Bio 120: Chapter 3, Cells

Phagocytosis Phag = Eat Pg. 102

The process by which relatively LARGE PARTICLES are ENGULFED by cells.

Hypotonic Solution Pg. 99

- Solute concentrations are lower outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell. The outside solution is Hypotonic - Water diffuses into cells.

Isotonic Solution Pg. 99

- Solute concentrations from outside the cell and inside the cell are BALANCED. Outside solution is Isotonic - Water movement is balanced.

Pinocytosis Pino = Drink Pg. 102

Process of cells taking in DISSOLVED PARTICLES and LIQIUD. In pinocytosis, the VESICLES formed during pinocytosis are generally MUCH SMALLER than those formed during phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm Pg. 84

A jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of the cell.

Aquaporins Pg. 99

"Water Channels" Transmembrane proteins with HYDROPHILIC channels through which the water molecules pass in single file.

Defects in Transport Proteins Pg. 98

- Can reduce or even bring facilitated diffusion to a complete stop - Serious health consequences - Many genetic diseases • Cystinuria and kidney stones

The Direction of Osmosis

- Determined only by a difference in total concentration of all the molecules dissolved in the water - It does not matter what solutes they are

Eukaryotic Cells Pg. 84

- Have a nucleus (contains cell's DNA) - & other organelles - Organisms composed of eukaryotic cells are called Eukaryotes. - Larger than Prokaryote, usually by 10x A) Protists B) Plants C) Fungi D) Animals

Prokaryotic Cells Pg. 84

- NO nucleus (DNA free in cell; Resides in Cytoplasm - First cells on earth - An organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell. - Much smaller than Eukaryotes. A) Bacteria B) Archaebacteria

Hypertonic Solution Pg. 99

- Solute concentrations are higher outside the cell than the inside of the cell. Outside solution is Hypertonic - Water diffuses out of cells

Cell Theory Pg. 84

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2. All cells arise from other pre-existing cells.

2 Types of Passive Transport Pg. 97

1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis

Secondary Active Transport (No ATP is used directly) Pg. 101

1. Energy from ATP was used to pump one of the molecules involved against their concentration gradient. 2. Then that molecule crosses with its gradient 3. And helps the other across against its gradient

2 Different kinds of cells that makes up all of the organisms on earth. Pg. 84

1. Eukaryotic Cell - From the Greek for "good" and "kernel - Has a central control structure called a NUCLEUS, which contains the cell's DNA. 2. Prokaryotic Cell - From the Greek for "before" and "kernel" - Does NOT HAVE a NUCLEUS; its DNA simply resides in the cytoplasm.

How do Beta Blockers Work? Pg. 94

1. In stressful situations, the adrenal glands pump out adrenaline. 2. Adrenaline binds with beta receptors on cells, causing a faster heartbeat and increased blood pressure. 3. Beta blocker chemicals bind to receptors and prevent adrenaline from binding to the cell. Can do the FF: 1. Reduce high blood pressure 2. Block signaling through adrenaline receptors 3. Reduce outward symptoms of anxiety 4. Reduce the effects of adrenaline on the heart

Process of Receptor proteins aid in endocytosis. Pg. 103

1. LDL receptor proteins in the plasma membrane of liver cells specifically recognize and bind to LDL. 2. The plasma membrane forms a vesicle and engulfs the LDL 3. LDL is broken down and used to make useful molecules, including estrogen and testosterone.

Which cell type contains the most mitochondria per cell?

1. Liver (2,500) 2. Muscle (1,200) 3. White blood cell (700) 4. Dermal cell (200) 5. White adipose cell (100) 6. Red blood cell (0)

3 Types of protein fibers make up the cytoskeleton Pg. 109

1. Microtubules 2. Intermediate Filaments 3. Microfilaments

Three types of endocytosis: Pg. 102

1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Proaryotes' 4 Basic Structural Features Pg. 84

1. Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Ribosome 4. Each prokaryote has one or more circular loops or linear strands of DNA.

Four Primary types of membrane proteins Pg. 91

1. Receptor proteins 2. Recognition proteins 3. Transport proteins 4. Enzymatic proteins

Three primary types of connections between animal cells Pg. 105

1. Tight Junctions 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap Junctions.

Endomembrane System at Work Pg. 117

1. Transport vesicle buds from the smooth or rough ER 2. Transport vesicles fuses with Golgi apparatus, dumping contents inside. 3. Golgi apparatus modifies the molecules as they move through its successive chambers. 4. Modified molecules bud off from the Golgi apparatus as a transport vesicle. 5. Vesicle may fuse with the plasma membrane, dumping contents outside the cell for delivery elsewhere in the organism.

