Bio 1101 study guide ch.21 &22

the structures that carry signals away from the cell body of a neuron are called

axons

shortages of iron in our diet can cause iron deficiency anemia, a condition that reduces the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is a potentially serious condition that is characterized by: a. a change in the color of blood from its normal red to various shades of blue and purple b. a reduction in the blood's capacity to transport oxygen c. a delay in the time required for the blood to clot and a potential for extensive blood loss in the event of trauma d. a reduction in the concentration of white blood cells and an increased vulnerability to infection

b. a reduction in the blood's capacity to transport oxygen

when blood arrives at an alveolus

c. the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood that in the alveolus

air that is entering the lungs has

a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than air is alveolus

which of the following features could be found in a vein, but NOT an artery

a. a one-way valve

when eating dessert, you notice the sweetness of sugar when _____ are stimulated

a. chemoreceptors

for a human to inhale, the rib muscles and the diaphragm must

a. contract, decreasing pressure inside the lungs

which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the pharynx to an alveolus?

a. pharynx to trachea to bronchus to bronchiole to alveolus

you accidentally rest your hand on a hot stove. The sensory information will ultimately be relayed to the appropriate part of your brain by the

a. thalamus

which component of whole blood would an investigator examine to determine the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide or hormones, such as testosterone.

a. the plasma

sensory neurons that contain specialized membrance channels activated by moderate temperatures are

a. thermoreceptors

the blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are

b. capillaries

which of the following statements accurately describes hormonal signaling, as depicted in this figure

b. hormones act on specific target cells

the sensory receptor types that provide information about body posistion and balance to help you coordinate your dance moves are

b. mechanoreceptors

another name for the "pacemaker" of the heart is the a. atrioventricular (AV) node b. sinoatrial (SA) node c. atrium d. ventricle

b. sinoatrial (SA) node

a newborn is diagnosed shortly after birth with a rate heart defect that prevented the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle from fully forming. which of the following would be an expected outcome of this defect? a. oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood would mix b. blood would flow through the body in more than one direction c. body cells would receive less oxygen-rich blood than normal d. blood flow from the left ventricle to the body would increase

c. body cells would receive less oxygen-rich blood than normal

blood flows rapidly within the arterial system but slows dramatically as it enters the capillaries. What is the benefit of having blood move slowly through the capillaries

c. ensures that the blood has enough time to exchange material with the surrounding cells

which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?

c. hemoglobin binds to oxygen and releases it near cells that are performing cellular respiration

which of the following statements accurately describes hormonal signaling, as depicted in this figure

c. hormones may signal cells that are located a considerable distance away from them

the external signals and information that are received by an organism are called

c.stimuli

the figure shown indicates a(n)

d. axon

why do humans rely on circulatory system to distribute oxygen?

d. diffusion is very slow over all but the shortest distances, so oxygen must be delivered to our cells to speed up the process

at high altitudes, gases and less concentrated. You might gasp for air, because

d. the amount of oxygen that could diffuse into your blood will be decreased

as you take this exam, which part of your brain is helping you decide which answer is correct?

d. the cerebral cortex

which of the following is a characteristic of an organ used for gas exchange?

d. very thin tissues

which of the following sequences correctly describe the pathway that a signal travels in a neuron

dendrite to cell body axon

which of the following statements accurately describes how hormones can affect a cell, as illustrated in this figure

hormones are effective at low concentration

once a hormone enters the bloodstream, it

is broken down after it has performed its function on the target cells

as you are driving to school one morning, the driver in front of you suddenly slams on his brakes and turns right without using his turning signal. despite the potentially irritating situation, you remain calm because your _________ helped you control your emotions

limbic system

the concentration of oxygen in blood plasma near an albeolus is lowered when

oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and binds to hemoglobin

which of the following things happens during inhalation?

oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli

which of the following statements about the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is NOT true?

the PNS may integrate and process information

the structure that is highlighted in the figure is the

trachea

which of the following functions occurs in the urinary bladder but NOT in nephrons

urine storage

which of the following statements accurately describes the movement of water and waste within a nephron?

water and waste both filter through glomerulus; water is later reabsorbed from capillaries

the branched structures on a nerve cell that receive information are called

a. dendrites

the cystic fibrosis, parts of the respiratory tract can become clogged with mucus, inhibiting gas exchange. The area(s) of the respiratory tract where gases are directly exchanged is/are the

a.alveoli

which of the following statements about hormones is true?

b. they may regulate certain developmental periods of life

people with sickle-cell disease have deformed hemoglobin molecules and often suffer muscle pains, even at low levels of exertion. these symptoms might occur because the deformed hemoglobin

a. is unable to carry the amount of oxygen required for normal muscle activities

large blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the legs to the heart are

a. veins

the pulmonary _______ carries ___________ blood from the heart to the lungs

artery;oxygen-poor

Blood leaving the right ventricle of the heart travels next to the a. right atrium b. body c.lungs D. left ventricle

b.lungs

if you were to stop on a nail with your right foot, which of the following things would not happen?

c. motor output from your right leg would be interpreted by your brain as sensory input

one side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systematic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart? a. the left side of the heart has one large chamber, whereas the right side has two chambers b. the right side of the heart has three chambers, whereas the left side has two chambers c. the left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side d. the right side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the left side

c. the left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side

which of the following does NOT facilitate exchange of materials by diffusion? a. cells lying within 0.03 millimeters of blood vessels b. a large surface area with alveoli c. the presence of the extracellular matrix within connective tissue d. thin, porous walls in capillaries

c. the presence of the extracellular matrix within connective tissue

the ______ of a neuron contain(s) all of the structures, such as a nucleus, that are common to animal cells

cell body

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the pituitary gland when the brain detects lower-than-optimum levels of water in the body. in the kidneys, ADH promotes the uptake of water, creating more concentrated urine. ADH travels from the pituritary gland to the kidneys through the

circulatory system

the liquid portion of human blood cannot absorb enough oxygen to meet the body's demands. However, __________ in our red blood cells greatly increase(s) the oxygen-carrying capacity of human blood a. carbon dioxide b. ions c. water d. hemoglobin

d. hemoglobin

which of the following organs coordinate(s) communication between the endocrine system and the nervous system

d. the hypothalamus

which of the following processes is NOT a function of nephrons

diffusion of oxygen into body cells

if the glomerulus remained intact but other capillaries were not in close physical contact with nephrons, which of the following functions would not be lost?

filtration of plasma

if you were to compare the filtrate that is leaving the glomerulus to urine that is exiting the body, you would find that some substances --- such as hydrogen ions and toxins-- are more concentrated in the urine. which of the following statements explains this process

hydrogen ions and toxins are secreted from capillaries

a single hormone molecule can have dramatic effects on a target cell, because

it initiates a chain of events that amplifies its effect.

which of the following sensory receptor is NOT found in humans

magnetoreceptors

serotonin, one of the hormones thought to be involved in depression, is a water-soluble molecule. Where on the target cell would you expect to find receptors for this hormone

on the outside of the plasma membrane

which of the following statements best explains how one hormone can regulate several different developmental events?

one hormone can affect different types of target tissues in different ways

which of the following structures has the smallest diameter

the bronchioles

by what mechanism do most hormones travel through the organism that produces them?

the circulatory system

the breaking open of alveoli in people who have emphysema decreases their rate of gas exchange because

their lungs have less surface area available for diffusion

the steroid hormones testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone enter target cells and bind intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Based on this information, which of the following statements about steroid hormones must be correct

they are mainly nonpolar and hydrophobic