BIO 125: Chapter 11 & 12 Review Guide

Insufficient production of Acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta amyloid are problems associated with what disease?

Alzheimer's Disease

The malleus and incus function to...?

Amplify Sound

During a brain surgery, the surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. What part does he pass through next?

Arachnoid

* Temporal Lobe

Auditory

During this process, influx of _______ cause vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing __________.

Ca2+, Neurotransmitters

Region of the brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movement...?

Cerebellum

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by stimulating....?

Depolarization of Postsynaptic neurons

_________ extend from the tip of taste cells in taste buds into the mouth

Hairs

Somatic receptors distributed throughout the body are linked to sensory neurons that send impulses to which region of the brain?

Parietal Lobe

*Peripheral Nervous System Consists of...

The nerves the transmit information between body tissues and the CNS

*Forebrain

receives and integrates information concerning emotions and conscious thoughts

*Thermoreceptors

respond to temperature changes

*Pain Receptors

respond to tissue damage

*Chemoreceptor

responds to chemicals, taste and smell

Slow pain originating from an internal organ is often perceived as coming from an area of the body totally unrelated to the source. This is known as...?

Referred Pain

During what phase of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

Repolarization

*Photreceptors

Respond to light

*Mechanoreceptors

Respond to mechanical energy

The vitreous humor fills the main chamber of the eye. What structure of the eye would vitreous humor come in contact with?

Retina

What part of the eye is continuous with the cornea and forms the outer surface of the back of the eye?

Sclera

What structure is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body?

Semicircular Canals

*Pariental Lobe

Sensory Information

The reticular formation is associated with...?

So-called reptilian brain that is necessary for survival it has both ascending and descending pathways with multiple nuclei

*Occipital Lobe

Visual Information

Where as the sense of taste is based on _______(how many?) classes of tastes receptors, the senses of smell has over________(how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor.

4, A thousand

Vibrations of the _____ bends hairs of the hair cells, which ultimately generate impulses in______.

Basilar Membrane, Sensory Neurons

*Central Nervous System Consists of ..

Brain and Spinal Cord

Axons branch into axon terminal, which have_________ Located at the terminal ends.

Bulbs

What medical condition results when the transparency of the lens decreases?

Cataracts

LASIK treatment functions to improve eyesight by..?

Changing the shape of the cornea

Receptors that detect odors are located in...?

Chemoreceptors

What type of receptors are most likely to be classified as "silent" receptors?

Chemoreceptors

Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the numbers of...?

Cones

*Pons

Connects cerebellum, spinal cord with higher brain center; aids medulla in regulating respiration

*Medulla Oblongata

Controls automatic functions of internal organs

*Cerebellum

Controls basic and skilled movements

*Midbrain

Coordinates muscle related to vision and hearing

The transparent covering of the front of the eye is the...?

Cornea

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by the?

Corpus Callosum

*Hypothalamus

Helps regulate homeostasis: coordinates automatic function of the pituitary gland, such as water and solute balance, temperature control, carbohydrates

From an evolutionary standpoint, this structure is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain.

Hindbrain

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the...?

Hypothalamus

*Hindbrian

Located on the lowest portion of the brain; Coordinates basic, automatic, vital functions

The intensity of a sound is specifically associated with its..?

Loudness

*Frontal Lobe

Motor Activity

Mechanoreceptors that are specifically designed to monitor muscle length are?

Muscle Spindles

Receptors for fast pain generally occur where?

Near the surface of the body

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are?

Neuroglial Cells

What occurs during the absolute refractory period to a neuron?

Neuron cannot generate and action potential

*Limbic System

Neuronal pathways involved in emotions and memory

When animals appear that danger can be sensed in the form of pheromones, what are they detected by?

Olfactory Neurons

The blind spot is associated with the...?

Optic Disk

When a sound wave first arrives to the ear, the wave is directed towards the auditory canal by...?

Pinna

*Thalamus

Receiving, Processing, and transfer center

What recives a physical or chemical stimuli and ultimately causes nerve impulses to be generated in sensory neurons?

Receptors

During repolarization of a neuron what happens?

Sodium channels close and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily re-establish the membrane then the potassium moves out of the axon

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that results from nerve damage in the ...?

Spinal Cord

Preganglionic motor neurons of the _________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Sympathetic Division

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via?

The Interneurons

*Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex

The most highly developed of all the brain regions: deals with language, decision making, and conscious thoughts

Within the cochlea, higher-frequency sounds are converted to electrical impulses near...?

The oval window

Saltatory Conduction is...?

The process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

The vestibule contains two fluid-filled chambers, called the utricle and saccule, which are alike in that...?

They each have a gel-like substance on the inside

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they are a...?

Type of Neuroglial Cell

* Taste Categories

sweet salty sour bitter umami

What occurs when bright light hits the eye?

the pupil decreases in size

The central nervous system is composed of?

-Brain -Spinal Cord

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the...?

-Forebrain -Midbrain -Hindbrain

Know the 5 parts of the eye where light passes through or hits.

1. Cornea 2. Aqueous Humor 3. Pupil 4.Lens 5.Retina

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the....

1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia Mater