BIO 141 Final

23. The adult brain represents only ____ of the total body weight. A. 2% B. 5% C. 10% D. 12% E. 20%

A. 2%

7. The posterior median sulcus is represented by the letter: A. A B. E C. F D. H E. J

A. A

58. Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere? A. Association tracts B. Commissural tracts C. Projection tracts D. Mammillothalamic tracts E. Stria medullaris

A. Association tracts

19. Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain? A. Brain stem B. Cerebrum C. Cerebellum D. Diencephalon E. Dura mater

A. Brain stem

45. Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for speech? A. Broca's area B. Primary gustatory area C. Common integrative area D. Prefrontal cortex area E. Primary somatosensory area

A. Broca's area

28. These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid. A. Choroid plexuses B. Lateral apertures C. Interventricular foramina D. Brachial plexuses E. Aqueduct of the midbrain

A. Choroid plexuses

22. This extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. A. Falx cerebri B. Falx cerebelli C. Tentorium cerebelli D. Tentorium cerebri E. None of the above

A. Falx cerebri

64. Which of the following does NOT describe the sympathetic division of the ANS? A. Ganglia primarily found in the head B. Stimulates sweat glands C. Short preganglionic neurons D. Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessel walls E. Thoracolumbar output

A. Ganglia primarily found in the head

40. This structure carries sensory information coming from proprioceptors found in the trunk and limbs into the cerebellum. A. Inferior cerebellar peduncle B. Middle cerebellar peduncle C. Superior cerebellar peduncle D. Anterior lobe E. Posterior lobe

A. Inferior cerebellar peduncle

26. Which of the following is a fluid-filled cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum? A. Lateral ventricle B. Septum pellucidum C. Fourth ventricle D. Third ventricle E. Corpus callosum

A. Lateral ventricle

74. If the pathway shown in the diagram is a sympathetic division pathway, which neurotransmitter acts at the effector? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

A. Norepinephrine

78. Which disorder is characterized by the digits becoming ischemic after exposure to cold or emotional stress? A. Raynaud's phenomenon B. Autonomic dysreflexia C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy D. Diabetic neuropathy E. Horner's Syndrome

A. Raynaud's phenomenon

37. Which of the following is a nucleus found in the midbrain that releases dopamine? A. Substantia nigra B. Inferior olivary nucleus C. Inferior colliculus D. Cerebral peduncle E. Apneustic area

A. Substantia nigra

41. This region of the brain serves as the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem. A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Epithalamus D. Pons E. Midbrain

A. Thalamus

1. Which of the following spinal nerves DOES NOT travel through an intervertebral foramen to reach its destination? A. cervical spinal nerve 1 B. thoracic spinal nerve 12 C. lumbar spinal nerve 2 D. sacral spinal nerve 1 E. cervical spinal nerve 7

A. cervical spinal nerve 1

57. Blood flows to the brain through the ____ arteries and away from the brain through the __ vein. A. internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular B. external carotid and vertebral; external jugular C. Internal jugular and vertebral; internal carotid D. internal carotid and axillary; internal jugular E. external jugular and axillary; external jugular

A. internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular

98. Cataract leads to blindness due to A. loss of transparency of the lens B. a high intraocular pressure C. photophobia D. scotoma E. trachoma

A. loss of transparency of the lens

84. Visceral pain results from stimulating A. nociceptors B. Pacinian corpuscles C. exteroreceptors D. proprioceptors E. thermoreceptors

A. nociceptors

89. Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant A. occurs rapidly B. increases sensitivity to that odorant C. occurs slowly D. does not occur E. enhances gustation

A. occurs rapidly

66. A postganglionic neuron in the ANS A. releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell B. is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway C. has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord D. has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves E. carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia

A. releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell

5. Both the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are ___ tracts found in the ___ white column of the spinal cord. A.ascending; posterior B. descending; anterior C. ascending; anterior D. descending; posterior E. descending; lateral

A.ascending; posterior

52. In the diagram above, the major portion of the brain that monitors movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum is represented by the letter: A. B B. E C. F D. C E. A

B. E

75. Which neurotransmitter is released at the autonomic ganglion by the preganglionic neuron in the diagram? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

76. If the pathway shown in the diagram is a parasympathetic division pathway, which neurotransmitter acts at the effector? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

