BIO 1408 - Chapter 8 Review

In order for cancer to form, usually _________ of a tumor suppressor gene must be mutated.

***A. both copies B. neither copy C. only one copy

Select all the events that occur during prophase.

***A. centrosomes migrate to opposite poles. B. DNA replicates. C. sister chromatids separate. ***D. chromosomes condense. ***E. mitotic spindle begins to form. F. spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.

What process gives rise to gametes in humans?

***A. meiosis B. mitosis C. binary fission D. asexual reproduction

Select all the types of genes in which genetic mutations can cause cancer ro develop.

***A. oncogenes B. rRNA genes ***C. tumor suppressor genes D. spliceosome genes

Match each organism with the correct number of chromosomes contained in that organism's body cells.

1. 6 chromosomes: mosquito 2. 24 chromosomes: rice 3. 46 chromosomes: human 4. 78 chromosomes: dog 5. 104 chromosomes: carp

Select all of the following that describe the products of one cell undergoing mitotic cell division.

A. 4 daughter cells ***B. 2 daughter cells ***C. identical genetic material D. recombined genetic material ***E. organelles distributed to daughter cells

The _________ is a small section of a replicated chromosome that attaches sister chromatids to each other.

centromere

In sexual reproduction, the union of sperm and egg occurs in a process called __________.

fertilization

A cell's ________ is defined as the cell's genetic material (DNA) and consists of one or more chromosomes containing the DNA.

genome

The term _______ refers to any change in a cell's DNA sequence.

mutation

The enzyme called DNA __________ adds new complementary DNA nucleotides to a single-stranded DNA template.

polymerase

In the stage of mitosis shown in the image, which is called ____________, the mitotic spindle disassembles and division of the genetic material is complete, but the cell cytoplasm has not yet divided.

telophase

Place these mitotic events in the order that they occur, beginning with the earliest event at the top.

1. chromosomes condense and become visible. 2. nuclear envelope breaks up and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes. 3. chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. 4. sister chromatids separate. 5. nuclear envelopes re-froms.

Match exam cancer treatment with how it works.

1. gene therapy: add functional genes to cells with disabled genes. 2. drug therapy: target specific molecules in cancer cells. 3. angiogenesis inhibitors: block the recruitment of blood vessels by a tumor.

Place the phases of mitosis in the order that they occur, beginning with the first phase at the top.

1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase

Eukaryotic cell division is more complicated than binary fission because eukaryotes house the DNA in

A. 1 to 4 chromosomes B. a single linear chromosome ***C. multiple chromosomes D. a single circular chromosome

What enzyme has proofreading and repair functions during DNA replication?

A. RNA primase B. DNA mutase ***C. DNA polymerase D. helicase

Cell division is necessary for an organism to

A. consume energy B. move C. conduct glycolysis ***D. reproduce

The contractile ring of protein filaments at the tip of this arrow forms an indentation called the _________ furrow, which helps divide the cytoplasm of an animal cell in a process called ______________.

cleavage; cytokinesis

Select all of the following that are true with respect to the G1 checkpoint.

***A. through p53, it promotes the expression of DNA damage repair enzymes. B. it monitors the spindle and checks that DNA has been replicated completely. C. it monitors chromosomes alignment. ***D. it screens for DNA damage. ***E. through p53, it can promote apoptosis if the DNA damage is too severe.

Select all of the reasons that cells need to control their rate of division.

***A. uncontrolled cell division can lead to abnormal growth. B. if cells don't divide frequently enough, then mutations to DNA accumulate. ***C. too little cell growth will not allow injuries to be repaired. D. all cells in an organism need to divide constantly to replace worn out cells.

Select the true statements that describe cancer cells compared to normal cells.

***A. cancer cells may have multiple nuclei. B. cancer cells divide less frequently than normal cells. ***C. cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. D. cancer cells exhibit contact inhibition.

Select all of the following that are true about growth factors triggering cell division.

***A. growth factors bind receptors on the cell membrane. B. growth factors are only found in animal cells. ***C. in response to a signal, a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell initiates cell division. D. growth factors "Wal" along microtubules to receptors on the nuclear membrane. ***E. a growth factor stimulates the production of new skin cells at a wound site. F. growth factors normally act to block exit of the cell from the G1 phase of the cell cycle, thereby suppressing cell division.

Select all of the following that are components of chromatin.

***A. proteins for transcription ***B. proteins for replication ***C. DNA ***D. p[roteins for scaffolding E. actin microtubules

Select the processes involved in asexual reproduction.

***A. replication of the genetic material. B. fusion of cells. ***C. splitting of one cell into two cells. D. recombination to produce genetically different offspring.

Select all the types of organisms that can produce new individuals by asexual reproduction.

***A. some multicellular eukaryotes ***B. many protists ***C. archaea ***D. bacteria E. humans

Select all of the following that are true about malignant tumors.

***A. they invade adjacent tissue. B. they are surrounded by a thug capsule. ***C. they drelikely to metastasize.

Place eat description not the correct type of cell death.

1. apoptosis: programmed cell death; coordinated series of events. 2. Necrosis: accidental cell death from an injury; disorderly.

The last cell cycle checkpoint prior to the initiation of mitosis is called the ________ checkpoint.

A. M B. G0 C. S ***D. G2

Which of the following best describes the overall process of mitosis?

A. the type of cell division that separates chromosomes and produces gametes. ***B. they type of cell division that separates chromosomes and produces two daughter cells with identical nuclei. C. they type pf cell division that separates chromosomes and produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from one another.

