BIO 1331 Final Review
Based on these probabilities, what proportion of the population would you expect to have either red or brown hair?
-0.015 -0.35 -0.65 -0.85 ANSWER: 0.35 This problem uses the "Either-Or" rule, so the two probabilities are added.
What is the likelihood of an individual having freckles and type B positive blood?
-0.30 -0.017 -0.68 -1.15 ANSWER: 0.017 The probabilities follow the product rule, or "Both-And" rule. 0.20 x 0.10 x 0.85 = 0.017
Imagine a diploid cell with the genotype AaBb, and assume that the A and B genes assort independently. If this cell undergoes meiosis, how many different genotypes could the resulting haploid cells have?
-1 -2 -4 -8 ANSWER: 4 The four possible genotypes would be AB, Ab, aB, and ab.
A couple has a baby girl. What are the chances of the couple having three more girls?
-1/16 -1/32 -1/8 1/2 1/4 ANSWER: 1/8 it equals (1/2)^3
An individual with the genotype AaBbCc is crossed with an individual with the same genotype. What is the expected frequency of AaBBCC progeny?
-1/64 -1/32 -1/16 -1/4 -1/8 ANSWER: 1/32 Multiplying the probabilities of each together is 1/2 x 1/4 x 1/4
What is the probability of a couple having four children and all of them being boys?
-1/8 -1/4 -1/16 -1/32 -1/2 ANSWER: 1/16 There is a 1 in 16 chance that a couple will have four boys in a row.
True or False: Independent assortment can be detected in heterozygotes as well as homozygotes.
False
Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?
-Because there is so much uncertainty in the forecasts, no conclusions can be drawn about how actions to reduce CO2 emissions will affect the rate of global warming. -If CO2 emissions cease immediately, global temperatures will stabilize near the 1900 level. -All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase. ANSWER: All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.
Which processes increase a population's size?
-Births and immigration -Deaths and immigration -Births and deaths -Deaths and emigration ANSWER: Births and immigration Immigration is the movement of individuals into a population, so births and immigration increase a population's size.
What does the yellow line represent?
-Business as Usual: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take no action to slow the increase in CO2 emissions. -Sustainable World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take significant actions to slow the increase in CO2 emissions. -Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level. ANSWER: Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.
An elephant is comforting a distressed fellow elephant. Which of these is the most likely type of altruism being displayed?
-Cooperation -Kin selection -Manipulation -Reciprocal altruism ANSWER: Reciprocal altruism
Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER: protostome: -mouth from blastopore -spiral, determinate cleavage -coelom from solid masses of mesoderm deuterostome: -anus from blastopore -radial, indeterminate cleavage -coelom from folds of archenteron both: triploblast neither: diploblast
Drag the labels onto the flowchart below to describe the life cycle of Laminaria. Not all labels will be used.
ANSWER: 2. Unicellular, haploid spores divide by mitosis to produce haploid gametophytes. 3. Multicellular, haploid gametophytes produce haploid gametes. 4. Male and female haploid gametes fuse to produce a diploid zygote. 5 The diploid zygote matures into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte.
Based on this information, do you still think lions and tigers are separate species?
ANSWER: No, if you limit your interpretation of the biological species concept to only what happens in nature, lions and tigers are separate species. In contrast, if you consider what is possible with human intervention, you could argue that lions and tigers are not separate species since they can be crossed to form fertile ligers. The biological species concept is one of over 20 different species concepts that attempt to put nature into human-constructed categories. Most biologists would agree that the challenge of defining species has still not been elegantly solved.
True or False: About 20 percent of the biomass of primary producers is transferred to consumers such as crickets.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Both curves show exponential growth.
ANSWER: True
True or False: If r2 = 0.02, then r1 > 0.02.
ANSWER: True
Which of these graphs shows the correct labels and relationships for the independent and dependent variables for a population growth curve?
