BIO 1220 Midterm 3

2) Protists from which of the following taxonomic groups are most likely to lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning? A) Dinoflagellata B) Giardia C) Plasmodium D) Toxoplasma E) Euglena

Dinoflagellata

9) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are ________. I. composed of hyphae II. referred to as a mycelium III. usually underground A) I and II B) II and III C) only II D) I and III E) I, II, and III

E) I, II, and III

4) Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? A) Mollusca B) Crustacea C) Echinodermata D) Nematoda E) Platyhelminthes

Echinodermata

12) Which of the following eukaryotic lineages contains species that all lack functioning mitochondria? A) Excavata B) Rhizaria C) Amoebozoa D) Stramenopila

Excavata

7) Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans? A) Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection. B) Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill. C) Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function. D) Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.

Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.

2) Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? A) Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize. B) Fungi provide fixed carbon to plants for the production of plant cellular tissues. C) Fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis. D) Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.

12) Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV

I

13) Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus? A) I B) II C) III D) IV

IV

15) Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible? A) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another. B) Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts. C) Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey. D) Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another but by physically moving it from one location to another.

If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.

7) You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm? A) It has a cuticle that it sheds to grow. B) It is a suspension feeder. C) It has no coelom. D) It is shaped like a worm. E) It has a mouth and an anus.

It has no coelom.

7) By examining the phylogenetic tree diagrammed in the accompanying figure, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti? A) It evolved before G. intestinalis. B) It is more closely related to G. muris than to G. intestinalis. C) It should not be labeled a species distinct from G. intestinalis. D) It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis.

It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis.

13) You believe that an adult animal you are examining is a vertebrate but concede that it may be an invertebrate chordate. Which of the following would ensure that you are indeed looking at a vertebrate? A) It is able to swim. B) It lacks a notochord. C) Its notochord functions as an endoskeleton. D) It uses its pharyngeal gill slits for respiration. E) It has a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

It lacks a notochord.

14) You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid? A) It undergoes protostome development. B) It is segmented. C) It is triploblastic. D) It has a coelom. E) It sheds its external cuticle to grow.

It sheds its external cuticle to grow.

14) A team of researchers developed a poison effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.

16) What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A) Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction. B) Tetrapods could now function with just lungs. C) It led to the evolution of the placenta. D) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents. E) Embryos are protected from predators.

Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

5) Adaptations to terrestrial environments evolved independently in arthropods, mollusks, nematodes, and annelids. What logical conclusion would you make from this statement? A) All these groups have a coelom. B) The common ancestor of all these groups was probably aquatic. C) All these groups have the same type of body plan. D) All these groups lost their coelom after moving to land.

The common ancestor of all these groups was probably aquatic.

8) If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be TRUE of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete. C) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete.

13) Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic? A) Some of the groups within the seedless vascular plants are more closely related to each other than to other groups (such as Lycophyta). B) They share a more recent common ancestor with seeded plants than they do with the non-vascular plants. C) All of the groups contained within the seedless vascular plants do not have the same ancestor. D) The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

15) Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in most animal phyla? A) The outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton. B) The outer tube consists of digestive organs. C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube. D) The two "tubes" are separated by tissue that comes from embryonic endoderm.

The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

13) In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? A) There is evidence of cephalization. B) There is a well-developed coelom. C) The animal is triphe animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical. E) The mouth develops first, and the anus develops later.

The mouth develops first, and the anus develops later.

1) What unique characteristic do all deuterostomes have in common? A) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. C) All have a spinal column. D) All have specialized head and tail regions. E) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

5) Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic? A) There is no common set of synapomorphies that define a protist B) Protists all share a common set of synapomorphies. C) Protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals. D) Protists do not share a single common ancestor.

There is no common set of synapomorphies that define a protist

4) Use the following information to answer the question below. Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. Which of the following Tp traits is different from those of most other animals? A) Tp is multicellular. B) Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells. C) Tp has cilia. D) Tp lacks cell walls.

Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells.