77. Which disorder is characterized by an exaggerated response of the sympathetic division of the ANS that occurs in most individuals with spinal cord injury at or above T6? A. Raynaud's phenomenon B. Autonomic dysreflexia C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy D. Diabetic neuropathy E. Horner's Syndrome

B. Autonomic dysreflexia

49. In the diagram above, the thalamus is represented by the letter: A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

B. B

11. The portion of the spinal cord that contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as incoming axons of sensory neurons is represented by the letter: A. B B. C C. D D. H E. I

B. C

67. Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion? A. Celiac ganglion B. Ciliary ganglion C. Superior mesenteric ganglion D. Inferior mesenteric ganglion E. All of the above

B. Ciliary ganglion

93. This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball. A. Palpebral fissure B. Conjunctiva C. Lateral commissure D. Cornea E. Choroid

B. Conjunctiva

42. Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum? A. Association tracts B. Corpus callosum C. Projection tracts D. Pyramids E. Sulci

B. Corpus callosum

21. Which of the following meninges has two layers? A. Spinal dura mater B. Cranial dura mater C. Spinal arachnoid mater D. Cranial arachnoid mater E. All

B. Cranial dura mater

8. The lateral white column is represented by the letter: A. C B. D C. G D. H E. I

B. D

3. Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of dermatomes? A. Can be used clinically to determine area of spinal cord damage B. Each dermatome is only served by a single spinal nerve C. Complete anesthesia of a single dermatome often requires blocking three adjacent spinal nerves D. Dermatomes are designated based on the cranial or spinal nerve that serves that area of the skin E. The dermatome serving the face is supplied by the trigeminal cranial nerve

B. Each dermatome is only served by a single spinal nerve

34. Which of the following regions of the brain contains the inferior olivary nucleus? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Pyramids D. Hypothalamus E. Midbrain

B. Medulla oblongata

17. This brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct. A. Prosencephalon B. Mesencephalon C. Rhombencephalon D. Telencephalon E. Myelencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

14. What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? A. Sensory B. Motor C. Integration D. A & B E. B & C

B. Motor

65. Which of the following does NOT describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS? A. Long preganglionic neurons B. Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessels walls C. Vagus nerve output D. Ganglia found near visceral effectors E. Sacral spinal cord output

B. Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessels walls

60. Which of the following statements best describes the structure of the blood-brain barrier that provides its functional characteristics? A. Processes of astrocytes wrap tightly around capillaries in the brain B. Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain C. Gap junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain D. Spot desmosomes tightly link capillary endothelial cells together E. The basement membrane of capillaries in the brain contains extremely small pores

B. Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain

83. The process in which the frequency of nerve impulses in the first-order neuron decreases during prolonged stimulus is called A. selectivity B. adaptation C. perception D. modality E. transduction

B. adaptation

56. Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called A. alpha waves B. beta waves C. theta waves D. delta waves E. P waves

B. beta waves

6. Which of the following regions of the spinal cord contains a conspicuous enlargement? A. filum terminale B. cervical region C. thoracic region D. sacral region E. coccygeal region

B. cervical region

53. Hand preference when writing or throwing is an example of A. cranial nerve damage B. hemispheric lateralization C. damage to the olfactory nerve D. damage to the Broca's area E. None of these choices

B. hemispheric lateralization

88. Olfactory receptors are found A. throughout the nasal cavity B. only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity C. only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity D. from the vestibule to the pharynx E. only in the mid-nasal ridges

B. only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity

99. Presbycusis refers to age-associated A. progressive loss of hearing in one ear B. progressive loss of hearing in both ears C. progressive loss of near-vision D. otitis media E. vertigo

B. progressive loss of hearing in both ears

96. Which of the following structures senses change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium? A. cochlea B. semicircular canals C. maculae of the vestibule D. organ of Corti E. vestibulocochlear nerve

B. semicircular canals

61. The autonomic nervous system is NOT involved in controlling A. exocrine glands B. skeletal muscle C. cardiac muscle D. smooth muscle E. endocrine glands

B. skeletal muscle

33. Pyramids are: A. gray matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata B. white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata C. gray matter protrusions found on the pons D. white matter protrusions found on the pons

B. white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata

73. What type of nervous system pathway is shown in the figure? A. Somatic motor pathway B. Somatic sensory pathway C. Autonomic motor pathway D. Autonomic sensory pathway E. None of these choices

