Bio 1407 Test 4 Hint Review

The growth rate will approach zero

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation a. The growth rate will not change. b. The growth rate will approach zero c. The population will show an Allee effect d. The population will increase exponentially e. The carrying capacity of the environment will increase

mutualism

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction? a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism d. competition e. predation

rN

Exponential growth of a population is represented by G =

Clumped

How would the dispersion of humans in the United States best be described? a. Dense b. Clumped c. Random d. Intrinsic e. Uniform

All of these options are correct

Important abiotic factors in ecosystems include which of the following? a. Wind b. Water c. All of these options are correct d. Sunlight e. Temperature

Keystone Species

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

Fungi and Prokaryotes

The main decomposers in an ecosystem are

zooplankton

Which of the following members of a marine food chain is most analogous to a grasshopper in a terrestrial food chain? a. phytoplankton b. zooplankton c. detritivore d. fish e. shark

Endoparasites

(like tapeworms) live inside a host's body and are usually simple and wormlike.

Nutrient Runoff

A 3-hectare lake in the American Midwest suddenly has succumbed to an algal bloom. What is the likely cause of this in freshwater ecosystems?

aposematic coloration

Animals with effective chemical defense often exhibit bright warning coloration.

Ectoparasites

(like ticks and mistletoe) live outside of hosts and typically have adaptations for harvesting fluids from hosts.

Density

A biologist reported that a sample of ocean water had 5 million diatoms of the species Coscinodiscus centralis per cubic meter. What kind of data was the biologist collecting? a. Density b. Dispersion c. Carrying capacity d. Quadrats e. Range

primary consumer

A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n) a. primary consumer b. secondary consumer c. decomposer d. autotroph e. producer

I and II only

A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabiting the same general area II. individuals belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion

life table

A table listing such items as (age) , observed number of (organisms alive each year), and life expectancy is known as a (an) a. life table b. mortality table c. survivorship table d. rate table e. insurance table

a

A toxic pollutant would probably reach its highest concentration in which species? a. hawks - tertiary consumer b. snakes - secondary consumer c. shrews - secondary consumer d. grasshoppers - primary consumer e. grass - primary producer

Ecological Niche

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same a. Environmental habitat b. Biome c. Range d. Ecological Niche e. Territory

About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.

After looking at the accompanying figure, what can be said about productivity in this ecosystem? a. Nothing can be said based on this information. b. About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. c. About 10% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. d. Productivity increases with each trophic level.

the nutrients that enter the plants are not returned to the soil on lands where they are harvested.

Agricultural lands frequently require nutritional supplementation because a. nitrogen-fixing bacteria and detrivores do not cycle nutrients as effectively as they do on wild lands. b. the nutrients that enter the plants are not returned to the soil on lands where they are harvested. c. the prairies that comprise good agricultural land tend to be nutrient-poor. d. grains raised for feed must be fortified, and thus require additional nutrients. e. cultivation of agricultural lands inhibits the decomposition of organic matter.

Several species

All of the following phrases could characterize a population except a. Interacting individuals b. Dispersion c. Density d. Several species e. Boundaries

Ecotone

An area in which different terrestrial biomes grade into each other is known as a(n) a. Littoral zone b. Vertically stratified canopy c. Ecotone d. Abyssal zone e. Cline

predation

An insect that has evolved to resemble a (plant twig) will probably be able to avoid a. parasitism b. symbiosis c. predation d. competition e. commensalism

removing many of the next higher trophic level organisms so that the struggling trophic level below can recover

Biomanipulation can best be described as

Interactions with other species, predation, and competition

Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include:

the maximum population size that a particular environment can support

Carrying capacity a. seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast resources of the ocean. b. the maximum population size that a particular environment can support. c. fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time. d. determined by density and dispersion data. e. the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources.

biomagnification

Certain molecules that do not break down quickly in the environment and that are not easily digested or excreted by organisms increase in concentration at higher levels in a food chain.

0.01%

Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk? a. 0.01% b. 0.1% c. 1% d. 10%

Ocean current

Coral reefs can be found on the southern east coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southern west coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this?

Cellular

Ecology discipline directly deals with all of the following levels of biological organization except a. Population b. Cellular c. Organismal d. Ecosystem e. Community

rN((K-N)/K)

Logistic growth of a population is represented by G =

Top-down hypothesis

Lynx populations reach high density in response to increases in hare density. At high density, lynx eat so many hares that the prey population crashes.

sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle

Polar regions are cooler than the equator because a. there is more ice at the poles. b. sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle. c. the poles are farther from the sun. d. the polar atmosphere is thinner and contains fewer greenhouse gases. e. the poles are permanently tilted away from the sun.

net primary productivity (NPP)

Primary producers use this chemical energy for their cellular respiration and growth and reproduction; represents the amount of energy available to consumers and decomposers.

net primary productivity (NPP)

Temperature and moisture influence the total amount of biomass generated by the carbon that is fixed per year minus the amount of fixed carbon oxidized during cellular respiration.

dominant species are those species in a community that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass.

The dominant species in a community is

biological magnification

The high levels of pesticides found in birds of prey is an example of a. predation b. eutrophication c. biological magnification d. the green world hypothesis. e. chemical cycling through an ecosystem.

Chemical factors: water, oxygen concentration, salinity, pH, and soil nutrients. Physical factors: sunlight, wind, rocks and soil structure, and temperature.

The most important abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms include:

Climate

The most important factor(s) affecting the distribution of terrestrial biomes is (are)

Number of different species present

The species richness of a community refers to the

Distribution

The specific location or arrangement of continuing or successive objects or events in space or time.

gross primary productivity (GPP)

The total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period.