ANSWER: 4th one The independent variable is time on the x-axis and the dependent variable is population size on the y-axis.
Which tree highlights all of the ancestors of Cnidaria?
ANSWER: 4th one This tree highlights all of the ancestors of Cnidaria, illustrating that the choanoflagellates, Porifera, and Ctenophora are not ancestors of Cnidaria.
Which phylogenetic tree has trait marks on all the branches where evolution occurs?
ANSWER: 4th one While it is typical to mark only a small number of traits on just a few branches, this tree shows that evolution, whether the gain or loss of traits, occurs in all the branches.
True or False: About 20 percent of the biomass of crickets and other consumers came from primary producers.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Cnidarians are ancestors to the Bilateria.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Each dandelion is producing more seeds after three months than after one month.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Independent assortment can occur starting with either a haploid or a diploid cell.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Independent assortment occurs during the second division of meiosis.
ANSWER: False
True or False: It is crucial to make predictions that lead to alternative explanations for the results.
ANSWER: False
True or False: It takes about 30 robins to produce about 3 hawks.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Magnolias only have trait C.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Some of the biomass that is not transferred to the next trophic level is consumed by other organisms.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Some of the biomass that is not transferred to the next trophic level is used for reproduction rather than growth.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Species C is more likely to live in a desert than Species A.
ANSWER: False
True or False: The Echinodermata are ancestors of the Chordata.
ANSWER: False
True or False: The common ancestor marked by the dot had all five traits.
ANSWER: False
True or False: The efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is always 10 percent.
ANSWER: False
True or False: The value of r increases over time in both cases.
ANSWER: False
True or False: The value of r is higher after three months than after one month.
ANSWER: False
True or False: Trait B is homologous in pines, cedars, and cacao.
ANSWER: False
True or false: An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.
ANSWER: False An organism that is radially symmetric does not have a well-developed head region.
True or False: It is critical to include a control.
ANSWER: True
True or False: More dandelions are reproducing after three months than after one month.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Ninety days after the introduction of 10 aphids, there would be more aphids in the population with r1 than in the population with r2.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Population growth is exponential.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Repeating the test is essential.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Segregation is required for independent assortment.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Soil moisture is the independent variable.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Some of the biomass that is not transferred to the next trophic level is released as CO2 into the atmosphere.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Some of the biomass that is not transferred to the next trophic level is released as urine or feces.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Species B and Species C have a similar average tolerance for soil moisture.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Species C tolerates a broader range of soil moisture than species B.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The Ecdysozoans (Nematoda and Arthropoda) are a sister group to the Lophotrochozoans (Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, and Mollusca).
ANSWER: True
True or False: The Nematoda and Arthropoda are sister groups.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The efficiency of energy transfer between crickets and robins is about 15 percent.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The experimental conditions must be as constant or equivalent as possible.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The node marked A is the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The node marked C is the common ancestor of the Ecdysozoa (Nematoda and Arthropoda) and the Lophotrochozoa (Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, and Mollusca).
ANSWER: True
True or False: The proportion of individuals is the dependent variable.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The slope of the curve is steeper after three months than after one month.
ANSWER: True
True or False: The slope of the lines at 90 days is determined by rN in both cases.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Trait C occurs only in magnolias.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Trait D is homologous in all of the taxa except mosses.
ANSWER: True
True or False: Trait E is homologous in magnolias, roses, and cacao.
ANSWER: True
True or False: You can infer from this curve that the sunlight, nutrients, water, and space available to the dandelions are plentiful (that is, are not limiting population growth).
ANSWER: True
True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
ANSWER: True The per capita rate of increase of a population is the difference between the per capita birth rate and the per capita death rate, and is determined by factors that include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
They also determined that he was hatched on BLANK
ANSWER: a neighboring island
The song of 5110 was BLANK the songs of other bird species on the island.
ANSWER: different from
The Grants performed genetic testing on 5110 and determined that he was BLANK for a rare allele.