13) In your laboratory, you examine a vial of freshwater from a local pond. You notice several unfamiliar small (less than 1 millimeter in length) animals and decide to study them. You observe that the animals have a coelom, eat microscopic food particles, reproduce by parthenogenesis, and have offspring that do not undergo any larval stages. What else would you expect to observe about this organism? A) a corona B) a lophophore C) a scolex D) chaetae E) a mantle

a corona

Which of the following might be a result of adding a secondary consumer to the aquatic ecosystem in the accompanying illustration? A) a decrease in the number of primary consumers B) a decrease in the population of decomposers C) an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide D) an increase in the population of scavengers E) a decrease in the carbon sink

a decrease in the number of primary consumers

15) Vertebrates and tunicates share ________. A) jaws adapted for feeding B) a high degree of cephalization C) the formation of structures from the neural crest D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

15) Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length. A) a rotifer B) a mollusk C) an annelid D) an arthropod E) a platyhelminth

a platyhelminth

8) Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy? A) a trait that is shared by more than one monophyletic group B) a trait common in a single monophyletic group but not generally found outside of that group C) the state of having several traits in common with different monophyletic groups D) a trait that evolved in several different monophyletic groups simultaneously

a trait common in a single monophyletic group but not generally found outside of that group

10) Adult tunicates (urochordates) lack notochords, however, larval urochordates have them and use them to ________. A) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves. B) stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone. C) induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated. D) organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.

aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.

14) Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds

animals

1) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as ________. A) antibodies B) aflatoxins C) hallucinogens D) antigens E) antibiotics

antibiotics

1) As fuels, wood and coal ________. A) are the main fuel sources in industrialized countries today. B) are both formed from living or fossil plants. C) are both formed under pressure deep in the Earth. D) are sustainable as they are even now being made at high rates.

are both formed from living or fossil plants.

6) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants long used by humans as staple foods? A) genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) pesticide and herbicide application

artificial selection

11) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ________. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system E) excitable membranes

bilateral symmetry

6) Which of the following is a characteristic of larval echinoderms? A) bilateral symmetry B) spiral cleavage C) gastrovascular cavity D) exoskeleton E) lophophore

bilateral symmetry

9) Which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders? A) bivalves B) gastropods C) chitons D) cephalopods

bivalves

14) You find a wormlike animal while scuba diving and want to determine whether it is a nudibranch, a polychaete, or a flatworm. Finding which of the following traits would best help you classify the mystery animal? A) bristle-like structures on tiny appendages B) a coelom C) the ability to swim D) bright coloration E) sexual reproduction

bristle-like structures on tiny appendages

1) When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium ________. A) gametes fuse, forming an oocyst B) cells infect the human liver cells C) cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells D) oocyst undergoes meiosis

cells infect the human liver cells

18) Which mollusk clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion? A) chitons B) bivalves C) gastropods D) cephalopods

cephalopods

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal surface and contain nematocysts at their tips. 20) The stingers of honeybees have a function most similar to that of ________. A) rhinophores B) dorsal plummules C) cerata D) chemoreceptors

cerata

10) Which mollusk group can be described as having several calcium carbonate plates along their dorsal side? A) bivalves B) gastropods C) chitons D) cephalopods

chitons

9) Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) sponges B) coral C) jellyfish D) choanoflagellates

choanoflagellates

6) What is the major distinguishing characteristic of fungi? A) acquiring nutrition through ingestion B) sedentary lifestyle C) prokaryotic cells D) nutrient acquisition via external digestion E) decomposition of dead organisms

decomposition of dead organisms

2) The major function of medicinal compounds in plants is to ________. A) attract pollinators for seed dispersal B) attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits C) defend the plant against herbivores D) defend the plant against microbes

defend the plant against herbivores

11) The vertebrate spinal cord develops from the embryonic ________. A) notochord B) dorsal hollow nerve cord C) pharyngeal pouch D) coelom E) podia

