BIO 151L exam 1 study guide

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What do you need for each chemical in a lab

- commonly used names - physical properties - hazards to health - reactivity - flammability - safety procedures if accidents occur - special protection required

Fermentation vs. Respiration

-fermentation: don't go through CAC; ATP only generated through substrate level phosphorylation -respiration: feeding electrons into ETC, creating an energized membrane, oxidative phosphorylation (much more efficient at making ATP than substrate level P!)

What does a spectrophotometer measure

-measurement of photo, which is light, and photo on a spectrum, so the full spectrum of light -measures the absorbance or % transmittance of those waves and photons through a solution (light absorbance)

what are the three assumptions required for the law to apply

-monochromatic light is used (one wavelength/color at a time) -the absorbance is measured at the wavelength of maximum absorbance -the absorbance is less than 3.0

light has a dual nature

-particles (corresponds to intensity) -wave (corresponds to color)

what is a common misconception about the scientific process

-the scientific process is linear -experiemnts are designed to prove a hypothesis science proves ideas to be correct

biohazard symbol

-toxic -wear gloves -wash hands -keep yourself clean

micro

.000001

milli

.001 or 1/1000

centi

.01 or 1/100

If you want to make a 3 liter of 1.2M KBr from concentrate KBr(6M), how much of the concentrated KBr should be used?

What is the molarity of the new solution when 50 ml of 3.6M is diluted with water to a total of 200 ml with water?

.9M

water freezes at

0 degrees Celsius

health risk numbers

0 normal material 4 potentially deadly

chemical stability numbers

0 stable 4 may detonate

flammability numbers

0 will not burn 1 above 200 2 100-200 3 below 100 4 below 73 (room temp)

characteristics of a buffer

1) the solution contains a weak acid HA and its conjugate base A- 2) The buffer resists changes in pH by reacting with any added H+ or OH- so that these ions do not accumulate 3) Any added H+ reacts with the base A- 4) Any added OH- reacts with the weak acid HA

HMIS

1- health 2- flammability 3-chemical stability 4-special qualities

how do you calculate standard deviation

1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it

List two things you should never do when using a serological pipette.

1. You should never contaminate the tip of the pipette by placing it on the table or touching the tip.2. You should never let the fluid enter the cotton plug/suctioning bulb.

the scientific process 2 parts

1. a step-by-step process to guide you through scientific investigation 2. a standard rubric to use when presenting new findings to others

List the seven steps, in order, that you would take to conduct an experiment begining with "Make an observation".

1. make an observation 2. form a hypothesis 3. experimental design 4. collect data 5. analyze/ present data 6. make conclusions 7. repeat

water boils at

100 degrees Celsius

kilo

1000

how many ml of concentrated (18M) are required to prepare 750 ml of 3M sulfuric acid?

125 ml

products of anaerobic fermentation

2 atp, lactic acid

how would you prepare 100ml of .4M form a stock solution of 2M MgSO4

room temp

20-25 C

how many grams of calcium chloride would you add to water for a total volume of 500 ml to make a 5% (weight/volume) solution

25g

how many grams of sucrose would you dissolve in water for a total volume of 500 ml to make a 5% (weight/volume) solution?

25g

products from this lab

2O- and 2H2O

how many milliliters of water would you add to 100 ml of 1.0 M to prepare a final solution of 0.25 M

300

0.345 milliliters is equal to _____ microliters.

345

intimal concentration = .5 M initial volume = 25ml final concentration =.35 final volume = ?

35.7 ml

you work in the lab and you are asked to prepare 70% ethanol solution, but you only have 100% ethanol solution. How many milliliters of 100% ethanol would you use to make 500 mL of 70% ethanol solution

350 ml

normal body temp

37 degrees Celsius

how many grams of calcium chloride would you add to water for a total volume of 100 ml to make a 5% (weight/volume) solution

5 grams

if your stock solution has a concentration of 0.08 mg/ml and you need to make 8 milliliters of 0.06 mg/ml concentration solution how many milliliters do you need o the stock solution and how many milliliters of water?

6 milliliters of stock solution 2 milliliters of water

If you dilute 120ml of wine containing 10.0% ethanol to a total of 200ml what is the final concentration of ethanol?

write the photosynthesis reaction

6H2O + 6CO2 + radient energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Which of the following choices shows the correct order of development for a scientific prediction? A. experimental purpose, scientific hypothesis, prediction B. prediction, experimental purpose, scientific hypothesis C. scientific hypothesis, prediction, experimental purpose D. experimental purpose, prediction, scientific hypothesis

Match the wavelength of light with its corresponding color. A. 510 B. 475 C. 650

A green B blue C red

What is the difference between a null and an alternate hypothesis? Give an example of each.