C. Autonomic motor pathway

81. Which of the following is NOT an event in the process of sensation? A. Stimulation of sensory receptors B. Transduction of the stimulus C. Activation of effector D. Generation of impulses E. Integration of sensory input

C. Activation of effector

30. Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through these fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses. A. Choroid plexuses B. Microvilli C. Arachnoid villi D. Dural villi E. Lemnisci

C. Arachnoid villi

18. Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain? A. Brain stem B. Cerebellum C. Cauda equina D. Diencephalon E. Cerebrum

C. Cauda equina

50. In the diagram above, the structure that contains the centers that control heart rate and blood pressure is represented by the letter: A. A B. B C. D D. E E. F

C. D

9. The anterior gray horn is represented by the letter: A. B B. C C. H D. I E. F

C. H

32. This region of the brain contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help control respiration. A. Spinal cord B. Midbrain C. Pons D. Thalamus E. Cerebellum

C. Pons

27. This is a narrow fluid-filled cavity found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus. A. Lateral ventricle B. Septum pellucidum C. Third ventricle D. Fourth ventricle E. Fifth ventricle

C. Third ventricle

91. Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation? A. Vestibulocochlear B. Oculomotor C. Vagus D. Trigeminal E. Spinal accessory

C. Vagus

16. The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube. A. mesodermal B. endodermal C. ectodermal D. cranial E. caudal

C. ectodermal

87. Which of the following type of neurons have their cell bodies in the spinal cord or brain stem and their axons terminating in neuromuscular junctions? A. upper motor neurons B. lower motor neurons C. somatic sensory neurons D. preganglionic autonomic neurons E. postganglionic autonomic neurons

C. somatic sensory neurons

48. Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for changing facial expressions? A. Oculomotor B. Trigeminal C. Spinal accessory D. Facial E. Vagus

D. Facial

38. This portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance. A. Tentorium cerebelli B. Anterior lobe C. Posterior lobe D. Flocculonodular lobe E. Transverse fissure

D. Flocculonodular lobe

12. The portion of the spinal cord that contains somatic motor neurons and motor nuclei is represented by the letter: A. B B. C C. D D. H E. I

D. H

10. The anterior white column is represented by the letter: A. B B. C C. H D. I E. J

D. I

46. Which of the following cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball? A. II, III and IV B. I, V and X C. III, IX and V D. III, IV and VI E. X, XI and XII

D. III, IV and VI

72. Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? A. Decreased heart rate B. Airway dilation C. Decreased pupil diameter D. Increased secretion of digestive juices E. Increased gastric motility

D. Increased secretion of digestive juices

15. Spinal nerves: A. are parts of PNS B. connect the CNS to sensors & effectors in all parts of the body C. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

29. Which of the following describes a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A. Mechanical protection B. pH homeostasis C. Circulation D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

35. Which of the following nuclei are found in the pons? A. Pontine nuclei B. Apneustic area C. Pneumotaxic area D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

24. This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue. A. Dura mater B. Arachnoid mater C. Cerebrospinal fluid D. Blood brain barrier E. All of the above

D. Blood brain barrier

4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinothalamic tract? A. Begins in the spinal cord B. Terminates in the thalamus C. Found in the white matter of the spinal cord D. Carries motor information down the cord E.Is composed of multiple axons carrying information in the spinal cord

D. Carries motor information down the cord

79. Which disorder is a type of neuropathy often caused by long term diabetes mellitus? A. Raynaud's phenomenon B. Autonomic dysreflexia C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy D. Diabetic neuropathy E. Horner's Syndrome

D. Diabetic neuropathy

20. Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus? A. Cerebellum B. Brain stem C. Cerebrum D. Diencephalon E. Dura mater

D. Diencephalon

70. Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors? A. Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors B. Muscarinic and somatic receptors C. Adrenergic and somatic receptors D. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors E. Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

D. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

82. This type of sensory receptor responds to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue. A. Photoreceptors B. Mechanoreceptors C. Proprioceptors D. Nociceptors E. Thermoreceptors

D. Nociceptors

63. Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon? A. Somatic motor neurons B. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons C. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons D. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons E. Somatosensory neurons

D. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

44. Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements of the body? A. Broca's area B. Primary visual area C. Somatosensory association area D. Primary motor area E. Primary somatosensory area

D. Primary motor area

31. This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends throughout the brainstem and functions to help maintain consciousness. A. Cuneate nucleus B. Gracile nucleus C. Medial lemniscus D. Reticular formation E. Decussation of pyramids