ANSWER: homozygous
Bird 5110 was BLANK than other birds on the island, which earned him the nickname Blank.
ANSWER: larger and Big Bird
According to the biological species concept, distinct species are defined by reproductive isolation--that is, by a lack of interbreeding and a failure to produce viable or fertile offspring if they do mate. In some cases, reproductive isolation may not be complete, and there may be rare instances of interbreeding. As long as hybridization is rare, biologists generally classify species as distinct under the biological species concept. Given what you've learned about the biological species concept, should G. fortis and G. scandens continue to be considered separate species?
ANSWER: yes
Imagine that, in addition to the two pairs of homologous chromosomes shown in the video, there is a third pair, with one homolog carrying the P allele for purple flowers and the other homolog carrying the p allele for white flowers. In a diploid cell with the genotype RrYyPp, how many different haploid cell genotypes could be created by independent assortment?
-4 -6 -8 -16 ANSWER: 8 Each additional pair of homologous chromosomes doubles the number of ways chromosomes can be aligned at metaphase I. When those homologous chromosomes contain different alleles, it doubles the number of possible haploid cell genotypes. The eight possible haploid cell genotypes are: RYP, RYp, RyP, Ryp, rYP, rYp, ryP, and ryp.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?
-A hypothesis describes a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a prediction is valid. A prediction is a testable statement to explain a set of observations. -A hypothesis is a testable statement to explain a set of observations. A prediction describes a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid. -A hypothesis and a prediction are identical. They are interchangeable terms that mean the same thing but are used in different contexts. -A hypothesis is a testable statement to explain a set of observations. A prediction is the same as the null hypothesis. ANSWER: A hypothesis is a testable statement to explain a set of observations. A prediction describes a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid. A prediction specifies what should be observed if a hypothesis (a testable statement) is correct.
Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?
-A population that is experiencing density-independent growth levels off at the environment's carrying capacity. -Density-independent growth can continue indefinitely in nature. -Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth. -The per-capita rate of increase may exceed rmax during density-independent growth. ANSWER: Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.
Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false?
-All deuterostomes have a coelom. -All deuterostomes have a similar pattern of early embryonic development. -All deuterostomes are triploblastic and have three tissue layers. -All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. ANSWER: All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. This statement is false; in the deuterostome lineage, only adult echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry.
Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
-Amniotic egg -Jaws -Bone -Exoskeleton ANSWER: Exoskeleton Exoskeletons are present in groups other than the vertebrates, including some in the protostome lineage.
Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
-solar -nuclear -geothermal -solar and geothermal -solar, nuclear, and geothermal ANSWER: solar, nuclear, and geothermal
What observations and evidence have Jonathan Losos and his colleagues gathered to support the theory of natural selection?
-DNA evidence suggests that the different lizard body types (twig, grass, etc.) evolved independently on each of the four large Caribbean islands. -When Losos and colleagues transplanted tree-dwelling anoles to small, hurricane-scrubbed islands without trees, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs after only a few generations. -On each of the four large Caribbean islands, Losos observed the same distribution of anole lizard body types. -An anole lizard with a light-colored dewlap will develop a darker dewlap that stands out better in a bright environment. ANSWER: DNA evidence suggests that the different lizard body types (twig, grass, etc.) evolved independently on each of the four large Caribbean islands. When Losos and colleagues transplanted tree-dwelling anoles to small, hurricane-scrubbed islands without trees, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs after only a few generations. On each of the four large Caribbean islands, Losos observed the same distribution of anole lizard body types. Observations and DNA evidence support the idea that under similar environmental circumstances, natural selection leads to similar solutions. Experiments on islands show that adaptations can evolve quickly.
DNA evidence suggests that anole lizard species from the four largest Caribbean islands are related as shown in the figure. Which statement is true?