After eukaryotic DNA replication, what happens to the nucleosomes in chromatins?

A. they decondense and become loosely arrayed. B. they bind all the chromatin in the nucleus into one circular chromosome. ***C. they fold and wind into a compact form. D. they dissociate from the DNA.

During the _______ phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs.

S

During development, the process that "carves" out the fingers from a webbed sheet of tissue is called ____________.

apoptosis

In many types of cancer, mutations have converted photo-oncogenes to _____________ or have inactivated other genes called _____________ genes.

oncogenes; tumor supressor

Select all of the following that are true about photo-oncogenes.

***A. when they are overactive because of mutation, the cell cycle may become accelerated. B. proto-oncogenes encode proteins that are normally block cancer development. ***C. they encode proteins that stimulate cell division.

Match each stage of cancer with the correct description, as explained in this text.

1. Stage I: cancer has spread to tissue adjacent to the tumor but remains confined to the organ of origin. 2. Stage II: cancer has spread to nearby tissues beyond the organ of origin but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes. 3. Stage 3: cancer has spread to lymph nodes and nearby organs but not distant organs. 4. Stage 4: cancer has spread to distant sites and distant organs.

Match the following events of the cell cycle with their description.

1. interphase: the time between cell divisions in which DNA replication, basic cellular activities, and cell growth take place. 2. mitosis: division of the contents of the nucleus. 3. cytokinesis: division of the cell itself.

What checkpoint monitors the cell's supply of DNA nucleotides during DNA replication?

A. G1 B. G2 C. M ***D. S

Proteins called _________ are chemical signals that bind to receptors on a cell membrane and trigger cell division.

A. kinesins B. kinetochores C. cyclins ***D. growth factors

Match the pair of the chromosomes with their description.

1. histone: proteins around which DNA winds 2. centromere: place where two sister chromatids attack in a replication. 3. chromatid: replicated copy of a chromosome. 4. nucleosome: stretch of DNA wrapped around proteins; become tightly arrayed during chromatin condensation.

Select the steps that must occur before DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA

A. Okazaki fragments are removed ***B. the double-stranded DNA is unwounded C. ligase seals the gaps ***D. an RNA primer is added

Eukaryotic cells produce new cells in a division process known as __________, which allows for growth and for compensation of cell loss due to wear and tear or injury.

A. apoptosis ***B. mitosis C. translation D. meiosis

A class of diseases characterized by malignant cells is called

A. multiple sclerosis ***B. cancer C. diabetes D. autoimmune diseases

Select all of the following that are true about sexual reproduction.

A. only one parent is required. ***B. two parents are required. ***C. offspring are genetically different from their parents. D. offspring are genetically identical to each other. ***E. offspring are genetically different from each other.

"HeLa" cells are ________ cells taken from a particular patient that are useful to scientists because they can be maintained in culture indefinitely.

A. skin B. blood ***C. cancer D. benign

Select all of the processes that are due to mitotic cell division.

A. the formation of genetically different gametes B. fertilization to form a zygote ***C. repair after injury ***D. growth of a zygote into a multicellular adult ***E. replacement of lost cells

A type of cell division called ________ divides a eukaryotic cell's genetic information into two identical daughter nuclei.

mitosis

Regulated cell death that is a necessary part of development is called

A. meiosis ***B. apoptosis C. condensation D. binary fission

The nuclear envelope breaks down during what phase of mitosis?

A. metaphase B. telophase ***C. prometaphase D. anaphase

Select the phases that occur within interphase of the cell cycle.

A. mitosis ***B. S ***C. G2 D. cytokinesis ***E. G0 ***F. G1

_________ is a specialized type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically different from each other.

A. mitosis B. budding ***C. meiosis D. fission

The cell cycle has internal _____________ that do not let the cell proceed to the next stage of the cell cycle until the previous stage is complete.

A. motor proteins B. growth proteins C. vesicles ***D. checkpoints

Place the following apoptotic events in chronological order, beginning with the first event at the top.

1. a "death receptor" on the cell's membrane is activated. 2. apoptosis-specific proteins begin to destroy the cell. 3. an immune system cell engulfs the cell and destroyed the remnants.

Place the following steps of DNA replication in the order in which they occur, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. helicase separates the two template strands of DNA. 2. binding of proteins to the two template strands prevents them from rejoining. 3. primate adds short stretches of RNA to the template DNA strand. 4. DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to create newly synthesized strands. 5. enzymes replace the primers, add ligase seal the gaps between existing segments and newly synthesized segments.

An abnormal mass of tissues that results from the loss of cell cycle control is called a(n)

A. callus ***B. tumor C. fungus D. inflammation

Cancer cells are characterized by

A. contact inhibition ***B. uncontrolled cell division C. apoptosis D. a tough capsule that surrounds the cells

In sexual reproduction, meiosis results I the production of genetically unique sperm cells and egg cells, which are also called

A. gemmae B. fissions C. archaea ***D. gametes

A single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins is called a(n)

A. gene B. centromere C. nucleotide ***D. chromosome

During pro metaphase, spindle fibers attach to proteins called _________ that assemble at each centromere of a chromosome.

A. histone B. nuclei ***C. kinotochores D. telomeres

Usually, warts and moles are __________ rumors of the skin, meaning they do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.

A. invasive B. metastatic ***C. benign D. malignant

A replicated chromosome consists of two attached copies called sister ____________.

chromatids