A null hypothesis tells that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables. An example of a null hypothesis is that the age of an individual does not affect their ability to do the math. An alternate hypothesis tells that the independent variable does affect the dependent variable (the two variables have a correlation). An example of this would be that the age of an individual does affect their ability to do the math.

What does a spectrophotometer actually measure? Be specific.

A spectrophotometer actually measures the amount of light, of a specific wavelength, that passes through a solution

lambert beer law equation

A=ecl

how are the three forms of metabolism different

Aerobic: uses oxygen, produces 36 atp percycle, in the mitochondria, only produces co2 and h2o, in mito anaerobic: no oxygen, only produces 2 atp, in cytoplasm, produces lactic acid/ alcohol in addition to CO2 and H2O, uses nitrates sulfates and sulfur as the final proton acceptor, in mito fermentation: extra cellular process, small quantity of oxygen rather stimulates activity, produces 4 atp, no mito

experimental treatments

Alternative manipulations of the independent variable being investigated

Which of the following statements best describes a prediction as it relates to a hypothesis? A. A prediction is used to develop a working hypothesis. B. A prediction is a specific description of a subject's behavior based on a hypothesis. C. A prediction is a looser, less-developed version of a working hypothesis. D. A prediction is untestable, whereas a hypothesis is testable.

entrance slit

Which of the following statements is/are true? A. Hypotheses and predictions can be proven or disproven. B. Hypotheses are usually more general statements, while predictions are more specific. C.Experiments are always designed after the hypotheses have been created. D.Predictions are usually more general statements, while hypotheses are more specific.

dispersion device

formula when calculating the proper volumes to make a specific dilution of a solution

C1V1 = C2V2

What gas do organisms give off when they carry out cellular respiration?

CO2

in what organelle does photosynthesis occur

Chloroplast

constants

Conditions that stay the same in the experiment

Now, using the information you just learned, apply it to the following 5 questions to make sure you fully understand it. Which of the following is not an accurate description of a null hypothesis? A. It is presumed to be true until it is refuted by results supporting the working hypothesis. B. It states that no relationship exists between the dependent and independent variables. C. It serves as a baseline hypothesis against which the working hypothesis can be compared. D. It is generally considered less likely to be true than the working hypothesis.

Suppose you are studying the effect of sunlight on tomato plants and have developed the hypothesis, "Sunlight has an effect on the growth of tomato plants." Which of the following statements could not be used as an experimental prediction? A. If tomato plants are exposed to increased amounts of sunlight, then the growth rate of the tomato plants will decrease. B. If tomato plants are exposed to decreased amounts of sunlight, then the growth rate of the tomato plants will decrease. C. If tomato plants are exposed to increased amounts of sunlight, then the growth rate of the tomato plants will increase. D. If tomato plants are given increased amounts of fertilizer, then the growth rate of the tomato plants will increase.

exit slit

suppose you are studying the effect of sunlight on tomato plants and have developed the hypothesis, "Sunlight has an effect on the growth of tomato plants." Which of the following statements would be an appropriate null hypothesis? A. Sunlight will decrease the rate of growth of tomato plants. B. Tomato plants are affected by factors other than sunlight. C. The effect of sunlight on tomato plants cannot be tested. D. Sunlight has no effect on the growth of tomato plants.

sample

optimal conditions for enzymes

Enzymes require specific environmental conditions to work and are most effective at optimal conditions; factors influencing enzyme reactions are pH, temperature, and amount of substrate

detector

After setting the volume on your adjustable micropipette to 20 μL, explain the proper method of using the pipette to be sure you are actually transferring 20 μL of liquid.

First, you tightly secure a tip to the pipette without using your hands, to prevent cross-contamination. Then you push down the pipette syringe to the first gage. Next place the tip of the pipette into the liquid, making sure not to touch anything else on the way. Once the pipette is inserted into the liquid, slowly release your grip on the syringe all the way, slowly watching the liquid enter the tip. Once your grip is completely loose, remove the tip from the liquid, and tap off any drips from the tip into the beaker. Compare the liquid measured to the image provided to ensure the appropriate amount was collected. Then transport the micropipette to the designated location. To release the liquid, push down on the syringe to the first gauge until all the liquid is out. Once all the visible liquid is out, press the syringe all the way down in order to make sure every last bit of liquid was removed from the micropipette. Once you are finished with the tip, you can click the dispensing button which releases the tip in a hand-free manner.

