BIO 108 Chapter 25 & 30 (EXAM)

There is no central nervous system in animals that have ___________.

Radial symmetry

Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above?

Segmentation

Which kind of animal probably has the greatest number and diversity of How genes?

my dog, Tully (phylum Chordata)

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria?

1,2,3, and 4, but not 5. A gastrovascular cavity. A polyp stage. a medusa stage. Cnidocytes.

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?

2.5 billion years

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?

3 and 5. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

What is still lacking in the hypothesis of an asteroid impact as the cause of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction?

A complete explanation of why some lineages survived while others vanished

Of the three radially symmetric phyla discussed in your text (Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria), only the Cnidarians have Hox and certain other developmental regulatory genes. This supports the hypothesis that

A and B. The Cnidaria share a more recent common ancestor with the Bilateral. The cnidarians are a sister group to the bilateral.

If an animal has an anterior and a posterior end, and a dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) side, then it MUST also

A and D. Have distinguishable left and right sides. Be bilaterally symmetric.

Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?

A common squirrel

You have a wacky professor who develops a time machine. He invites you to test it with him. You climb into a seat and strap in, and there is an immediate glitch - the date readout fails so that when you land you are not sure what era you are in. Your professor begins to panic, but you see something that tells you that at least you are still in the Cenozoic Era. Which of the following could it be?

A rabbit eating a daisy

Which of the following statements best characterizes an adaptive radiation?

A single lineage diversifies rapidly, and descendent populations occupy many habitats and ecological roles (niches)

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of

Adaptive Radiation

In triploblastic animals, embryonic mesoderm gives rise to

All of the above. Muscle. Most of the circulatory system. Bone. Most internal organs.

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception.

An adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food

For many years, scientists believed that almost all animal lineages burst into being during the Cambrian era. However, there have been many recent findings of animal-like fossils and "trace fossils" from the late Precambrian. Which of the following best explains why it took so long to realize there was animal-like life in the Precambrian?

Animals in the lat precambrian had soft bodies

Choose the best definition of a fossil:

Any trace of an organism that lived in the past

Suppose instead that as the time machine lands, you see and unusual landscape before you. As you open the door, you realize you cannot breathe. You quickly shut the door, realizing you are at least as far back in history as the ___________?

Archaean eon

Choanoflagellates _____________.

Are a sister group to animals

If arrow indicate locations in the column where fossils of a particular type first appear, then which core in the figure has the most accurate arrangement of fossils?

Core A

All sponges _____________

C and D. Are suspension or filter feeders. Are sessile and benthic as a adults.

Which listing of geological periods is in the correct order, from oldest to most recent?

Cambrian, Devonian, Premian, Cretaceous

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal?

Choanoflagellates

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ____________.

Choice A, C, and D. Is bilaterally symmetrical. Has a central nervous system. Has distinct anterior and posterior ends.

Which of the following would be LEAST likely in the fossil record

Desert-dwelling species

How are mammals different from sharks in this respect?

Developing mammals derive their nutrition directly from the mother, generally via a highly vascularized organ called the placenta, whereas shark embryos derive their nourishment from stored yolk.

The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin or these cells?

Endoderm

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ___________

Flagellated protist

At which developmental stage should on be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?

Gastrulation

Which of the following showed their greatest diversity during the Mesozoic era but were a small, less diverse group from the Paleozoic era?

Gymnosperms plants from seeds in cones rather than flowers

In plant communities today, leaf morphology is correlated with mean annual temperature, so paleobotanists use fossil leaf morphology to estimate the mean annual temperature of paleoclimates. However, the fossil record contains an overabundance of samples fossilized near lakes and rivers. Use of data from these locations leads to mean average temperature estimates that are lower than actual recorded temperatures in modern plant communities. This potential bias in paleobotanical climate estimates is due to which type of bias in the fossil record?

Habitat Bias

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

Hard parts

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was partly caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? The fossil record reveals an increased incidence of ____________?

Hard parts (shells, exoskeletons)

Sponges (phylum Porifera)

Have larvae which are module and move via the motion of cilia.

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by ____________.

Ingesting prey

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would justify your classifying the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?

It sheds its external cuticle (outer covering) in order to grow, and must therefore be an ecdysozoan

The largest extinction, measured as a percentage of species that disappeared, occurred at the end of which geological period?

Permian

If you think of the earthworm body plan as drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm?

Lining the straw

How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions?

Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is __________.

Monophyletic

Tp's body symmetry seems to be most like that of

Most sponges

Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animalsO, the tapeworm lacks a ________.

Mouth and a digestive tract.

Which of the following is (are) found only in animals?

Nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its embryonic germ layer tissue

Nervous--Mesoderm

As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure above. Which organism would you classify as an animal? A) organism A B) organism B C) organism C

Organism C

Most female fish deposit unfertilized eggs to the outside aquatic environment, where they are fertilized by males, and then undergo development. But some female sharks copulate with males, and fertilization takes place inside there bodies until giving birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would thus be characterized as ___________.

Ovovivparous

Which of the following statements is correct?

Paleontologists have now found fossils of animals in geological strata that are older that the Cambrian

In the traditional morphological phylogeny (A), the phylum Platehelminthes is depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest o the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?

Similarity of genetic information has led to realization that some morphological features are evolutionarily flexible and so cannot be used as a diagnostic character

In embryonic development of triploblastic animals, ectoderm gives rise to

Skin and the nervous system

If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

The fossil evidence will be considered to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which the pesticide works

The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function

Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within -a-tube body plan in most animal phyla?

The mouth and anus form the opposite ends of the inner tube

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

The mouth develops first, and the anus develops later

Which of the following phyla is the only one in your text classified among the bilateral in which the adults actually have radial symmetry

The phylum Echinodermata

What unique characteristic do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Among protostomes, which morphological train has shown the most variation?

The type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)

Which of the following Tp traits is different from those of most other animals?

Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry would most likely be _______________.

Triploblastic

The shark reproductive strategy described above is different from that in most mammals. Which of the terms above refers to the mammalian reproductive strategy?

Vibiparous

To assign absolute dates to fossils in this sediment core, it would be most helpful if _____.

Volcanic ash layers were regularly interspaced between the sedimentary strata

Which of the choices from the previous question probably has the second greatest number and diversity of How genes?

a sea star (phylum Echinodermata)

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ___________.

is bilaterally symmetrical