Bio 1020 ch.5

Describe the characteristics of carbohydrates.

-a simple sugar -Its basic structure is composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with generally twice the hydrogen as carbon and oxygen. - In its simplest form, a carbohydrate is a chain of sugar molecules called monosaccharides.

Be able to recognize three parts of the typical nucleotide structure.

1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil

Draw the structure of a phospholipid molecule and describe its properties, how do they form cell membrane? Understand what the structure of "phospholipid bilayer" represent, and what are the properties of interior and exterior of bilayer.

2 fatty acids and phosphate group attach to glycerol Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but phosphate heads are hydrophilic Interior: hydrophobic Outside: hydrophilic.

How many amino acids are there?

20

What is phosphodiester bond? How does it link two nucleotides together?

A bond between a two sugar groups and a phosphate group; such bonds form the sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA and RNA.

What is glycosidic linkage?

A covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) to another group

What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?

All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.

Describe amphipathic molecules.

Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophopic and hydrophilic regions. Recall that how molecules behave in water is affected by the presence of polar covalent bonds, as well as positive and negative charges associated with the molecule. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic. Phospholipids are amphipathic, as the "head" is hydrophilic and the fatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic.

What are the 4 types of biological molecules?

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

What are the differences between DNA and RNA (structures and functions)?

DNA- the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; a nucleic acid that consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted together into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine; it carries the cell's genetic information and hereditary characteristics via its nucleotides RNA-principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

What are the differences between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? How do they work for building or breaking down polymers? How many water molecules are added in the reaction to break down a polymer with 9 monomers?

Dehydration synthesis-(condensation) remove water Hydrolysis-add water 9

What are the characteristics of lipids? What is ester linkage?

Hydrophobic, long chains of nonpolar hydrocarbons, C,H,O

What is macromolecule?

Large molecules

Be able to draw the glucose molecule with a linear and ring structures. Which form is predominant in solutions? Why?

Look in camera roll. It is the building block of polysaccharide.

What is a monomer, polymer? Examples?

Monomer-single unit Polymer-string of monomers

How are carbohydrates important to living organisms? Give examples of monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide, with their functions.

Monosaccharide-simple or single sugars Ex:Glucose, fructose, galactose,ribose Disaccharide-two linked monosaccharides Ex:glycosidic linkage-sucrose,maltose,lactose Polysaccharide-long chain of monosaccharide Ex:glycosidic linkage, start from and glycogen

What are the structures of proteins, what bonds stabilize the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures? - it is very important to understand these 4 level structures !

Primary structure: amino acid chain by peptide bonds Secondary structures: helices and pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds) Tertiary structure: complex foldings of chains (disulfide bridges, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions) Quaternary structure: multiple tertiary proteins.

What are the differences between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds. Saturated fat is usually solid at room temperature, like butter. Because fatty acid chains are all single bonded. They can sit very close to each other and get easy to pack themselves, to form a solid. Oppositely, unsaturated fat is usually liquid at room temperature, like oil. It has one or more carbon-carbon double bond. The double bond is often in cis-pattern, which changes the chain's direction to form a kink. So it prevents molecules from packing together closely enough to solidify at room temp.

Is cellulose digestible for us? for cattles? Why?

Storage carbohydrates are mostly made up of α glucose subunits. While structural carbohydrates are usually made up of β glucose subunits, which make their glycosidic linkage differ from the ones in storage sugar. For instance, in cellulose, that glycosidic linkages make every other glucose molecule is "upside down." This arrangement prevents animals' digestive enzymes from attacking the bonds b/t glucose subunits. So, both humans and cows can't digest the structural carbohydrates. But cows do have special bacteria in their digestive tract that break down cellulose for them to use as energy source. We don't have them unfortunately.

What is the difference of glucose monomers between storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides?

Structural-found in cell wall; consist of cellulose (polymer of B glucose) Found in insects and cell walls of fungi Storage-start he and glycogen

What are classifications of monosaccharides?

The location of carbonyl group The number of carbons

What is a peptide bond?

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process water is __________.

a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed

Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________.

are not truly polymers

What is the main structural feature of steroids?

carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers?

dehydration reaction

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

energy storage and release (as well as structural support)

Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by __________.

ester linkages

Describe the different type of lipids, give examples for each type.

fats- constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids phospholipids- has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three steroids- lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

glycogen

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

glycosidic linkages

The sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

lipids (Cholesterol)

What are the characteristics of proteins? What is peptide bond?

peptide bond - the bond between amino acids

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

phospholipids

How are lipids important to living organisms?

provide a source and store of energy

How are proteins important to living organisms?

providing structural support, protecting against disease, transportation of substances, storing amino acids, catalyzing chemical reactions, and many more!

What are purines and pyrimidines?

purines-six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; adenine (A) and guanine (G) pyrimidines-one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

starch

The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________.

starch

Difference between starch and glycogen?

starch-nergy-storage molecules for plant -Formed in roots and seeds glycogen-Energy-storage molecules for animal. -Shorter chain of glucose subunits with many branches -Found in liver and muscles

What is ATP? Why ATPs are considered as high energy molecules?

the biochemical way to store and use energy. they have two high-energy phosphate bonds

Describe protein denaturing with examples, which level of protein structure can be destroyed during denaturing.

the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bonds, the primary structure (sequence of amino acids) remains the same after a denaturation process.

How does the dehydration synthesis work between amino acids?

the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water.

The "primary structure" of a protein refers to __________.

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

they are all disaccharides

What is the chaperon in protein? Functions?

those which help substrate proteins fold/ assemble/ target appropriately.

Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest?

water, glucose, sucrose, protein