BIO 1114 - Ch 4 - The Energy of Life
Select all of the following that may result when ATP transfers a phosphate group to a target molecule. The target molecule changes shape. The target molecule becomes more likely to participate in an energy-requiring reaction. The target molecule becomes more likely to bond with other molecules. The target molecule becomes less energized.
1 & 3
Select all of the cellular conditions that affect enzyme activity. temperature salt concentration size of cell pH
1, 2, 4
Select all of the following essential cellular activities that are conducted by enzymes. Multiple select question. protein production generation of heat from sunlight breakdown of food recycling of cell parts transport gases DNA replication
1, 3, 4, 6
Select all types of molecules that cells use for long-term energy storage. glycogen proteins starch ATP fats
1, 3, 5
Organisms transform energy from one form to another. Put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted, starting at the top with a form of energy that is not in an organism. a. Sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes b. sunlight is captured c. sugars are broken down to liberate energy that powers cellular activities
1. b 2. a 3. c
Select all of the following cellular processes or reactions that are powered by ATP. Multiple select question. diffusion of oxygen gas muscle contraction synthesis of large molecules osmosis moving chromosomes
2, 3, 5
The Calvin cycle is a Select one: a.cyclic pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2. b.linear pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2. c.cyclic pathway that produces ATP and NADPH. d.linear pathway that produces ATP and NADPH. e.cyclic pathway that produces ATP and three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2.
A
What is produced in the light reactions that is used in the carbon reactions of photosynthesis? Select one: a.ATP and NADPH b.ADP and NADP+ c.carbon dioxide and oxygen d.water and glucose e.oxygen and glucose
A
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed has only two phosphate groups attached to ribose
Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness
endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Endocytosis
A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP a proteins accepts an electron before it and then passes it on to the next. So each protein in the chain is first reduced and then oxidized. Small amounts of energy are released at each step, and the cell uses this energy in other reactions
exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up (catalyzes) a chemical reaction in a living thing, without being consume
energy can be temporarily stored by adding a phosphate to ADP, forming ATP and water
ADP + P + energy ------> ATP + H2O
Energy _________ is critical for living cells
ATP
The energy molecule _______ , is not stored in large quantities in cells because its high-energy phosphate bonds are too unstable.
ATP
Diff examples of energy input and energy output. Exergonic and endergonic
ATP is combined with phosphate to form ATP in the reaction ADP + Pi + free energy → ATP + H2O Exergonic reactions- Release energy in the form of ATP. Endergonic reactions- Absorbs or utilizes energy. Break down of polymers into monomers is a catabolic reaction which releases energy. Building polymers from monomers require energy. Therefore it is endergonic. ATP is required for conformational changes in the target molecule. For example- ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose, creating a high-energy but stable intermediate. Thus phosphorylation reaction causes a conformational change that allows enzyme to convert the phosphorylated glucose molecule to phosphorylated fructose.
ATP hydrolysis
ATP is converted to ADP & phosphate energized myosin heads (removal of phosphate) need energy
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism/cells, including those that build new molecules and those that break the existing ones down
Calorie
Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C
Photosynthesis Select one: a. is not dependent on chlorophyll. b. does not involve oxidation-reduction reactions. c.produces water and carbon dioxide. d.produces glucose and oxygen. e. No answer is correct.
D
Photosynthesis provides _____ in the atmosphere that support(s) much of the life on earth. Select one: a.organic compounds b.carbon dioxide c.chlorophyll d.oxygen e.sunlight
D
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane to an area of higher concentration
simple diffusion
Diffusion that doesn't involve a direct input of energy or assistance by carrier proteins.