Mitochondria Pg, 110

2 separate compartments within the mitochondrion: - Inter membrane space (outside the inner plastic bag) - Matrix (inside the inner plastic bag) (much larger than the outer membrane) - Have their own DNA. - Most plant cells contain Mitochondria Note: The similarity between mitochondria and bacteria is another characteristic that supports the theory that mitochondria were originally symbiotic bacteria.

DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid ) Pg. 83

A MOLECULE that CONTAINS the INFORMATION that DIRECTS the CHEMICAL REACTION in a cell, a cell's ability to REPRODUCE itself.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia Pg. 104

A disorder that when a person is born with no LDL receptors at all.

Flagellum (Plural: Flagella) Pg. 85

A long thin whip-like projection that rotates like a propeller and MOVES the cell through the medium in which it lives.

Chromatin Pg, 108

A mass of long, thin fibers consisting of DNA with some proteins attached to it that keep it from getting IMPOSSIBLY TANGLED. Packs DNA into nucleus tightly - When a gene is expressed - DNA unwinds > open to nuclear machinery > RNA - RNA gets shipped out to cytoplasm

Surface Protein Pg. 91

A membrane-associated- protein that is located entirely outside of the lipid bilayer and ineteracts with it through non-covalent bonds.

Nucleus Pg. 86

A membrane-enclosed structure that contains linear strands of DNA.

Intermediate Filaments Pg. 109

A second type of cytoskeleton fiber Durable, rope-like systems of numerous different overlapping proteins. It gives cells GREATH STRENGTH

Plasma Membrane Pg. 89

A two layered membrane that holds the contents of a cell in place and regulates(controls) what enters and leaves the cell. Partially Permeable Characteristics: Thin and Flexible Functions: Holds contents of cell in place, Takes in food and nutrients, Aids in building and exporting molecules, Allows interaction in the environment and other neighborhood cell, Serve as a gatekeepers that control the flow of molecules into and out of the cell.

Membrane proteins

Act as receptors or channels - Help molecules into & out of cell - Send signals into cell & nucleus - Communicate with other cells Act as enzymes - Catalyze (cause or accelerate) reactions on inner & outer cell surfaces

Robert Hooke Pg. 83

An English scientist that first used the word "cell" in 1600s. A.K.A for his contributions to philosophy, physics, and architecture.

Nucleolus Pg. 108

An area NEAR the CENTER of the nucleus where SUBUNITS of the RIBOSOMES, a critical part of the cellular machinery, are ASSEMBLED.

Gap Junctions Pg. 105

Are PORES surrounded by special proteins that FORM OPEN CHANNELS between two cells Allows the passage of small molecules between animal cells Functions like secret passageways, these junctions are large enough for salt, sugars, amino acids, and the chemicals that carry electrical signals to pass through but are too small for the passage of organelles or very large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Important mechanism for cell-to-cell.

Desmosomes Pg. 105

Are like spot welds or RIVETS that fasten cells together into strong sheets. Occur at irregular intervals and function like fastened velcro: they hold cells together but are not water-tight, allowing fluid to pass around them. found in much of the tissue-lining cavities of animal bodies.

Ribosomes Pg. 84

Are little Granular bodies where PROTEINS are MADE; thousands of them are scattered throughout the cytoplasm.

Cilia (sing. Cilium) Pg. 109

Are short projections that often occur in large numbers on a single cell. Beat swiftly, often in unison and in ways that resemble blades of grass in a field, blowing in the wind. Can move along and past a cell. This movement can accomplish important tasks like sweeping the airways to our lungs to clean them of debris (such as dust) in the air we breathe.

Lysosomes Pg. 112

Are the cell's garbage disposals. Function: Act as floating garbage disposals for cells, digesting and recycling cellular waste products and waste material.

Phospholipid Bilayer Pg. 90

Arrangement that gives way to STRUCTURE of plasma membrane.

Receptor proteins Pg. 91

BINDS to EXTERNAL CHEMICALS in order to regulate processes within the cell Ex: Cells in the heart have receptor proteins that bind to adrenaline, a chemical released into the bloodstream in times of extreme stress or fright. When adrenaline binds to these heart cells, the cells increase the heart's rate of contraction to pump blood through the body more quickly

Stroma Pg. 120

Contains some DNA and MUCH PROTEIN-MAKING machinery.

