Bio 1071 final exam
head, arm, base
3 main aspects to microscope
40x
A microscope has a 4x ocular lens and a 10x objective, what is this microscope's total magnification?
must live in wet environment so sperm can swim and plants can receive nutrience
Bryophytes have flagellated swimming sperm; explain why they must live in a certain environment because of this
A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. (moss, dominant life stage is gametophyte, does not have roots stems or leaves)
Bryophytes:
lancelet: yes notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail
cephalochordata
in most crustaceans, the first pair of legs, which has large claws to trap and crush food
cheliped
fish, amphibian, reptile, birds... notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngral slits, post anal tail
chordate
compare and contrast how humans obtain nutrients versus how fungi obtain nutrients fungi are heterotrophs and cannot make their own food. fungi can absorb nutrients thru their cell walls
compare and contrast how humans obtain nutrients versus how fungi obtain nutrients
small, transparent specimens at high magnification
compound light scope
shrimp/lobster, 2 pairs of antenna
crustacea: Decapod
this variable responds to the change
dependet variable
polyp is sessile, medusa is motile. medusa is also sexual
describe the difference between the medusa and polyp stages of life
larger, opaque specimens at low light
dissecting scope
draw and label a mushroom using the following termscap, stalk, gills
draw and label a mushroom using the following terms
radial symmetry: starfish bilateral symmetry: fly
draw what radial and bilateral symmetry look like
draw what the male and female part from the pine tree looks likemale: compact, thin female: wide, trad. pine cone
draw what the male and female part from the pine tree looks like
1. compounds. they can absorb digested nutrition thru cell walls. fungi cannot produce its own food. 2. mushrooms are sources of food or many ppl. fungal antibiotics include important medications such as penicillin. they are principal decomposers in biosphere.
few ways fungi are economically, medically or socially important?
reduction in genome variability that occurs when a small group of indiv. becomes separated from a larger population
founders effect
Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism
gametophyte
genetic changes in a population due to chance
genetic drift
gymnosperm ex. confir sporophyte dom generation
gymnosperm ex. confir
-acorn wormm: no NC, yes DHNC, PHS, PAT
hemichordata
An organism that cannot make its own food.
heterotroph
The fungus forms branched, tree-like structures within plant cells and sends out fibers that break up soils and suck out nutrients. This ability likely allowed early plants, which lacked their own roots, to colonize the land
how did fungi assist early land plants?
vascularization allowed plants to survive in drier habitats that were unavailable to agae. fungi aided in the process.
how did land plants evolve and adapt
The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
hyphae
mycellum
hyphae grow in soil and the entire mass of it is called the
an explanation of natural events that can be tested
hypothesis:
defecation: natural fertilization is included and animal would stay in similar ecosystem
if you were a plant, what method of seed dispersal would you use and why?
meiosis - gametophyte
in plants what generation produces gametes?
sporophyte
in plants what generation produces spores?
ostia, osculum
in sponges, water enters the _________ and exits through the ____________.
head shape. squid are cephalopods and octopus stay on ocean floor for the most part
in what ways so squids differ from octopus?
manipulated or changed variable
independent variable
3 body segments 6 walking legs 2 antennae
insecta
pill bug
isopoda
stamen: anther, filament. Carpel: stigma, style, ovary
label male and female parts of the flower
gameophyte, fertilization, sporophyte, meisos. (n haploid) (2n diploid)
label tracheophyte's life cycle using all words in bank
defecation and carrying it on their fur
list and describe two ways animals help disperse seeds
female gametophyte (egg/archegonia)
megagametophyte
the changes in allele frequ. over time w/ a population.
microevolution
the male gametophyte produced by a microspore (sperm/antheridia)
microgametophyte
monocot: single leaf upon germination eudicot: pair of cotyledon (peanut)
monocot v eudicot
hyphae
multicellular fungi form a network of microscopic filaments called
mass of hyphae
mycellium
Chilopoda (centipedes) Diplopoda (millipedes)
myriapoda
One distinguishing feature of the fungal life cycle is the presence of a dikaryotic stage, where two haploid nuclei coexist in the same cell without immediately fusing
name one feature of the fungi life cycle that is different from plants or animal life cycles
worms and leeches
name two species within the phylum annelida?