Categorize these into energy-releasing and energy-requiring reactions Cellular respiration Reactants hold 50 kilocalories, but the resulting product holds 65 kilocalories. Oxidation Building complex molecule from the simpler molecule. Breaking large, complex molecule into their simpler components An algal performing photosynthesis
Energy releasing reaction: Cellular respiration Breaking large, complex molecule into their simpler components Oxidation Energy requiring reaction: Reactants hold 50 kilocalories, but the resulting product holds 65 kilocalories. Building complex molecule from the simpler molecule. An algal performing photosynthesis In cellular respiration living cells break down glucose molecules, release energy, and form molecules of ATP. That is the reason our body or organ become hot when we work hard for particular muscle in gym or work hard anywhere else, because body need more energy in the form of ATP and cellular respiration become fast in this state. Oxidation occurs when a molecule loses an electron or increases its oxidation state. When a molecule is oxidized, it loses energy means energy is released. Algal photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction (energy requiring reaction). The source of the energy for the formation of glucose molecule is light energy from the sun.
What might happen if a substance that is not a substrate molecule binds to an enzyme's active site?
Enzyme activity will slow down because the enzyme can not catalyze the reaction and this imposter molecule will thus inhibit the activity of the enzyme.
second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Biologists consider photosynthesis to be the most important metabolic process because without it, there would be no CO2 in the atmosphere. Select one: True False
F
The carbon reactions produce NADPH, while the light reactions consume it. Select one: True False
F
true or false: Facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.
False. Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport and it does not require energy for the movement of molecules. So,it does not require energy expenditure by cell.
true or false: all cells depend on the stored energy of ATP to power their activities
False. They depend on the POTENTIAL energy of ATP
ATP cycle
How a cell regenerates its ATP supply. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms as ADP gains a phosphate group.
In a reaction that releases energy...
Large, complex molecules are broken into their smaller, simpler components Example: cellular respiration breaks down glucose to carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
product vs reactant
Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction. Products are substances that are produced in the reaction.
What happens to released energy?
Some is lost as heat, some is used to do work
diffusion
Spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Plants need water to fill their cells and to perform the light reactions. Select one: True False
T
The light reactions provide energy to fuel the carbon reactions to produce carbohydrates. Select one: True False
T
Oxidation
The loss of electrons- and a corresponding loss of energy- from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
active site
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
turgor pressure
The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.
Reactions typically require energy input if..
They're building complex molecules from simper components
Metabolic reaction categories
Those that require energy input to proceed Those that release energy
True or false: you lose heat with every chemical reaction
True
If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, then water will move into and out of the cell at equal rates. True or False
True. If a cell is placed in a isotonic solution the water move in to and out of the cell at equal rates because the concentration of solution present inside the cell is equal to concentration of solution present outside the cell and so equal amounts of water moves in to and out of the cell.
A concentration ______ occurs when there are unequal amounts of a solute in neighboring regions. Multiple choice question. gradient stasis junction matrix
a
After ATP donates a phosphate group to a coupled reaction, then it becomes ADP. The ADP Select one: a. can be recharged with the release of energy to form ATP. b.is a waste product that will be broken down. c.can be recharged in an equilibrium reaction to form ATP. d.can be recharged in an oxidation reaction to form ATP. e. can be recharged with the uptake of energy to form ATP.
a
Examples of potential energy include Select one: a.chemical bonds and concentration gradients. b.light and chemical bonds. c.quartz crystals vibrating in a wristwatch. d.soil heated by sunlight. e. light and the motion of a muscle.
a
Explain how active transport, ATP, energy, and concentration gradients are related. Active transport uses ATP to create a concentration gradient, which stores potential energy. Active transport moves ATP against its concentration gradient, which creates potential energy. Active transport is a concentration gradient that requires ATP to form energy. Active transport produces ATP, which stores potential energy that might be used to dissipate concentration gradients.
a
How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions? Multiple choice question. Lower the activation energy Lower the pH Raise the pH Raise the activation energy
a
In a process called ______, a cell engulfs material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle pinched off the cell membrane. Multiple choice question. endocytosis osmosis exocytosis transpiration
a
In eukaryotic cells, the breakdown of glucose molecules in organelles called mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of Multiple choice question. ATP molecules. ribosomes. DNA. oxygen.