Tight Junctions Pg. 105

Form continuous, WATER-TIGHT seals around cells and also anchor cells in place. Like the caulking around a tub or sink that keeps water from leaking into the surrounding walls, tight junctions prevent fluid flow between cells. Important in the small intestine because cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients from the watery fluid moving through your gut. If the fluid inside the intestine were to leak between the cells and into your body cavity, you would not be able to extract sufficient energy and nutrients from your food and the bacteria would make you sick.

Endosymbiosis Theory Pg. 86

Explains presence of 2 organelles in eukaryotes: 1. Mitochondria in plants & animals. - Help plants and animals harness the energy stored in food molecules. 2. Chloroplasts in plants & algae. - Chloroplasts help plants and algae convert sunlight into a more usable form of energy.

Fact: Membrane surfaces have a "fingerprint" that identifies the cell. Pg. 95

Fact: Cells with an improper fingerprint are recognized as foreign and are attacked by your body's defenses.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum's Function Pg. 114

Fold and PACKAGE PROTEINS that will be shipped to to other locations in the endomembrane system, the cell surface, or outside the cell. Modifies proteins that will be shipped to other locations in the endomembrane system, the cell surface, our outside the cell.

Phospholipids Pg. 89

Foundation of all plasma membranes is a layer of lipid molecules all packed together. Are not locked in place in the plasma membrane; they just float around their side of the bilayer. They cannot pop out of the membrane, or flop from one side to other because their hydrophobic tails always line up away from watery solution. Similar to charged sides of two magnets push away from each other, so do the hydrophobc tails in the center of the membrane push away from and avoid coming into contact with water molecules.

Functions of Vacuoles Pg. 119

Functions: - Stores nutrients (stores hundreds of dissolved substances, including amino acids, sugars, and ions - Waste management (Retains waste products and degrades them with digestive enzymes, much like the lysosome in animal cells - Predator deterrence (The poisonous, nasty-tasting materials that accumulate inside the vacuoles of some plants make a powerful deterrent to animals that might try to eat parts of the plant) - Sexual Reproduction (The vacuole may contain pigments that gives some flowers their red, blue, purple, or other colors, enabling them to attract birds and insects that help the plant reproduce by transferring pollen) - Physical Support (high concentrations of dissolved substances in the vacuole can cause water to rush into the cells through the process of osmosis.The increased fluid pressure inside the vacuole can cause the cell to enlarge a bit and push out the cell wall) (called turgor pressure)

Cholesterol Pg. 92

Helps the membrane maintain its flexibility PREVENTS the membrane from becoming TOO FLUID or FLOPPY at MODERATE TEMPERATURES and acts as a sort of antifreeze, preventing the membrane from becoming too RIGID (not flexible) at freezing temperatures.

Fluid Mosaic Pg. 92

In addition to proteins and phospholipids, two other molecules are found in the plasma membrane: 1. Short, branched carbohydrate chains 2. Cholesterol

Thylakoids Pg. 120

Interconnected little flattened sacs inside the chloroplast Function: Light is collected for photosynthesis on the membranes of the thylakoids within the chloroplast

Diffusion Pg. 97

Is PASSIVE TRANSPORT in which a particle called SOLUTE, is DISSOLVED in a gas or liquid (a solvent) and moves from an area of HIGH SOLUTE concentration to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION. Ex: drop a tiny bit of food coloring into a bowl of water and wait for a few minutes. at first the dye would is initially clustered together in a very high concentration. Later, it would spread throughput the bowl making the color spread equally.

Golgi Apparatus Pg. 116

Is a flattened stak of membranes (each of which is called Golgi body) that are not interconnected. Secretion of digestive enzymes. Processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules for export to other locations in or outside of the cell. Also site of carbohydrate synthesis, including the complex polysaccharides found in many plasma membranes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Pg. 114

Is a large series of interconnected, flattened sacs that look like a stack of pancakes. These sacs are CONNECTED directly to the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE. Covered with Ribosomes

Endocyotosis Endo = within Cyto = Cell Pg. 102

Is a process in which a substance GAINS ENTRY into a cell WITHOUT PASSING through the cell membrane.

Tonicity Pg. 99

Is a relationship between the concentrations of solutes inside the cell and solutes outside the cell. - Isotonic - Hypotonic - Hypertonic

Osmosis Pg. 99

Is a type of PASSIVE TRANSPORT by which WATER DIFFUSSES across a membrane, in order to EQUALIZE the concentration of water inside and outside the cell. The transport of WATER across a membrane from a solution of LOWER SOLUTE concentration to a solution of HIGHER SOLUTE concentration. The direction of osmosis is determined by the total amount of solutes on either side of the membrane.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis Pg. 102

Is a type of endocytosis by which cells engulf SPECIFIC PARTICLES. In this process, Receptor molecules on the surface of a cell sit waiting until the one type of molecule they recognize bumps into them.