-Different body types evolved only once, and then groups of individuals with those body types ended up on different islands. -The twig lizard on Puerto Rico evolved first and is the ancestor to all the other lizards. -Puerto Rico is the origin of all four anole lizard body types. -Different body types evolved repeatedly and independently on each island. ANSWER: Different body types evolved repeatedly and independently on each island. DNA evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that an established ancestral population on each island diversified into the many species that exist today.
What is the most important characteristic of anole lizard species that keeps members of one species from mating with members of another species?
-Different species eat different types of food. -Different species live in different ecological niches. -Different species living in the same habitat have different dewlaps. -Different species have differences in appearance, such as color or leg length. ANSWER: Different species living in the same habitat have different dewlaps. A species is defined as a group of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring together.
Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?
-Dorsal nerve cord -Endoskeleton -Pharyngeal gill slit -Notochord ANSWER: Pharyngeal gill slit A pharyngeal gill slit is an opening into the throat that can be used for feeding and gas exchange.
Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?
-Environment with a low carrying capacity. -Large number of individuals in the starting population. -Habitat with limited resources. -Young populations with few individuals. ANSWER: Young populations with few individuals. Young populations with few individuals are more likely to experience exponential growth because they have not used up the supply of resources.
Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?
-Genetic variation in the population -Availability of food -Number of nesting sites -Intensity of predation ANSWER: Genetic variation in the population Genetic diversity in a population may enable some individuals to be more successful in a habitat than others, but that genetic diversity does not affect the habitat's carrying capacity.
Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?
-If N is less than K, the population will not grow. -If N is greater than K, the population will shrink. -If the K and N values are similar, the amount of available resources is high. -If the K and N values are far apart, the population will grow very slowly. ANSWER: If N is greater than K, the population will shrink. This statement is true, since K is the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time.
Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?
-the blue line representing a Sustainable World -the yellow line representing Today's World -the black line representing 20th century data -the red line representing Business as Usual ANSWER: the black line representing 20th century data
Select the four statements about Plasmodium that are true.
-Inside an infected mosquito, haploid gametes fuse, forming a haploid zygote that develops into an oocyst. -The complete life cycle of Plasmodium requires two hosts. -Plasmodium cells infect two specific types of cells in humans. -Inside an infected mosquito, haploid gametes fuse, forming a diploid zygote that develops into an oocyst. -Plasmodium cells are transferred to humans through mosquito saliva. -The life cycle of Plasmodium involves only haploid forms. -When a mosquito bites a human with malaria, diploid Plasmodium cells enter the mosquito. ANSWER: -The complete life cycle of Plasmodium requires two hosts. -Plasmodium cells infect two specific types of cells in humans. -Inside an infected mosquito, haploid gametes fuse, forming a diploid zygote that develops into an oocyst. -Plasmodium cells are transferred to humans through mosquito saliva
How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000?
-It decreased by about 0.7 °C. -It increased by about 0.7 °C. -It increased by about 0.7 °F. -It remained relatively constant. ANSWER: It increased by about 0.7 °C.
According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100?
-It will increase by about 2.0 °C. -It will increase by about 2.0 °F. -It will increase by about 3.5 °C. -It will increase by about 3.5 °F. -It will increase by about 4.5 °C. ANSWER: It will increase by about 3.5°C.
No two species of anoles lizards living in the same geographical location have dewlaps of the same size, shape or color. Why?
-Male anole lizards use dewlaps to court females. -An anole lizard will change its dewlap's appearance to effectively communicate in a given environment. -Female anole lizards distinguish males of their own species from males of other species by their dewlaps. -Dewlap color is under strong selection. Dewlaps that contrast with a lizard's environment are more effective for communication. -Differences in dewlaps keep different anole species reproductively isolated, even when they live together. ANSWER: Male anole lizards use dewlaps to court females. Female anole lizards distinguish males of their own species from males of other species by their dewlaps. Dewlap color is under strong selection. Dewlaps that contrast with a lizard's environment are more effective for communication. Differences in dewlaps keep different anole species reproductively isolated, even when they live together. Adaptations that influence reproduction—like dewlaps—can lead to speciation because individuals no longer recognize individuals with a different dewlap as potential mates.
Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?
-Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation. -To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. -It is just a matter of time before we find them all. Rocks contain the history of all life, if you know where to look. -To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. ANSWER: Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation. To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock.
Which of these snakes has the highest evolutionary fitness?
-Snake A -Snake B -Snake C -Snake D ANSWER: Snake A Snake A produced more surviving offspring than the other snakes, so has the highest ability to pass its heritable traits on to the next generation.
How do species richness and species diversity differ?
-Species diversity is a more accurate means of quantifying the diversity of species than species richness. -Species richness is a count of the number of species in an area. Species diversity incorporates both species richness and the relative abundance of each species. -It is easier to determine species diversity than species richness. -Species diversity is always greater than species richness. ANSWER: Species richness is a count of the number of species in an area. Species diversity incorporates both species richness and the relative abundance of each species.
Which of these characteristics can affect an individual's evolutionary fitness?
-Strength -Speed -Number of viable offspring -Body size ANSWER: Number of viable offspring Fitness in the context of evolution refers to the ability to survive and produce viable offspring.
Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?
-The development of more efficient surfaces for gas exchange in reptiles stimulated expansion into terrestrial habitats. -The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water. -Birds are more related to mammals than to dinosaurs. -All vertebrates have jaws with which to catch their prey. ANSWER: The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water. Reptiles and their descendants reproduce on land via an amniotic egg, which prevents the embryo from drying out.
Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate). Select the three statements that are true.
-The digestive tract of a coelomate functions as a coelom. -In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. -A pseudocoelom (also called a hemocoel) has the same functions as a true coelom. -In a pseudocoelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the muscles. -In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the lining of the digestive tract. -An acoelomate triploblast has no endoderm. -A diploblast has no mesoderm. ANSWER: -In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. -A pseudocoelom (also called a hemocoel) has the same functions as a true coelom. -A diploblast has no mesoderm. Submit Triploblasts have tissues derived from three embryonic germ layers: endoderm inside, ectoderm outside, and mesoderm in the middle. The three basic body plans of triploblasts relate to the presence or absence of a body cavity. -No body cavity: acoelomate -Body cavity lined on the inner side by endoderm-derived tissue and on the outer side by mesoderm-derived tissue: pseudocoelomate -Body cavity lined entirely by mesoderm-derived tissue: coelomate
Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?
-The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. -DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives. -Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. -Fossil evidence shows there have always been four-limbed animals on Earth. -Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos. Submit ANSWER: The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos.
Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?
-The presence of an endoskeleton -Their habitat -Their body plan -Their ability to move ANSWER: Their body plan Echinoderms exhibit a unique body plan characterized by an endoskeleton and a water vascular system.
Which characteristics define a chordate?
-The presence of four specific morphological traits -The presence of a well-developed circulatory system -The development of an anus from the blastopore -The ability to live on land ANSWER: The presence of four specific morphological traits Chordates are defined by the presence of four morphological traits: a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail behind the anus.
How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?
-The transition occurred in a few big steps, so there are very few intermediate forms. -The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms. -There was no transition. Fish and tetrapods have always existed as they are today. -The transition occurred in one big step, so there are no intermediate forms. ANSWER: The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms.
Suppose that most of the 25 ants on stumps stopped between 5 to 8 meters from the feeder and started nest-searching behavior, but one ant kept walking until it was 11 meters from the feeder. How would this change the length of the whiskers in the box-and-whisker plot shown in Test 1?