a
In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?," why does water leave the cell by osmosis after the active transport of chloride ions out of the cell by CFTR? a.The cell is now in a hypertonic solution. b.The cell must pump out water to avoid bursting. c.The cell is now in a hypotonic solution. d.The cell needs to regenerate the ATP used in active transport. e.The cell is now in an isotonic solution.
a
Like the subunits of DNA and RNA, ATP is a type of nucleotide. fatty acid. amino acid. monosaccharide.
a
Living organisms are able to increase in complexity due to a constant input of ______ from the sun, but because the universe as a whole is also decreasing in complexity by a greater amount, the ______ in the universe is always increasing. energy; entropy heat; potential energy kinetic energy; potential energy entropy; kinetic energy
a
Photosynthesis converts the ______ energy in sunlight into the ______ energy in sugars. kinetic; potential potential; kinetic potential; potential kinetic; kinetic
a
The production of new molecules and the breakdown of old molecules in the cell is called metabolism. diffusion. chemical equilibrium. entropy.
a
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
negative feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
Simple diffusion example
a nonwater molecule moves down its concentration gradient, without the help of a carrier molecule or energy input
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
oxidation-reduction reaction
a reaction that involves the transfer of energized electrons between reactants
kilocalorie
a unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories
ATP components
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
ATP releases energy when it donates a ______ group to another molecule. alcohol phosphate sulfate nitrogenous
b
At the end of a biochemical reaction, the enzyme Multiple choice question. remains with the products. can be reused. is altered. is consumed.
b
In a membrane transport process called ______, a cell transports large molecules to the cell membrane in vesicles and releases them to the outside of the cell. Multiple choice question. endocytosis exocytosis pinocytosis oxidation
b
In diffusion, a substance moves by ______. active transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated active transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated passive transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated
b
One way that enzymes speed up reactions is to bring the ______ of the reaction together. cells reactants microns protons
b
Warmer temperatures generally ______ enzymatic activity, but when temperatures increase too much, enzymes denature. slow down speed up do not affect
b
What is the process whereby an ion, an atom, or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy? Multiple choice question. exocytosis passive transport endocytosis active transport
b
A concentration gradient is a form of ______ energy because energy that can be used to drive molecular motion is stored in the gradient. kinetic light potential heat
c
A concentration gradient will dissipate unless ______ is expended to maintain a higher concentration in one area compared to the other. Multiple choice question. entropy a cofactor energy oxygen
c
After a product is released from its active site, a(n) ______ can be used again in another reaction because it is not consumed or altered in the reaction. Multiple choice question. lipid monosaccharide enzyme photon
c
Only specific ______ can bind to an enzyme's active site, and each particular enzyme can only catalyze specific chemical reactions. energy entropy substrates organelles
c
Reduction is Select one: a.the gain of oxygen by a cell. b.the loss of oxygen from a cell. c.the gain of electrons by an atom or molecule. d.the loss of electrons by an atom or molecule. e.the loss of protons by an atom or molecule.
c
The chemical formula for glucose is a. C6H6O12. b. C12H6O12. c. C6H12O6. d.C6H6O6. e. C12H22O11.
c
The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the region with a higher solute concentration is called endocytosis. active transport. osmosis. hydrolysis.
c
The wood in a match is made of cellulose, a polymer of glucose molecules. When you light the match heat and light are given off, indicating that a(n) ________ reaction is occurring. Select one: a.endergonic b.kinetic energy c.exergonic d.potential energy e.equilibrium
c
f a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell. isotonic hypotonic hypertonic catatonic
c
ATP example
cells indirectly use food energy to fuel muscle contractions and all other energy-requiring processes
Enzyme functions
copy DNA, build proteins, digest food, recycle a cell's worn out parts, and catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
A substance is moved from an area where its concentration is low to an area where its concentration is high with the expenditure of energy in passive transport. facilitated diffusion. simple diffusion. active transport.