Exocytosis Pg. 104

Is the method by which cells EXPORT PRODUCTS for use in ANOTHER LOCATION.

Endomembrane System Pg. 114

Is the site where cells BUILD PROTEINS and DISARM TOXINS. Produces and modifies molecules to be exported to other parts of the organism Breaks down toxic chemicals and cellular by-production. Lipids are produced within these membrane-enclosed compartments, products for export to other parts of the body are modified and packaged here, polypeptide chains are assembled into functional proteins here, and meany of the toxic chemicals that find their way into our bodies- from reacreational drugs to antibiotics- are broken down and neutralized in the endomembrane system.

Cell Pg. 82

It is the most basic unit of any organism The SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE that can: 1. Function independently 2. Perform all the necessary functions life. 3. Reproduce Themselves. * Understanding cell structure and function is the basis for our understanding of how complex organisms are organized. * Three-dimentional structure, like a fluid-filled balloon, in which many of the essential chemical reactions of life take place.

Plant Cell Wall Pg. 118

It surrounds the plasma membrane. Made largely from long fibers of a polysaccharide called cellulose Are not completely solid, having many small pores. 100x thicker than plasma membrane Function: - Provides the cell with structural strength - Gives the cell increased water resistance - Provides some protection from insects and other animals that might eat plant parts.

Cellulae Pg. 83

Latin word for "SMALL ROOMS"

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) Pg. 85

Lives in your intestine and helps your body make some essential vitamins, to those responsible for illness, such as Streptococcus Pyogenes, which causes strep throat.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Pg. 114

Looks like a collection of branched tubes.

Cluster Differentiation markers (CD markers) Pg. 95

Marker molecules proteins EMBEDDED (fixed) in the plasma membrane that ENABLE a cell to BIND OUTSIDE MOLECULES and, sometimes, transport them into the cell.

CD 4 marker Pg. 96

Marker molecules proteins that can only be found deep inside the body in the bloodstream.

Facilitated Diffusion Pg. 98

Molecules moves across the plasma membrane WITH the HELP of carrier molecule. Most molecules can't get through plasma membranes on their own. - Channels - Carrier molecules • Transport proteins

Simple Diffusion Pg. 98

Molecules pass directly through the plasma membrane WITHOUT the ASSISTANCE of another molecule.

Hydrophilic Pg. 89

Molecules that can mix with water. "Water-Loving"

Active Transport Pg. 101

Molecules that uses energy to move into and out of the Cell. Polar molecule concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell 1. Primary 2. Secondary (Differ only in the source of the fuel)

Flagella Pg. 110

Much more longer than cilia Occur in many prokaryotes and single-celled Eukaryotes, and many algae and plants have cells with one or more flagella.

Pili (Plural: Pilus) Pg. 85

Much thinner, hair-like projections that help prokaryotes attach to surfaces and can serve as "TUBES" through which they EXCHANGE DNA.

Vacuoles Pg. 119

Multipurpose storage sacs for cells.

Passive Transport Pg. 97

Occurs when molecules moves across a membrane WITHOUT energy input. The movement across a membrane from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.

Primary Active Transport Pg. 101

Occurs when the movement of molecules into and out of a cell REQUIRES the INPUT of ENERGY. Ex: In response to eating, the cells lining your stomach use ATP to pump large numbers of H+ ions (a.k.a. protons) into the stomach.

Mitochondrion Pg. 88

Organelle in plant and animal cells that CONVERTS the ENERGY stored in food into a form usable by the cell.

Chloroplast Pg. 88

Organelle in plant cells in which PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs.

Hydrophobic Pg. 89

Phospholipid that is Water-Fearing Do not mix with water.

Cell Wall Pg. 85

Protects and gives shape to the cell. Some have a slimy, sugary capsule as their outermost layer. The sticky outer coat provides protection and enhances the prokaryotes' ability to anchor themselves in place when necessary.

Transmembrane Proteins Pg. 91

Proteins that PENETRATES right through the LIPID BILAYER, from one side to the other.

Lysosomes' Characteristic

Round, Membrane-enclosed, acid-filled vesicles that dispose of garbage Filled with about 50 different digestive enzymes and a super-acidic fluid, a corrosive broth so powerful that if a lysosome were to burst, it would almost immediately kill the cell by rapidly digesting all of its component parts.

Recognition proteins Pg. 92

Surface of transmembrane proteins that give each cell a "fingerprint" that makes it possible for the body's IMMUNE SYSTEM to distinguish the cells that belong inside your body from those that are invaders and need to be attacked.

Enzymatic proteins Pg. 92

Surface or transmembrane proteins that ACCELERATE chemical reactions on the plasma membrane's surface.

Plasma Membrane Pg. 84

Surrounds and holds within the Cell (and sometimes is simply called the "cell membrane"). Intracellular: Anything inside the plasma membrane. Extracellular: Everything outside the plasma membrane

Nuclear Membrane Pg. 107

Surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm. Consists of TWO bilayers, on the top of the other, much like the double bagging of groceries. It is perforated ( pierce and make a hole or holes in ), covered with tiny pores.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum's Function Pg 114

Synthesizes lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Detoxifies molecules such as alcohol, drugs, and metabolic waste products For Humans: Helps protect us from the many dangerous molecules that get into our bodies.

Mitochondria Pg. 110

The cell's energy converters. - Cell's all-purpose energy converters - Present on nearly all plant cells, animal cells, and every other Eukaryotic cell. - Allow us to convert the energy contained in the chemical bonds of the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the food into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP- The molecule that is the energy source all cells use to fuel all their functions and activities. - Because this energy conversion requires a significant amount of oxygen, organism's mitochondria consume most of the oxygen used by each cell. - Have their own DNA

Cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

The cell's internal environment, physical support, and movement.

Chromosomes Pg. 108

The compacted, linear DNA molecules on which all of the organism's hereditary information is carried.

Invagination Pg. 88

The idea in which the plasma membrane around the cell may have FOLDED in on itself to FORM the INNER COMPARTMENTS, which subsequently became modified and specialized.

Cytoskeleton Pg. 109

The inner SCAFFOLDING of the cell, which is MADE from PROTEINS. 3 chief purposes: 1. Gives animal cells shape and support - making red blood cells look like little round doughnuts - Giving neurons their very long, thread-like appearance. 2. Controls the intracellular traffic flows, serving as a series of tracks on which a variety of organelles and molecules are guided across and around the inside of the cell 3. Cytoskeleton is dynamic and can generate force, it gives all cell some ability to control their movement.

Nucleus Pg. 108

The largest and most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells. Has two primary functions: Genetic control center. Storehouse for hereditary information.

ATP Pg. 110

The molecule that is the ENERGY SOURCE all cells use to fuel all their functions and activities.

Organelles Pg. 86

The organizationally and functionally diverse, membranous or membrane-bounded, intracellular structures that are the defining feature of eukaryotic cell. Are enclosed separately within their own LIPID MEMBRANE Enables eukaryotic cells to do many things that a prokaryotic can't do.

Chloroplast Pg. 120

The plant cell's power plant. Found in all plants and Algae Function: Site of photosynthesis-conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Serve the same purpose that mitochondria serve in animals.

Photosynthesis Pg. 87

The process by which plant cells capture light energy from the sun and transform it into the chemical energy stored in food molecules.

Microtubules Pg. 109

The thickest, and are linear polymers of a protein and look like rigid, hollow tubes. They are the tracks to which molecules and organelles within a the cell may attach and be moved along. Also HELP to PULL CHROMOSOMES APART during cell division. Continuously built, disassembled, and rebuilt microtubules rarely last more than 10 mins in a cell.

Secondary Active Transport Pg. 101

The transport protein simultaneously moves one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient ( an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a property) - An indirect method many transporter proteins use for fueling their activities - The transport protein simultaneously moves one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient.

Note: Osmosis

They key to understanding osmosis is to remember that water will always move toward a HYPERTONIC solution.

Why are plasma membranes such complex structures? Pg. 97

They perform several critical functions. - Take in food & nutrients - Dispose of waste products - Build & export molecules - Regulate heat exchange - Regulate flow of materials in & out of cell

Microfilaments Pg. 110

Thinnest element in the cytoskeleton. Long, solid, rod-like fibers Microfilaments help generate forces, including those important in cell contraction and cell division.

Transport Proteins Pg. 92

Transmembrane proteins that help POLAR (having electrical or magnetic polarity) or CHARGED SUBSTANCES pass through the plasma membrane

Plasmodesmata

Tube-like channels connecting the cells to each other and enabling communication and transport between them. Consider a plant as one big cell?

Plasmodesma Pg. 119

Tube-like channels that is connecting the cells to each other and enabling communication and transport between them. The cell wall's tremendous structural strength on plant cells gives plants increased resistance to water loss, and provides some protection from insects and other animals that might eat them.

Fission Pg. 112

When the fertilized egg develops into two-celled, then four-celled, embryo, the mitochondria split themselves.