Identify what metabolic processes are occurring in a flask of bromothymol blue solution depending on the organisms present and whether the flask was kept in the light

Flask 1: plant (blue) Flask 2: snail (yellow) Flask 3: plant and snail (blue yellow) Flask 4: none (blue)

What does HMIS mean?

Hazardous Materials Identification System

If we were to replace the solution in the rectangular cuvette in the image from question 8 with a solution of higher concentration, would you expect the detector to return a higher or lower absorbance reading than the solution currently shown?

Higher absorbance reading returned for a more highly concentrated solution

The graph below is a standard curve showing absorbance vs. protein concentration using a Bradford assay. You are given a solution with an unknown amount of protein in it. You read the absorbance of that solution in a spectrophotometer and find it to be 0.8. Based on the standard curve below, what is the estimated concentration of the protein solution?

If the absorbance is 0.8, then the estimated concentration of the protein solution would be 1.5 mg/ml.

...what are the constant variables?

The constant variables are all of the other variables within the experiment, that are not changed.

Suggest a control treatment for each of the following experiments: Patients taking different doses of a new medication were monitored for weight loss.

The control treatment for this experiment could be patients taking no dose of new medication and/or a placebo of the medication.

Suggest a control treatment for each of the following experiments: Plants are exposed to different intensities of light and the amount of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is recorded.

The control treatment for this experiment could be plants exposed to regular daylight.

...what is the control treatment?

The control treatment is the group that is given "normal" or "standard" conditions, not being subjected to changes in the independent variable.

A scientist wants to study mating behavior of deer. She observes deer during mating season to obtain data. For each male, she counts the number of malemale fights that he wins and then the number of females that the male mates with. She expects that males who win the most fights will mate with the most females. What is the dependent variable?

The dependent variable is the number of female deer the male deer mates with

...what is the dependent variable?

The dependent variable is the response you are measuring

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated (color of light)

...what is the experimental treatment?

The experimental treatments are the groups subjected to change in the independent variable.

Identify the dependent and independent variables in the following experiments: Length of a regenerating limb of a starfish measured for 4 weeks

The independent variable is the 4 weeks the starfish is being measured for (time).The dependent variable is the length of regenerating limb of a starfish.

...what is the independent variable?

The independent variable is the condition that is varied by the investigator during the experiment.

Identify the dependent and independent variables in the following experiments: observing the number of nests built by birds in trees that have different densities of limbs.

The independent variable is the different densities of tree limbs. The dependent variable is the number of nests built.

The independent variable is the different numbers of fights the male deer won

Identify the dependent and independent variables in the following experiments: Amount of weight loss for patients taking three different doses of a new medication.

The independent variable is the three different doses of a new medication. The dependent variable is the amount of weight loss for the patients.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested (plant growth)

A scientist wants to study mating behavior of deer. She observes deer during mating season to obtain data. For each male, she counts the number of male male fights that he wins and then the number of females that the male mates with. She expects that males who win the most fights will mate with the most females. Design a null and alternate hypothesis for this study.

The null hypothesis would be the number of fights a male deer wins will have no effect on the number of females that deer mates with. The alternate hypothesis would be the number of fights a male deer wins will have an effect on the number of females that deer mates with.

quaternary structure

The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.

What is the lambert beer law

The pattern of light absorption of a substance varies predictably with the amount present (linear relationship between concentration and absorption) - under certain conditions absorbance is directly related to the concentration of a solution.

secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain. Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

what are pipettes used for

The transfer of a small volume of liquid from one container to another.

How can the pH indicator bromothymol blue (BTB) be used to show whether photosynthesis or respiration is occurring within an aquatic environment

When the pH becomes acidic, it turns yellow. That means through fermentation, lots of co2 is released and co2 makes solutions acidic. As the co2 is produced through fermentation, the indicator will turn yellow.

List two things you should never do when using a micropipette.

When using a micropipette you should never measure the liquid without a tip and you should never touch/contaminate the tip.

what is metabolism

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body

what is the basic unit of a biological membrane and briefly describe its structure

a phospholipid and it is comprised of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

what is an enzyme

a protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

The position on the enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place (highlighted in the image above) is called the ______________.

active site

briefly describe the main ways a molecule can cross a biological membrane

active transport: which flows from low to high with the use of energy passive transport: which flows with the concentration gradient (high to low) and does not need energy

what are three different forms of metabolism organisms use?

aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration fermentation

Identify what metabolic processes are occurring in a flask of bromothymol blue solution depending on the organisms present and whether the flask was kept in the dark

all of the flasks would change to yellow except for the last flask

proteins in a cell

all over the place

what factors might change the rate at which an organism respires?

amount of oxygen temperature amount of glucose

what does structure and enzyme have that a protein does not

an active site

peroxidase

an enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide

What is a spectrophotometer?

an instrument used to measure the amount of light that passes through a solution.

step five of the scientific process

analyze/ present data

Both aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation provide what molecule needed by cells?

atp?