Ecological Niche

The total sum of all organism's interactions with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its

500

To measure the population density of monarch butterflies occupying a particular park, 100 butterflies are captured, marked with a small dot on a wing, and then released. The next day, another 100 butterflies are captured, including the recapture of 20 marked butterflies. One would estimate the population to be

producers and decomposers

To recycle nutrients, the minimum an ecosystem must have is a. producers b. producers and decomposers c. producers, primary consumers, and decomposers d. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers e. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers.

7°C

Using the accompanying figure, what is the predicted change in temperature under a model with continued (Very high) emission of greenhouse gases? a. 7°C b. 1°C c. −4°C d. 3°C e. 0°C

facilitate

When lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the foothold for later rooted vegetation. These early pioneering lichens can be said to do what to the later arrivals? a. tolerate b. inhibit c. facilitate d. exclude e. concentrate

Bottom-up hypothesis

When their populations reach high density, hares use up all their food and starve; in response, lynx also starve.

photic zone

Where would an ecologist find the most phytoplankton in a lake? a. profundal zone b. benthic zone c. photic zone d. oligotrophic zone e. aphotic zone

temperature

Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals? a. water b. wind c. temperature d. rocks and soil e. disturbances

Earths tilt on its axis

Which of the following causes Earth's seasons?

Offspring with good chances of survival

Which of the following characterizes relatively K-selected populations? a. Offspring with good chances of survival b. Many offspring per reproductive episode c. Small offspring d. A high intrinsic rate of increase e. Early parental reproduction

Two populations of tigers, one in Russia and one in India

Which of the following could be considered as a metapopulation? a. A source and a sink population of butterflies b. Two populations of tigers, one in Russia and one in India c. Nearby bird populations in fragmented patches exhibiting asynchronous trends d. Fish populations living in interconnected lakes

all of the above

Which of the following environmental features might influence microclimates? a. a discarded soft-drink can b. a tree c. a fallen log d. a stone e. all of the above

a non-venomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? a. an insect that resembles a twig b. a butterfly that resembles a leaf c. a non-venomous snake that looks like a venomous snake d. a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment e. a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish

a ʺwalking stickʺ insect that resembles a twig

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? a. bands on a coral snake b. brown color of tree bark c. markings of a viceroy butterfly d. colors of an insect-pollinated flower e. a ʺwalking stickʺ insect that resembles a twig

parasite

Which of the following is least likely to kill the organism it feeds on? a. herbivore b. predator c. seed eater d. carnivore e. parasite

ecosystem, community, population, individual

Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least`inclusive?

Eating meat is probably the most economical way of acquiring the energy of photosynthetic productivity.

Which of the following statements about energy flow is incorrect? a. Secondary productivity declines with each trophic level. b. Only net primary productivity is available to consumers. c. About 90% of the energy at one trophic level does not appear at the next. d. Eating meat is probably the most economical way of acquiring the energy of photosynthetic productivity. e. Only about one-thousandth of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary-level consumer.

Cryptic coloration

camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot.

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the competitive exclusion principle? a. The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. b. Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. c. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. d. Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. e. Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

tropical rain forest

Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square meter? a. savanna b. open ocean c. boreal forest d. tropical rain forest e. temperate forest

increased immigration

You are observing a population of lizards when you notice that the number of adults has suddenly (Increased) during a very short period and became (Higher) than very recently observed. One explanation for such an observation would include a. reduction in death rate b. increased immigration c. increased emigration d. decreased emigration e. increased birth rate

population

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

community

a group of populations of different species in an area; consists of all the populations of interacting species living within a defined area.

Photic zone

regions that are sunlit. These include the intertidal and portions of the neritic, oceanic, and benthic zones.

Benthic zone

the bottom of the ocean at all depths.

biosphere

the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.

Biomass

the total mass of organisms.

limnetic ("lake") zone

is offshore and comprises water that receives enough light to support photosynthesis.

Biomes

major life zones characterized by unique combination of biotic and abiotic factors; Climate is very important in determining why terrestrial _____ are found in certain areas.

Type II Survivorship Curve

most individuals experience relatively constant survivorship over their lifetimes (songbirds have this curve).

Dispersal

movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin.

Intraspecific competition

occurs between members of the same species.

Interspecific competition

occurs when members of different species use the same limiting resources.

Commensalism

occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected (+/0).

Type III Survivorship Curves

result from high death rates early in life, with high survivorship after maturity (most plants have this curve).

Organismal ecology

studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges.

Type I Survivorship Curve

survivorship throughout life is high, and most individuals approach the maximum life span of the species (humans show this type of curve).

Oceanic (pelagic) zone

the "open ocean." This is the deepwater region beyond the continental shelf.

ecosystem

the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact.

Parasitism

the consumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism, or host, by a parasite.

realized niche

the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors such as competition with other species.

fundamental niche

the total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species cantolerate.

Batesian mimicry

when nontoxic prey species resemble dangerous prey species. The mimic benefits from the unpalatable species.

Müllerian mimicry

when two harmful prey species resemble each other. Both species benefit.

littoral ("seashore") zone

consists of the shallow waters along the shore, where flowering plants are rooted.

Parasitoids

are free living as adults but have endoparasitic larvae. Parasitoidism is almost always fatal to hosts.

Aphotic zone

areas that do not receive sunlight.

Landscape (seascape) ecology

deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged and interrelated in a geographic region.

Community ecology

deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community.

Ecosystem ecology

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components.

Population ecology

focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area; how and why a population changes over time.

net reproductive rate

indicates whether the population is increasing or decreasing.