-The whisker on the left would be the same length, and the whisker on the right would be longer. -The whisker on the left would be longer, and the whisker on the right would be the same length. -The whiskers would not change in length. -The whisker on the left would be the same length, and the whisker on the right would be shorter. ANSWER: The whisker on the left would be the same length, and the whisker on the right would be longer. The whiskers indicate the lower and upper extremes of where the ants stopped to search. If one ant traveled 11 meters, the whisker on the right would be longer, indicating a change in the upper extreme.
Jonathan Losos and colleagues conducted experiments on small, hurricane-swept islands as "natural laboratories." Which of the following statements is true?
-There are many small islands with similar environments, meaning that researchers can repeat their experiments and observations in several locations. -Experiments on the small islands show evidence for adaptation by natural selection but not for evolution. -Natural selection can lead to rapid changes. The average leg length of lizard populations decreased within a few generations. -The legs of the anoles placed on the islands became shorter, and their offspring inherited shorter legs. -Islands scrubbed by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations and observe their evolution. ANSWER: There are many small islands with similar environments, meaning that researchers can repeat their experiments and observations in several locations. Natural selection can lead to rapid changes. The average leg length of lizard populations decreased within a few generations. Islands scrubbed by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations and observe their evolution. The hurricane-swept islands make great natural laboratories; they are isolated, have relatively simple ecosystems, and allow for replication of experiments on multiple islands. Losos and his colleagues have shown that natural selection can drive adaptation in lizard populations in a few generations.
Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?
-They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in volcanic rocks older than 530 million years ago, when the first fish appear in the fossil record. -They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in volcanic rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record. -They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record. -They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 530 million years ago, when the first fish appear in the fossil record. Submit ANSWER: They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.
What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?
-Tiktaalik lived in cold, artic tundra. -Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp. -Tiktaalik lived on dry, rocky slopes. -Tiktaalik lived in a shallow, marine environment. ANSWER: Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.
Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty?
-Today's World -Sustainable World -Business as Usual ANSWER: Today's World
What is a transitional fossil?
-Transitional fossils were poorly adapted to their environments. -Transitional fossils only existed for a short period of time. -Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants. -A transitional fossil is in the middle of a direct lineage stretching from ancient forms to organisms alive today. ANSWER: Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
Which of the following is a tetrapod?
-a fish -an amphibian -a reptile -a mammal -a bird ANSWER: an amphibian, a reptile, a mammal, and a bird
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.
-adaptive radiation -mass extinction -evolutionary stasis -a large meteor impact ANSWER: adaptive radiation
Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature?
-deforestation -increasing the use of gasoline-burning vehicles -increasing the industrial release of carbon dioxide -planting trees -increasing the amount of animal life on Earth ANSWER: planting trees
Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?
-fins with fin rays -interlocking ribs -scales -a neck -flat head with eyes on top ANSWER: interlocking ribs, a neck, and flat head with eyes on top
In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by _____.
-focusing on keeping adults alive -focusing on keeping juveniles alive -captive breeding programs -controlling predator populations ANSWER: focusing on keeping adults alive
The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that ________.
-genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes -aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals -natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants -critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals, and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection -companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other ANSWER: genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes
What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph?
-global surface temperature, in °Celsius -global surface warming, in °Fahrenheit -time, in 100-year intervals -global surface warming, in °Celsius ANSWER: global surface warming, in Celsius
What do the widths of the bars in an energy pyramid represent?
-grams of protein produced per square meter per year -number of offspring produced per square meter per year -grams of biomass produced per square meter per year -total calories produced per gram of biomass per year ANSWER: grams of biomass produced per square meter per year
When biologists refer to community stability, resilience is a measure of _____.
-how many members of a community succumb to a disease, blight, or parasite -how community members work together to maintain stability -how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance -how many species are present in a community ANSWER: how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance
Which of the following is an example of an adaptation in anole lizards?