claims there is no effect, statement claim being made.
null hypothesis
pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that are usually modified to grab prey
pedipalps
Evolutionary history of a species
phylogeny
jointed appendages, segmented body, external skeleton.
phylum arthropoda
smallest biological unit that can evolve
population
based on the hypothesis, most predictions are written in an if/then form"if the hypothesis is true, then the result of the experiment will be.." aka what YOU think will happen
prediction
ask a question, form a hypothesis, experiment, observe and record, draw conclusions, share your findings
scientific method:
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
sketch an embryo of a chordate and a label its 4 unique characteristics?
Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism
sporophyte
decrip, naming/classification of organisms
taxonomy
foliose, fruticose, crustose.
tell me about the lichen
tracheophyte ex. fern sporophyte dom generation
tracheophyte ex. fern
-Water vascular system (hydraulic system with a bunch of tubes) -Tube feet (podia) (for locomotion) -Endoskeleton of dermal ossicles (skin bones) -pedicellariae (little appendages to grab things) -hemal system
unique features of echinodermata
Fungi can break down cellulose and lignin (wood decomposition), some fungi are carnivorous, some are parasitic
ways fungi obtain nutrients
thin rootlike structures that absorbs nutrients and anchors non-vascular plants. they can absorb water and nutrients thru process of capillary action.
what are rhizoids and what are their purpose?
crush food by moving from side to side. Two pairs of maxillae hold solid food, tear it, and pass it to the mouth. The second pair of maxillae also helps to draw water over the gills
what are the functions of a mandible and a maxillaped?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
what are the three domains of life?
visceral mass, mantle, foot
what are the three main body parts of phylum mollusca?
sporophyte generation
what generation is dominant in seed plants?
plants alt. b/t 2 diff life stages, or generations, in their life cycle; a haploid stage called gametophyte and a diploid stage called sporophyte
what is the alteration of generations?
make observations
what is the first thing biologists do when conducting science in the lab or in the field, this is the first step in the scientific method
Provide structure and defense to sponge
what is the purpose of spicules?
After it passes through the esophagus, the food moves into the crop where it is stored and then eventually moves into the gizzard. The gizzard uses stones that the earthworm eats to grind the food completely.
what is the purpose of the crop and gizzard inside an earthworm
locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet.
what is the purpose of the water vascular system in Phylum Echinodermata?
locomotion, food/waste disposal, respiration
what is the purpose of the water vascular system in phylum echinodermata
the coelom acts to maintain pressure inside of the organism. This acts as the worm's skeletal system, which allows the worm's muscles to do work
what is the purpose or function of a coelom?
what is the purpose or function of a siphon? to bring in water which goes over the gills and used for respiration. used for jet propulsion so squid can move around.
what is the purpose or function of a siphon?
structural support
what is the purpose or function of the pen inside the squid?
microspores and megaspores
what spores do heterospories create?
Asexual reproduction involves one parent, producing offspring identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents, resulting in genetically unique offspring.
what's the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
start by focusing the specimen under the scanning objective lens to avoid potential damage to the lens or specimen. After obtaining a clear focus, switch to higher power lenses for more detailed observation, refining the focus with the fine adjustment knob
when focusing a specimen on a light microscope, what objective lens type do you start with, move up and then end with?
male
which sex of moss has the antheridium?
female
which sex of moss has the archegonium?
to further understand and observe microbiology that cannot be seen w a naked eye
why do biologists use microscopes?
retrieve a larger glass plate and use dropper to put specimen on that plate. at 45 deg angle, place a smaller plate ontop w no air bubbles
write out the process of creating a wet mount slide
Tracheophytes:vascular plant, fern, dominant life stage is sporophyte
Tracheophytes:
claims there is an effect
alt hypothesis
sporophyte dom generation
angiosperm ex. tomato
jointed legs, chitinous exoskeleton. head, thorax, abdomen.
anthropods
makes own food
autotroph
bryophyte ex. mossgametophyte dom generation
bryophyte ex. moss
they can grow outward in small, damp spaces
bryophytes are short, why can this be advantageous?
