparagus, ginger, celery Fruit- tomato, avocado, banana Roots- potatoes, carrots, radish Seeds- corn, wheat Leaves- lettuce, spinach, cabbage

Which parts of the flower contribute to fruits? How can you tell you are looking at a fruit?

The fertilized ovule becomes the seed, and the ovary becomes the fruit.

Why are protists of interest to biologists who are interested in the origins and evolution of early eukaryotes?

The first Eukaryotes to evolve from prokaryotic ancestors were protists. They were ancestral to all other eukaryotes- plants, fungi, and animals- two of the most significant chapters in the history of life occurred during the evolution of protists

What are leaves good for, and how can having big leaves be detrimental to survival of a plant?

The leaves contain a pigment called chlorophyll, which colors the leaves green. Chlorophyll can make food the plant can use from carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and energy from sunlight. Plants with larger leaves need more water in order to survive and aren't easily acclimated to dry soil

Can you explain why nitrogen-fixing bacteria are so important? What is symbiosis? Is this common or rare?

These bacteria are important because they convert nitrogen gas into solid nitrogen that is used by plants. These bacteria are found in both the soil and in symbiotic relationships with plants. Symbiosis- interation between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. (Common)

Why are diseases that are transmitted by a biting insect particularly difficult to control and/or eradicate?

Vector-borne diseases are considered the most serious, since they are unpredictable, let alone the fact that it is very difficult to prevent or control it, given that infection may occur even after treatment and the disease-borne insects are deeply rooted in the environment where they prevail.

How might tropical diseases like Chagas and malaria move into the United States?

a change in behavior or migration of the bug

When fuel (food, fossil fuels, etc.) is oxidized (burned), what are the end products? How does this reaction compare to, and differ from, photosynthesis?

carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides of the chemical form NOx (primarily nitrogen dioxide, or NO2), nitric oxide (N2O), various hydrocarbons (methane, CH4, being one such example) During photosynthesis plants use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, during combustion/metabolism oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is a product. The whole purpose of both processes is to convert chemical energy into other forms of energy such as heat.

What role do the roots, leaves and vascular tissue play in the life of a terrestrial plant?

roots- roots take in water and nutrients, store food, and fix plants to the ground leaves- photosynthesis occurs- where plant food is made, where chlorophyll is to capture light and convert water and co2 to food and oxygen vascular tissues- carry water and minerals from soil to leaves for photosynthesis, they carry food from photosynthetic cells to other cells for growth and storage

How might protists contribute to the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? What is CO2 fixation and why is it important?

some protist use photosynthesis, meaning they can remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen CO2 fixation is the conversion of carbon dioxide to organic compounds (photosynthesis)

What is the goal of modifying the genome of agricultural crops using techniques like CRISPR?

the most important advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 over other genome editing technologies is its simplicity and efficiency. Since it can be applied directly in embryo, CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the time required to modify target genes compared to gene targeting technologies based on the use of embryonic stem (ES) cells