-long legs in the anole lizards that live primarily on the ground and tree trunks -long leg length in the anole lizards that live mainly on twigs -short tails in the anole lizards that live in grass and bushes -small toe pads in the anole lizards that live in the tree canopy ANSWER: long legs in the anole lizards that live primarily on the ground and tree trunks An adaptation is a structure or function that is advantageous in a particular environment. For example, ground-trunk anoles have evolved long legs that enable them to dart down from a tree trunk and catch prey on the ground with minimum vulnerability to predators.
Evolution of shorter legs in anole lizards placed on small, hurricane-scrubbed islands is an example of which type of evolution?
-neither macroevolution nor microevolution -microevolution -macroevolution ANSWER: microevolution Adaptations that enable anole lizards to live in different parts of the habitat—like leg length changes—are examples of microevolution. They are changes in traits of a population over generations.
Using the biological species concept as your guide, sort the following observations based on whether they support the notion that the Big Bird lineage is a separate species or whether they refute the notion that it is a separate species.
ANSWER: Supports separate species: Big Birds have their own unique call. There is no gene flow in or out of the Big Bird population. Big Bird males hold territories in and around territories of other species but breed only with Big Bird females. Refutes separate species: Big Bird males can breed with G. fortis females.
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
ANSWER: a. Amoebas emerge from large capsule. b. n c. Cells aggregate when food is scarce. d. Two amoebas fuse to from a zygote. e. n f. 2n g. Aggregate migrates. h. n i. Fruiting body releases amoebas. j. n k. One amoeba emerges from each spore. l. n
In the following diagram, label the fundamental and realized niches for Chthamalus. Note that one target should be left blank.
ANSWER: a. Chthamalus' realized niche b. Chthamalus' fundemental niche c. BLANK Connell's experiment supported his hypothesis that Chthamalus are competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone. Chthamalus are able to live in both the upper and lower intertidal zones in the absence of competition with Balanus. Thus the entire intertidal zone is Chthamalus' fundamental niche. In the presence of Balanus, however, Chthamalus are limited to the upper intertidal zone -- their realized niche -- because of interspecific competition. The situation for Balanus is quite different, as Connell discovered in further experiments. Balanus are excluded from the upper intertidal zone only by physical factors -- the inability to tolerate the higher temperatures and greater desiccation that occur during the more lengthy exposure to air in the upper intertidal zone. Therefore, there is no realized niche for Balanus because there is no competition that limits their niche. Balanus' fundamental niche is the lower intertidal zone.
Which type of symmetry does each of the following animals display? Drag each picture to the appropriate bin.
ANSWER: asymmetry: sponge radial symmetry: jelly and hydra bilateral symmetry: octopus, bobcat, snake, and turtle
Drag the images of the left half of the rock (Group 2) and right half of the rock (Group 3) to indicate which barnacle species (if any) would be present at the end of the summer if niche differentiation had occurred between Chthamalus and Balanus.
ANSWER: a. Balanus only b. no barnacles If Connell had observed these results from his experiment, he would have had to reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion. In this hypothetical experiment, because Chthamalus did not survive in the lower intertidal zone even when Balanus were removed, that means that competition with Balanus could not explain why Chthamalus do not inhabit the lower intertidal zone. Given these results, Connell would have had to conclude that Chthamalus do not survive in the lower intertidal zone because of physical limitations. This would be an example of niche differentiation in which each species would be limited to its respective niche by physical factors rather than biological interactions (competition). Only Balanus would survive in the lower intertidal zone, and only Chthamalus would survive in the upper intertidal zone. Note that competition between species can lead to niche differentiation. Because natural selection favors individuals that do not compete, niche overlap, and thus competition, may be reduced or eliminated over time. Once niche differentiation is complete, it is only physical factors that limit the niches of the two previously competing species.
Label the diagram below to show the relationship between nutritional modes of bacteria.