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal surface and contain nematocysts at their tips. 21) The spiracles and tracheae of insects have a function most similar to that of ________. A) rhinophores B) dorsal plummules C) cerata D) chemoreceptors

dorsal plummules

16) The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells? A) endoderm B) ectoderm C) mesoderm

endoderm

3) All protists are ________. A) unicellular B) eukaryotic C) symbionts D) monophyletic E) mixotrophic

eukaryotic

6) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________. A) unicellular chytrid B) unicellular yeast C) multicellular algae D) multicellular fungus E) flagellated protist

flagellated protist

16) A cephalopod's tentacles are modified from its ________. A) mantle B) visceral mass C) foot D) shell E) radula

foot

5) The water vascular system of echinoderms ________. A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells B) functions in locomotion and feeding C) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical D) moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding E) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms

functions in locomotion and feeding

3) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the ________. A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

19) A terrestrial mollusk without a shell belongs to which clade? A) chitons B) bivalves C) gastropods D) cephalopods

gastropods

8) The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses

green algae

6) Nematodes and arthropods both ________. A) develop an anus from the blastopore (pore) formed in the gastrula stage B) are suspension feeders C) grow by shedding their exoskeleton D) are lophotrochozoans E) have ciliated larvae

grow by shedding their exoskeleton

10) About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________. A) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B) been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria C) been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal D) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

5) All fungi are ________. A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) decomposers

heterotrophic

8) Long, branching fungal filaments are called ________. A) roots B) ascus C) septa D) mycelia E) hyphae

hyphae

7) According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________. A) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil C) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans D) only about 150 million years ago

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

3) Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by ________. A) preying on animals B) ingesting prey C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey D) using enzymes to digest their food

ingesting prey

14) You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. A) contains chloroplasts B) is multicellular C) is surrounded by a cuticle D) does not contain vascular tissue E) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

is surrounded by a cuticle

8) A(n) ________ has a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding. A) trochophore B) lophotrochozoan C) lophophore D) cuticle E) ecdysozoan

lophophore

17) If a lung were to be found in a mollusk, where would it be located? A) mantle cavity B) coelom C) incurrent siphon D) visceral mass E) excurrent siphon

mantle cavity

3) You want to get rid of your cough and stuffy nose, and a friend offers you a cup of tea. After you drink the tea, you realize that you are feeling relief from your symptoms. What plant compound was most likely found in the tea? A) quinine B) codeine C) menthol D) salacin E) morphine

menthol

10) According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is ________. A) monophyletic B) paraphyletic C) polyphyletic D) euphyletic E) multiphyletic

monophyletic

6) According to the phylogenetic tree in the accompanying figure, G. intestinalis constitutes a ________ group. A) paraphyletic B) monophyletic C) polyphyletic

monophyletic

1) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) flagellated gametes

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

12) Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous—mesoderm B) muscular—mesoderm C) stomach—endoderm D) skin—ectoderm E) skeletal—mesoderm

nervous—mesoderm

11) What would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton? A) presence of a muscular foot B) presence of a rasp-like feeding structure C) production of eggs D) number of shell plates

number of shell plates

3) Echinoderms ________. A) have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates B) often use tube feet to move around in their environment C) digest their food outside of the organism D) circulate hemolymph in their water vascular system E) are most often found in freshwater environments

often use tube feet to move around in their environment

As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the accompanying table. Which organism would you classify as an animal? A) organism A B) organism B C) organism C

organism C

10) Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because ________. A) photosynthetic protists are primary consumers in many marine food chains B) photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels C) the increased oxygen consumption by large populations of photosynthetic protists will increase photosynthesis in land plants D) photosynthetic protists would release a lot of oxygen, and fertilizing them would increase levels of oxygen in the atmosphere

photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

15) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that ________. A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes

9) Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? A) jaws B) post-anal tail C) scales D) four-chambered heart E) vertebrae

post-anal tail

4) Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because ________. A) protists eat bacteria B) bacteria are not made of cells C) protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack D) bacteria decompose protists E) protists are photosynthetic

protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

12) If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble ________. A) respiring B) feeding C) moving D) respiring and feeding E) feeding and moving

respiring and feeding

12) Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages containing most of the major morphological innovations C) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses D) rise and diversification of angiosperms E) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

rise and diversification of angiosperms

4) Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called ________. A) saprobes B) mycorrhizae C) mushrooms D) yeasts E) molds

saprobes

8) Use the following information to answer the question below. An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. The bivalves started to die one by one; only the undamaged shells remained. To keep the remaining bivalves alive, the teacher would most likely need to remove the ________. A) sea anemones B) sea star C) gastropods D) ectoprocts E) parrotfish

sea star

7) If a kelp farmer wanted to maximize her harvest, which type of echinoderm would she be most concerned about in the habitat? A) sand dollars B) brittle stars C) sea stars D) sea urchins E) sea cucumbers

sea urchins

Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the accompanying figure? A) coelom B) bilateral symmetry C) segmentation D) tissue E) protostome development

segmentation

9) Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests ________. A) there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats B) wind-pollinated plants arose first C) land plants have undergone a diversification since they first colonized terrestrial habitats D) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

11) What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B) loss of structures that produce spores C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

9) The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be TRUE? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes but not to female mosquitoes. A) 2 and 5 B) 1, 2, 3, and 4 C) 1, 2, and 4 D) 2, 3, 5 E) 3 and 4

1, 2, and 4

7) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) TRUE? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 5 only B) 1 and 2 C) 3 and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5 E) 2 and 4

3 and 5

5) If the actual results most closely resembled those in part (A) in the figure above, then a further question arising from these data is: "Do the Dawsonia rhizoids have to be alive to reduce soil nitrogen loss, or do dead rhizoids have the same effect?" Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to test this hypothesis. 1. Add metabolic poison to the soil of the experimental plot of mosses. 2. Apply water equally to the experimental and control plots. 3. Measure initial soil nitrogen contents of control and experimental plots. 4. Determine nitrogen loss from the soil of control and experimental plots. 5. Establish two identical plots of Dawsonia mosses; one as a control, the other as the experimental treatment. A) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 B) 5 → 2 → 3 → 1 → 4 C) 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 D) 4 → 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 E) 5 → 3 → 2 →? 1 → 4

5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4

13) Which major eukaryotic lineages form the Bikonta, a monophyletic group characterized by two flagella as a synapomorphy? A) Rhizaria, Plantae, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, Excavata B) Alveolata, Stramenopila, Rhizaria, Plantae, Excavata C) Rhizaria, Plantae, Excavata D) Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta E) Alveolata, Stramenopila

Alveolata, Stramenopila, Rhizaria, Plantae, Excavata

2) Which of the following classes is comprised of carnivorous predators that are able to extend their stomachs through their mouths to feed? A) Ophiuroidea B) Holothuroidea C) Asteroidea D) Crinoidea E) Echinoidea

Asteroidea

12) What is the only group of Mollusca that does NOT have a radula? A) Bivalves B) Gastropods C) Chitons D) Cephalopods E) All mollusk have a radula.

Bivalves

10) You are a forester charged with increasing productivity in a South American forest newly planted with pines from Oregon. You believe that the southern forest lacks the fungal diversity needed by the North American pines and that this lack of fungi is affecting the pines' productivity, but you have no evidence to support your ideas. To count how many fungal species were present in the Oregon forest, which methodology would you choose? A) Count all the plant species and multiply by 6, as David Hawksworth did when determining the ratio of fungal to plant species in England. B) Collect all the fruiting structures (mushrooms, morels, etc.) found aboveground. C) Do direct sequencing on representative soil samples from across the forest. D) Expose the trees to radiolabeled carbon dioxide and then collect the soil samples with the greatest radioactivity and do direct sequencing.

C) Do direct sequencing on representative soil samples from across the forest.

4) In the figure, which graph of soil nitrogen loss over time most strongly supports the hypothesis that if the 20-cm-tall Dawsonia acts as a physical buffer, then it reduces water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen? A) A B) B C) C D) D? E) None of these graphs support the hypothesis.

D

11) Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants? A) Fungi are able to change their body shape continuously throughout their life. B) Zygomycetes have flagellated gametes. C) Fungi store polysaccharides as starch. D) The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin.

D) The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin.