BIO 115 Exam 3

A diverse community of bacteria on their body

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has... A diverse community of bacteria on their body Very few to no bacteria on their body. Viruses in the lysogenic cycle Viruses in the lytic cycle

E

Based on the above tree, where stomata evolve? A B C D E F G H I

Chlorophytes

Based on the above tree, which of the groups can utilized the broadest set of wavelengths of light for photosynthesis? Archaeplastida Chlorophytes Glaucophytes Red algae

Cyanobacteria

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, would you predict that the DNA sequence of a gene in the chloroplasts of green algae would most similar to the sequence of the same gene in... Cyanobacteria The mitochondria of green algae The nuclei of euglenids The nuclei of green algae The nuclei of land plants

Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds.

Chemotrophic bacteria... Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds. Can only gain organic molecules by ingesting other organic molecules Can make organic molecules from single-carbon molecules Can survive in the absence of any nutrient source

Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction

Conjugation is part of the life cycle of many ciliate protists where haploid micronuclei are exchanged between individuals. Which of the statements below is most accurate? Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction Conjugation is a form of sex, but not reproduction Conjugation is a form of reproduction, but not sex Conjugation is neither reproduction nor sex Conjugation only occurs in prokaryotes

Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Greater potential for adaptation in new or changing environments is one likely driving force behind which evolutionary trend in plants? Dispersal by seeds rather than spores Gametophyte dependence to independence Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance Pollination by wind to pollination by animals Sperm transport by pollen

They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

How are megaspores transported in seed plants? Blown by the wind Carried by animals Swim through water They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms

How has the dominant generation evolved from non-vascular plants to angiosperms? Gametophytes are dominant in both groups Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms Sporophytes are dominant in both groups Sporophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; gametophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Standing water no longer required for fertilization

How has the evolution of pollen been most directly important to land plants adapting to terrestrial life? Embryonic sporophyte protected and supplied with food source Enables plants to grow to greater heights for photosynthesis and see dispersal Standing water no longer required for fertilization Wind no longer required to transport sperm

Species B

Hypothetical data on the stomatal density and cuticle thickness of three plant species is given below. Which species is most likely to be a desert-dwelling species? Species A Species B Species C Species A and B

One of the cells must possess an F factor

In order for two bacterial cells to undergo conjugation, what must be true of them? Both cells must possess an F factor One of the cells must possess an F factor Neither cell can possess an F factor One cell must have a plasmid

D. A and B

Is photosynthesis homologous or convergent in protists? A. Homologous - all chloroplasts in protist can be traced back to a single instance of endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium B. Convergent - different lineages of protists acquired the ability to photosynthesize independently C. Convergent - algae form a paraphyletic group within protists D. A and B

Convergent

Many groups of protists construct protective casings. Dinoflagellates often produce casings of cellulose. Forams manufacture calcium carbonate shells. Diatoms and some tubulinids (a type of amoebozoan) have silicon dioxide cases. Euglenozoans have protein reinforcements of their cellular membranes. Are protective casings in protists homologous or convergent? Convergent Homologous

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle? Burst out of the host cell Find another virus in the cell to exchange genetic information with Incorporate itself into the host genome and allow it to reproduce Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Conjugation

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___. Conjugation Endosymbiosis Independent assortment Random fertilization All of the above

Horizontal gene transfer

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this? Conjugation Convergent evolution Gene flow Horizontal gene transfer Lytic cycle

True leaves

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT what? In other words, which feature is NOT present in all of these groups? Branching Diploid dominance True leaves Vascular tissue

True leaves

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT: Branching Diploid dominance True leaves Vascular tissue

Attaching to animal fur

The fruits pictured below are most likely dispersed by... Attaching to animal fur Enticing an animal to eat the fruit and seeds Preventing an animal from eating the seed before it falls to the ground Wind

3 times

The protists groups indicated on the tree below all include pathogenic species (species that cause disease. Based on the information presented, how many times do you hypothesize that pathogenicity evolved in protists? 1 time 2 times 3 times 4 times

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid? The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell The virus begins to evolve into a bacterium The virus can become resistant to certain antibiotics The virus can become infected by bacteria It is impossible for bacterial DNA to be packaged in a viral capsid

E. A and B

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms? A. Angiosperms have flowers, gymnosperms don't B. Angiosperms have fruit, gymnosperms don't C. Angiosperms have seeds, gymnosperms don't D. Angiosperms have vascular tissue, gymnosperms don't E. A and B F. A, B, and C

Megagametophyte

What does a megaspore produce? Eggs Megagametophyte Megasporophyte Sperm

Dispersal using an embryonic sporophyte with a food reserve encased in a protective coat

What evolutionary adaptation evolved at letter H on the above tree? The ability to use more wavelengths of light The ability to attract pollinators, increasing the change of pollen begin picked up, and then delivered to the same type of flower Dispersal using an embryonic sporophyte with a food reserve encased in a protective coat Structures that increase photosynthetic surface area, increasing the amount of light intercepted The ability to support upright growth and transport water and nutrients around plant

Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations

What evolutionary advantage did true leaves offer to land plants? Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations Increased height to gain more access to sunlight Increased surface area for water absorption in drier environments Ability to shade spores to protect them during germination away from water Increased attractiveness to pollinators

Stems

What feature of land plants was made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis? Archegonia Cuticle Megagametophyte Stems

Euphyllophyta

What group is detonated by the letter G on the tree above? Archaeplastida Embryophyta Euphyllophyta Streptophyta Tracheophyta

Archaea

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes? Archaea Bacteria Opisthokonta Prokaryotes Stramenopiles

Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

What is the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte? Sporophytes are haploid and generate gametes, gametophytes are diploid and generate spores Sporophytes are haploid and generate spores, gametophytes are diploid and generate gametes Sporophytes are diploid and generate gametes, gametophytes are haploid and generate spores Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

Spores

What is the dispersal agent in ferns? Sperm Seeds Spores Pollen

Disperse seeds

What is the primary function of fruit? Disperse seeds Protect seeds Food source for seeds Attract pollinators

Seed plants are a subgroup of vascular plants

What is the relationship between seed plants and vascular plants? Seed plants and vascular plants are two completely distinct groups of plants Seed plants are a subgroup of vascular plants Vascular plants and seed plants refer to the same group of plants Vascular plants are a subgroup of seed plants

Lignin

What molecule or material provides vascular tissue with its rigidity, providing the structural support for upright growth? Cellulose Lignin Protein Sporopollenin

Eradication of previously serious diseases

What public health achievement have vaccines made possible? Antibiotics that drastically reduced fatalities from bacterial infections Discovery that many diseases are caused by microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi Discovery of non-cellular life Effective treatments for a variety of cancers Eradication of previously serious diseases

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth? They helped cool the planet from its initial molten state They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere They started the nitrogen cycle moving They cleaned up toxins in the early oceans They are the ancestor of all other living organisms

C. The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems? A. They can form the basis of ecosystems where no other energy source is available, such as deep-sea vents. B. They converted the nitrogen in the atmosphere of prehistoric earth to oxygen. C. The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize. D. A and B E. None of the above

Ovary

When you eat a peach, what part of the plant are you eating? Megasporangium Gametophyte Ovary Ovule

None of the above

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong? Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya None of the above

Branching

Which evolutionary innovation allowed sporophytes to continue growing and potentially reproducing after releasing spores? Branching Phragmoplasts True leaves Vascular tissue

Greater access to light and carbon dioxide

Which factor likely helped drive the transition of the ancestor of land plants from aquatic to terrestrial life? Greater access to light and carbon dioxide Their complexity was too great for aquatic living Vascular tissue allowed upright growth All of the above

Both

Which generations of the fern life cycle are capable of photosynthesis? Gametophyte Sporophyte Both Neither

D. A and B

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes? A. Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus B. Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome C. Prokaryotic cells are larger D. A and B E. A, B, and C

D. Viruses

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA? A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Protists D. Viruses E. A and B

Mitochondria having a single lipid bilayer membrane

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria? Mitochondria have their own DNA as a circular chromosome Mitochondria having a single lipid bilayer membrane Mitochondrial DNA sequence very similar to bacterial DNA sequences Ribosomes in mitochondria more similar in structure to bacterial ribosomes than eukaryote ribosomes

Pollen Grain

Which of the following is NOT part of an ovule? Integuments Megagametophyte Megaspore coat Megasporangium Pollen grain

Stomata

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to land plants? Multicellularity Phragmoplasts Primary plastids with chlorophylls a and b Stomata

HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer? HGT can only happen among individuals of the same species HGT only occurs in prokaryotes HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other HGT has had little to no impact on the evolution of species

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life? All single-celled forms of life are grouped into one domain The division of life into three domains dates back to the ancient Greeks Prokaryotic organisms are not included among the 3 domains Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms The three domains of life arose from separate, independent origins of life

Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle? Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide. Lysogenic viruses are harmless. Lysogenic viruses have a membranous envelope to assist in infecting a host cell. Viruses in the lysogenic phase have no discernable impact on the host cell.

Capsid proteins

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses? Capsid proteins DNA Membranous envelope All of the above

Rosette proteins

Which of the following is the ultimate cause of plant tissue differentiation (for example, into gametangia)? Chloroplasts Gametangia Ovules Rosette proteins

Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane.

Which of the following statements about bacterial genomes is true? The products of meiosis in bacteria are four haploid cells. Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane. Bacterial cells have multiple chromosomes packaged with a relatively large amount of protein. Bacterial genomes are composed primarily of DNA interspersed with short stretches of RNA. Bacterial genomes are composed of DNA arranged in linear chromosomes.

The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH seed plant AND fern life cycles? The gametophyte is the dominant generation Pollen carries sperm to the egg Spores are the dispersal agent The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

Some algae are more closely related to non-photosynthetic protists than they are to other algae

Which of the statements best describes the evolution or characteristics of protists? All protists are unicellular Protists do not have nuclei Protists are a monophyletic group within the Eukarya Protozoans are multicellular protists Some algae are more closely related to non-photosynthetic protists than they are to other algae

C. They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights

Why do mosses never grow more than a few centimeters tall? A. For shelter to avoid wind and extreme temperatures B. They don't use seeds to disperse C. They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights D. They're scared of heights E. A and B

That person likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant? Considered to be the most ethical source Less chance of transplant rejection by your body Most convenient source That person likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Antibiotic resistance alleles can be transferred to new cells and spread horizontally in a population

Why is conjugation in bacteria relevant to human health? Antibiotic resistance alleles can be transferred to new cells and spread horizontally in a population The pilus contains toxins Conjugating cells form larger aggregations of cells Viruses infecting bacteria cells can then infect human cells

Chemoautotrophic

You are studying the metabolism of a new species of bacteria. You conduct an experiment with the following treatment groups and results. The control group had access to light, carbon dioxide, and organic molecules. Note that "0" means the bacteria did not grow/divide/reproduce. What metabolic strategy does this bacteria species use? Chemoautotrophic Chemoheterotrophic Photoautotrophic Photoheterotrophic