ANSWER: a. autotrophs b. heterotrophs c. chemoautotrophs d. photoautotrophs e. photoheterotrophs f. chemoheterotrophs g. phototrophs h. chemotrophs Some bacteria obtain energy from light (phototrophs), whereas other bacteria obtain energy from chemicals (chemotrophs). Autotrophs (literally "self-feeders") require only an inorganic substance, such as carbon dioxide, as their carbon source; heterotrophs (literally "other-feeders") require at least one organic nutrient as their carbon source.
Which of the models correctly shows the Grants' hypothesis for 5110's parentage?
ANSWER: 1st one
Which of these niche models shows the predicted northern expansion of this species (shown in blue) due to climate change?
ANSWER: 1st one
Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population?
ANSWER: 1st one This equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population.
Which of these trees show the same evolutionary relationships?
ANSWER: 1st one, 2nd one, 3rd one Recall that the branches can rotate at the nodes, much like a mobile hanging from a ceiling. Rotating the branches at the nodes does not change the evolutionary relationships.
Which of the black lines show the slope of the data at the point indicated by the dot?
ANSWER: 1st one, 2nd one, and 4th one
Which of these curves show exponential population growth?
ANSWER: 1stone and 4th one
Which of the following student-drawn niche models for a species of butterfly represents the most narrow tolerance of temperature?
ANSWER: 2nd one
Which of these pyramids shows the most efficient energy transfer, on average?
ANSWER: 2nd one
Which tree highlights the sister group to choanoflagellates?
ANSWER: 2nd one Animals (including Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Bilateria) are the sister group to choanoflagellates.
Which phylogenetic tree shows that wings occur only in bats and birds but are not homologous?
ANSWER: 2nd one This tree shows that wings evolved independently in bats and in birds.
Which of the following choices would be the most logical third step in Connell's experimental procedure, permitting him to either accept or reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion?
ANSWER: 2nd one After transplanting rocks containing young Chthamalus from the upper to the lower intertidal zone and allowing Balanus larvae to colonize the rocks, Connell then removed the Balanus from one half of each transplanted rock. The experimental group: The half of each rock that contained both Balanus and Chthamalus was the experimental group. The experimental group tests to see if the presence of Balanus in some manner prevents Chthamalus from growing. The control group: The half of each rock that contained only Chthamalus was the control group, which was identical to the experimental group except that the competition between Balanus and Chthamalus was eliminated. This approach "controlled" for other factors that might have prevented Chthamalus from growing in the lower intertidal zone, such as -interactions with organisms other than Balanus in the lower intertidal zone; -interactions with the physical environment of the lower intertidal zone (e.g., temperature or time submerged); -characteristics of individual rocks that might limit Chthamalus growth. Note that completely removing Balanus from some of the transplanted rocks would control for the first two factors, but not the third. Only removing Balanus from half of each transplanted rock controls for all three factors.
Which of the following gametes could result from the cell shown? (Assume that meiosis proceeds normally.)
ANSWER: 2nd one and 4th one
Which of the following student models would be the most useful for illustrating the principle of independent assortment?
ANSWER: 3rd one
Which of the following student-drawn niche models represents a species of lungfish that lives mostly in shallow water?
ANSWER: 3rd one
Which phylogenetic tree highlights the most recent common ancestor of all animals with four limbs (where limbs include legs, arms, and wings)?
ANSWER: 3rd one Humans, dogs, bats, birds, and lizards all have limbs and all descended from a common ancestor with limbs. Limbs are a homologous trait in this group.
Which phylogenetic tree shows that lactation--the production of milk to feed young--is a homologous trait in humans, dogs, and bats (but not in birds and lizards)?
ANSWER: 3rd one Milk is shown on the tree to the left of the most recent common ancestor of humans, dogs, and bats, showing that the production of milk is a homologous trait in these three taxa.
Choanoflagellates are protists. The other four taxa are animals. Which phylogenetic tree highlights the most recent common ancestor of all animals?
ANSWER: 3rd one Recall that "most recent common ancestors" occur at the nodes, or branching points, of the tree. This dot represents the most recent common ancestor of animals.
