BIO 111 - Smartbook Ch 12

The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called _______.

DNA replication

Which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA to RNA to protein

Which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix Deduced the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid

Which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA?

facilitate transport out of the nucleus protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes remove noncoding regions

DNA nucleotides come in ___ different varieties.

four

Scientists were searching for the source of biological information about inheritance and development. When they found it, they called it the:

genetic code

The three, major steps of translation (in order) are

initiation, elongation, and termination

What type of RNA is needed to begin translation?

initiator tRNA

A codon is composed of ___ nucleotides

three

The process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called ___

transcription

What determines the sequence of an rRNA strand?

transcription from DNA template

For a protein, gene expression requires ___ in the nucleus and ___ at the ribosome to take place.

transcription, translation

Initiation occurs prior to elongation, both are part of the process of

translation

Polypeptides are created during which process?

translation

The process which uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes to synthesize proteins is called ___

translation

Because a set of three nucleotide bases called a codon codes for a particular amino acid, the genetic code is said to be a ___ code.

triplet

Place these steps in DNA replication in the correct sequence beginning with the first step at the top.

unwinding the double helix complementary base pairing joining nucleotides to growing DNA strand

Which of the following would contain the most nucleotide bases, if all from the same eukaryotic gene?

Introns + exons

Which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation?

Messenger RNA Initiator tRNA Small ribosomal subunit Large ribosomal subunit

Which of the following are components of a nucleotide?

Nitrogen-containing base 5-carbon sugar Phosphate

Which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication The prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome

True or false: DNA can store information, can be replicated and can undergo rare changes.

True

RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase:

a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction nucleotides are added to the 3' end nucleotides are joined together

During the final stage of translation, a release factor binds to

a stop codon

For genes that code for proteins, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of _______________ in a protein.

amino acids

Incorporating new nucleotides into DNA can provide it with the ability to code for a greater number of

amino acids

During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n) ___

anticodon

rRNA strands are transcribed from a template strand of DNA found in the _______.

nucleolus

A biotechnology company named Synthorax has expanded the genetic alphabet by creating two new forms of ___ called X and Y.

nucleotides

Which of the following are similarities between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

both are types of proteins both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand

An opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication ______.

bubble

The building blocks of DNA are

nucleotides

Select the choices indicating differences between RNA and DNA.

only RNA contains the sugar "ribose" DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded only RNA contains the base "Uracil"

Translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide during the _____ phase.

elongation

The coding portions of a gene that are joined during mRNA processing are called

exons

The production and usage of a gene's product is called gene

expression

Taking pre-mRNA and changing it to a final mRNA transcript requires multiple steps of RNA ___ , like removal of introns.

processing

During the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material?

protein DNA

The process of copying a DNA molecule so that there are two copies of the same DNA is called DNA

replication

The codon near which the small ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (AUG) is called the ___ codon

start

During translation initiation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA attach in the vicinity of the _____.

start codon

A completed polypeptide is released during the phase of translation called ___

termination

If each codon were composed of only 1 nucleotide, how many amino acids are possible?

4

Which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene?

A post-modification mRNA transcript

The two purines bases in DNA are:

Adenine and Guanine

What is the best explanation as to why the number of adenines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of thymines?

Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA

Why would the number of guanines in an organism's DNA be equal to its number of cytosines?

Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA

Select the choices indicating similarities between RNA and DNA.

Both are polymers of nucleotides. Both contain 4 types of nucleotide bases. Both are nucleic acids.

Which of the following are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction Both are semiconservative Both involve DNA polymerase

Which of the following are steps in DNA replication?

Complementary base pairing Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Unwinding the DNA double helix

The two pyrimidine bases are:

Cytosine and Thymine

James Watson and Francis Crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as

DNA

transcription

DNA is used as a template to produce RNA.

replication

DNA is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA.

True or false: DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase.

False

translation

RNA is used to produce protein.

A triplet code for amino acids is made up of ______.

RNA nucleotides

What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing a new RNA molecule through nucleotide binding?

RNA polymerase

pre-mRNA

RNA that has not been processed yet

introns

RNA that will be removed before translation

exons

RNA that will be used for translation

There is a point on a replicating prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA strand at which separation of the strands occurs to allow for enzyme activity. What is it called?

Replication fork

Which of the following are characteristics of the genetic material that early scientists were seeking?

Storage of genetic information A stable molecule Able to undergo mutations

What is the source of particular sequences of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA?

Transcription from DNA