Bio 111-05 Exam 1 Chapter 1,2,and 3

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom?

1

Equal volumes (5 mL) of vinegar from a freshly opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH?

100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5 M ammonia.

Approximately what percentage of human-generated atmospheric CO2 is absorbed by the oceans?

25%

Burning of fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Approximately what proportion of this CO2 remains un the atmosphere, contributing to the trapping of heat close to the Earth's surface?

50%

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

8

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-15 is heavier than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains how many neutrons?

8

One liter of a solution of pH 4 has how many more hydrogen ions (H+) than 1 L of a solution of pH 9?

100,000 times more

Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large-scale to smaller scale?

Biosphere--> ecosystems--> communities--> populations--> organisms

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polysaccharide that is 10 monomers long?

9

All of the organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem are known as_____

A biological community

A group of organisms of a species living together in an environment is referred to as_______

A population

A DNA molecule is made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate (a functional group), and ________

A) Adenine B) Cytosine C) Guanine D) Thymine E) All of these Answer is E

Which of the following is an example of" unity in diversity?"

A) All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. B)The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. C) The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. D)All of the above are correct. The answer is D

The idea that form and function are related is not exemplified by which of the following examples?

A) Cells in the intestinal lining of vertebrates have many small projections that increase the surface area for absorbtion of nutrients. B) Plants that live in dry areas have large roots for absorbing water. C) Seeds that are dispersed by wind are very light. D) Fish that swim rapidly have bodies that are streamlined E) None of the above Answer is E

Which is a compound?

A) Gold B) Nitrogen C) Carbon D) Phosohorus E) None of the above Answer is E

Which of the following is a correct monomer/polymer pairing?

Amino acid/polypeptide

Which of the following is a monomer used to build a biological polymer?

Amino acids.

All of the living things in a particular area along with all of the nonliving aspects of the environment with which organisms interact is known as_______

An ecosystem

Which of these individuals is likely to be most successful in an evolutionary sense?

An organism that dies after five days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce

Which one of the following pairs of atoms would be most likely to form ions and thus an ionic bond?

Answer B

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?

Approximately 16 Daltons

A single-celled organism isolated from a deep-sea, hot thermal vent was found to have a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. This organism is most likely a member of which of the following domains?

Archaea

Which of the following types of cells lack a nucleus?

Archaea

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that

Are mirror images of one another

Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

About 20-25% of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

The actions of an organism are based on______ activities?

Cell

Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight to_____

Chemical energy

Which properties of water are most important for the movement of water up the tree?

Cohesion and adhesion

A group of different elements arranged in a set ratio is referred as a(an)_______

Compound

Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with_______

Compounds that have polar covalent bonds.

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

Covalent bonds

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms.

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.

What is a common chemical reaction mechanismby which cells make polymers from monomers?

Dehydration reactions.

Darwin's finches, collected from the Galápagos Islands, illustrate which of the following?

Descent with modification.

If you see radioactive isotopes in a laboratory that deals with biological samples, what could you be sure is not the reason for their presence?

Disinfecting wounds

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

Eukarya

Wood ants shoot______ as their defense mechanism:

Formic Acid

Which of the following correctly describes chemical equilibrium?

Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products.

Which of the following solutions would require the greatest amount of base to be added to bring the solution to neutral pH?

Gastric juice at pH 2

The entire set of genetic information in a cell or an organism is referred as a________

Genome

Imagine there is a species-specific fishing regulation that mandates only adult fish of this species that are 75 cm or longer may be kept and shorter fish must be released. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you would predict that the average length of the adult fish population will_______

Gradually decline.

Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form a covalent bond?

H and H

Which of the following would be regarded as compounds?

H2O and CH4, but not O2

Which of the following was Charles Darwin's most significant original contribution to understanding both the unity and diversity of life?

He proposed a mechanism to explain the process of evolution.

Charles Darwin proposed that "descent with modification" resulted when organisms of a particular species become adapted to their environment because they possess______

Heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because

Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose.

Water has specific properties, including high cohesion, high surface tension, and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat. What kind of bond between water molecules gives water these special properties?

Hydrogen bonds

In an aqueous solution, water molecules associate with one another through which of the following?

Hydrogen bonds.

Water becomes less dense when it freezes due to_____

Hydrogen bonds.

You are asked whether a sample came from a living thing. Chemical analysis shows that it consists mostly of calcium and sulfur, so you say that_____

It did not, since living things contains more carbon and oxygen than most other elements.

Which of the following is true of a scientific theory?

It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope.

The primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is _______

Light energy

Which of the following correctly describes the forms by which energy flows through an ecosystem from entry to exit?

Light--> chemical--> heat-->

If you were a fish in Minnesota, for which property of water would you be most grateful?

Low density when frozen

What is the correct order (from small to large) in a living cell or an organism?

Molecules, organism, population, communities, biosphere

Water has an unusually high specific heat. This is directly related to which of the following?

More heat is required to raise the temperature of water.

Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form an ionic bond?

Na and CI

Over time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by_______

Natural Selection.

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are________

Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules.

Two atoms that have the same mass number must have the same______

Number of protons + neutrons.

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of fungi?

Obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment?

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when_______

One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom.

Membrane-enclosed components of cells that carry out specialized functions are_____

Organelles

Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur?

Organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited.

Complete the analogy: covalent bonds are to ionic bonds as a wooden board is to______

Paper

When carbon forms single covalent bonds with four other atoms, the atoms joined to the carbon form a______

Plane.

In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by_______

Polar covalent bonds.

Which of the following kingdoms comprises mostly unicellular eukaryotes/

Poptista

All of the individuals of the same species living within a specified area is known as a_______

Population

Which of the following is not a theme that unifies biology?

Redctionism.

If you observed an extraterrestrial organism that was mostly composed of water, and you saw that it gradually lost water during warmer weather, you would guess that the function of the water loss was to_______

Reduce temperature

What do elements with atomic numbers 6, 14, and 22 have in common?

Same calence and will form the same number of covalent bonds.

Which of the following is an activity that would not reflect the practice of science?

Science is typically performed alone in the lab.

A covalent bond is formed by_________

Sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.

All of the living things on Earth along with all the places where life exists is known as _______

The biosphere

If the cytoplasm of a cell is at pH 7, and the mitochondrial matrix is at pH 8, this means that_______

The concentration of H+ ions is tenfold higher in the cytoplasm than in the mitochondrial matrix.

Temperatures depend on local geographic conditions. Why is the temperature much cooler in Los Angeles than in San Bernardino?

The cool ocean water buffers temperatures by cooling winds moving inland. Los Angeles is closer to the ocean than San Bernardino.

Strong evidence in support of the common ancestry of all life comes from_____

The existence of a nearly universal genetic code.

In order for a hypothesis to be used in science, which of the following must be true?

The hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen?

The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 7.

The chemical behavior of an atom depends primarily upon which of the following?

The number of electrons in the valence shell.

Like jackrabbits, elephants have many blood vessels in their ears that help them cool their bodies by radiating heat. Which of the following statements about this radiated energy would be accurate?

The original source of the energy was the sun.

The biochemical reaction that joins two amino acids to form a dipeptide is accompanied by______

The release of a water molecule.

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?

They are both polymers and glucose.

The gecko can climb smooth walls due to one type of bond or interaction, while a spider can walk on water due to a different kind. identify each type of bond.

Van der Waals, hydrogen bond.