d
If a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell interior. Multiple choice question. isosmotic isotonic hypertonic hypotonic
d
If you were looking for a card describing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, you would look in a drawer labelled with what information? Select one: a. takes up energy, photosynthesis b. takes up energy, cellular respiration c. releases energy, photosynthesis d. releases energy, cellular respiration e. No answer is correct
d
In ______, ATP hydrolysis produces energy that drives a reaction that requires energy. competitive inhibition negative feedback positive feedback coupled reactions
d
In a coupled reaction, the ______ released from one reaction can be used to drive another reaction. Multiple choice question. water adenine Na+ energy
d
In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration is higher inside the cell and results in turgor pressure. in one area is lower relative to that in a neighboring area. in one area is higher relative to that in a neighboring area. is equal between two neighboring areas.
d
The energy source that powers photosynthesis is Select one: a.water. b.glucose. c.carbon dioxide. d.sunlight. e.oxygen.
d
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
Plants require energy from light to perform photosynthesis in which glucose is formed from carbon dioxide and water. This is an example of a. kinetic energy. b. equilibrium. c. potential energy. d. a process that releases energy. e. a process that takes up energy.
e
When NaCl (table salt) forms, sodium (Na) loses energy by ______ and chlorine (Cl) gains energy by______. a.going against its concentration gradient; going with its concentration gradient b.going with its concentration gradient; going against its concentration gradient c.gaining an electron in oxidation; by giving up an electron in reduction d.gaining an electron in reduction; giving up an electron in oxidation e.giving up an electron in oxidation; gaining an electron in reduction
e
Law of Energy Conservation
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another
Diffusion occurs against concentration gradients. Select one: True False
f
Some antibiotics target enzymes specific to bacteria. Some work by binding to the active site and; therefore, act as noncompetitive inhibitors. Select one: True False
f
true or false: reactions occur more rapidly if the activation energy is high
false. when it's low
reduction
gain of electrons (and their energy)
All energy eventually becomes ______, which is disordered energy that results from the random movements of molecules.
heat
According to physical laws, energy transformations overall lead to ______ disorder. increased decreased
increased
the enzyme brings reactants (called substrates) into contact with one another, so that...
less energy is required for the reaction to proceed
enzymes speed reactions by
lowering the activation energy
What organelle produces most of a cell's ATP?
mitochondria
ATP is a type of _______
nucleotide
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy temporarily stores energy in its covalent bonds, then uses the energy to power reactions that require energy input
A cell "spends" ATP to removing the endmost _________ ______ when the cell requires energy
phosphate group this is a HYDROLYSIS reaction ATP + H2O ------> ADP + P + energy
The most important energy transformations are
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
An example of an energy-requiring reaction is ________ , which uses energy from the sun to produce sugars; an example of an energy-releasing reaction is cellular __________, which releases the energy in sugars.
photosynthesis; respiration
noncompetitive inhibition
product molecules bind to the enzyme at a location other than the active site in a way that alters the enzyme's shape so that it can no longer bind the substrate
If a reaction releases energy
products contain less energy than reactants Example: photosynthesis. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a product of photosynthesis
if one molecule is ________ (gains electrons), then another must be ________ (loses electrons)
reduced; oxidized
organisms can increase in complexity as long as...
something else decreases in complexity by a greater amount
potential energy
stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
Reduction is the gain of electrons. Select one: True False
t
The most common way for energy-absorbing reactions to be powered in cells is for them to be coupled with the breakdown of ATP. Select one: True False
t
When the concentration gradient driving osmosis becomes larger, osmosis occurs at a faster rate. Select one: True False
t
Whenever ATP is produced by a chemical reaction some energy is lost into the surroundings as heat. Select one: True False
t
Energy
the ability to do work
Phagocytosis example
the cell captures and engulfs large particles
kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
active transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
facilitated diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins, but not ATP
Active transport example
this type of membrane transport moves substances through membrane proteins and requires energy
True or false: Living organisms would not be able to survive without enzymes because reactions would proceed too slowly.
true
Osmosis example
water moves into a red blood cell, w/o the help of proteins your potted ivy plant is wilted, but perks up after you water it
isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same