D. Reticular formation

94. The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is A. activation of amacrine cells B. absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium C. interruption of the dark current D. absorption of light by photopigments E. generation of action potentials in the optic nerve

D. absorption of light by photopigments

86. Proprioception means awareness of A. visual acuity B. body temperature C. color vision D. body position E. pain

D. body position

68. The largest autonomic plexus is called the A. superior mesenteric plexus B. renal plexus C. cardiac plexus D. celiac plexus E. hypogastric plexus

D. celiac plexus

54. Patients with damage in the left hemisphere often exhibit aphasia (inability to use or comprehend words). This is an example of A. apraxia B. delirium C. cerebral lacerations D. hemispheric lateralization E. decussations

D. hemispheric lateralization

59. Damage to this portion of the limbic system results in loss of memory of recent events and difficulty committing anything new to memory. A. amygdala B. dentate gyrus C. cingulate gyrus D. hippocampus E. septal nuclei

D. hippocampus

97. The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the A. optic disk B. optic chiasm C. visual cortex of cerebrum D. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus E. primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex

D. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

55. An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by A. neurons in the pons B. neurons in the medulla oblongata C. neurons in the thalamus D. neurons in the cerebral cortex E. neurons in the cerebellum

D. neurons in the cerebral cortex

95. Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials? A. macula B. pinna C. tympanic membrane D. organ of Corti E. cupula

D. organ of Corti

39. The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are A. parallel folds of white matter B. found in the vermis only C. portions of the pyramids D. parallel folds of gray matter E. used in the RAS system

D. parallel folds of gray matter

69. Acetylcholine is released by _____postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a ___ rate than norepinephrine. A. sympathetic; slower B. sympathetic; faster C. parasympathetic; slower D. parasympathetic; faster E. both parasympathetic & sympathetic; slower

D. parasympathetic; faster

2. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the A. anterior white commissure B. central canal C. lateral gray horn D. posterior root ganglion E. posterior gray horn

D. posterior root ganglion

85. The main function of muscle spindles is A. to sense tension applied to a tendon B. to sense referred pain C. to perceive cutaneous sensations D. to sense changes in muscle length E. to sense muscle fatigue

D. to sense changes in muscle length

100. Taste buds are found on A. the epiglottis B. the pharynx C. the soft palate D. both epiglottis & pharynx E. All of the above

E. All of the above

62. Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct? A. Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve B. Has myelinated axons C. Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway D. Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord E. Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia

E. Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia

36. Which of the following is a nucleus found in the medulla oblongata that receives sensory information associated with touch, pressure and vibration? A. Tectum B. Superior colliculus C. Substantia nigra D. Pontine nucleus E. Gracile nucleus

E. Gracile nucleus

90. These receptor cells provide for the sense of taste. A. Olfactory hair cells B. Pacinian corpuscles C. Basal stem cells D. Hair cells E. Gustatory cells

E. Gustatory cells

80. Which disorder involves the loss of sympathetic innervation to one side of the face due to inherited mutation, injury or disease? A. Raynaud's phenomenon B. Autonomic dysreflexia C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy D. Diabetic neuropathy E. Horner's Syndrome

E. Horner's Syndrome

13. Which of the following parts of a reflex arc receives sensory information and decides how to respond to a change in the body's condition? A. Sensory receptor B. Sensory neuron C. Motor neuron D. Effector E. Integration center

E. Integration center

51. In the diagram above, the structure that regulates hunger, thirst and many autonomic activities providing homeostasis is represented by the letter: A. A B. D C. E D. F E. None of the above

E. None of the above

43. Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for sensing body touch and temperature? A. Broca's area B. Primary visual area C. Common integrative area D. Prefrontal cortex area E. Primary somatosensory area

E. Primary somatosensory area

92. Which is NOT considered an accessory structure of the eye? A. Eyelids B. Eyelashes C. Lacrimal apparatus D. Eyebrows E. Retina

E. Retina

47. Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for regulating visceral activity? A. Oculomotor B. Trigeminal C. Spinal accessory D. Facial E. Vagus

E. Vagus

25. Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the ______ to neurons and neuroglia. A. interstitial fluid B. bile C. intracellular fluid D. arachnoid space E. blood

E. blood

71. Autonomic tone is regulated by the A. medulla oblongata B. cerebellum C. cerebrum D. vermis E. hypothalamus

E. hypothalamus