Organisms that manufacture their own "food" (i.e. energy packed organic molecules) from inorganic molecules are called

autotroph

simplest statistical analysis is...

averages and standard deviation

what do each of the colors on the safty lab thing

blue health risks red flammability yellow chemical stability white unique properties

Photosynthesizing organisms have cells that contain

both mitochondria and chloroplasts

one day you are walking through a wildflower field and notice that you see white-tailed bumblebees flitting between, on, and around the wildflowers. You then think to yourself, "I wonder what color of flower those bumblebees are most attracted to?" you proceed to create an experimental design in order to see what colors the bees prefer to visit. the tools you will use are plastic flowers from the sherwood florist: how would you measure the bumblebees response

by counting the amount of times a specific white-tailed bumblebee visits a select few flowers, then compare them to each other and to the control to see if there is any significant effect

List the four major groups of organic molecules that construct all living things (the four main building blocks of a cell).

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

4 macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Products of aerobic respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

temperature

celsius (c)

what does the yellow on the HMIS mean

chemical stability

One way that autotrophs power the manufacture of their own "food" is by using the energy found in light waves. This, as you know, is called photosynthesis. What organelle must exist in autotrophs for them to conduct photosynthesis?

chloroplast

When focusing your microscope, you must NEVER use the _________ focus knob when using the ____________ lens.

coarse high power

buffer

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

lab 2

concentration vs absorbance

collect data

conduct the experiment and record the observations you see

plant cell

contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

peroxidase enzymes

create oxidizing compounds by breaking down hydrogen peroxide

step four of the scientific process

data collection

what is the term used to describe an unfolded "broken" protein

denature

what are some common dos and donts for pipette use

do: -keep the pipette in the plastic until needed -look for the blown out marks -do check the numbers on the side to get the correct number -place the tip onto the correct pipette -do set micropipette only within the range specified for that specific instrument -do keep the micropipette in a vertical position when there is fluid in the tip dont: -touch the tip of the pipette with your hand or on the table -dont let the submission enter the cotton plug -dont use a micropipette without first applying a plastic, dispenable tip

animal cell

does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

guaiacol

dye that turns from colorless to brown as it is oxidized by oxygen

lab 3

egg hypotonic , hypertonic, isotonic -different sugars effect on osmosis

All chemical reactions, by their most basic definition, are just the breaking apart or putting together of molecules and atoms. All living organisms, by their most basic definition, are just an organized, compartmentalized set of chemical reactions. If left to occur on their own, most chemical reactions occur at rates so slow, life-sustaining processes would not be possible. Bringing enzymes into the picture changes everything. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by bringing together the correct reactants and forcing them into the correct products. This can mean the reactants are broken down into two or more smaller products or combined into one bigger one. Either way, without enzymes performing this function, life would not be possible. Scientifically, we say that enzymes are in the business of lowering the amount of ____________ required to start a chemical reaction.

energy

The major difference between active and passive transport is the requirement of

energy

The main goal of respiration is the production of _________ , which is most often stored in the chemical bonds of the molecule __________ .

energy atp

briefly describe why are enzymes necessary for life

enzymes are necessary for life because they act as a catalyst to help facilitate and speed up a chemical reaction. in doing this, they lower the energy required to fulfill this reaction. This makes it easier on our bodies because we don't need to produce an absurd amount of energy

step three of the scientific process

experimental design (independent, dependent, constants, treatments)

percent error equation

experimental value - theoretical value/theoretical value x 100

what does the red on the HMIS mean

flammability

step two of the scientific process

form a hypothesis (null and alternative)

make an observation

gathering information with your senses

Both cellular respiration and fermentation begin with what molecule?

glucose

The three main steps of aerobic respiration, in their order of use, are __________ , the ________________ , and the _____________________________ .

glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport chain

mass unit

grams (g)

control groups

groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant

lab 4

h2o2 brown enzyme

what does the blue on the HMIS mean

health risk

what functions does an enzyme serve

helps facilitate chemical reactions

Organisms that must collect their "food" (energy packed organic molecules) from an outside source are called

heterotroph

how often the bumble bee visits this flower

substrate form this lab

hydrogen peroxide

three deshelled eggs were weighed to get their initial mass and then placed in three solutions of different concentrations. after an hour their final weight was then reordered in a table. describe each solution in terms of its tonicity as evidenced by the change in mass of each egg. egg a (86.3 to 86.3) egg b (85.9 to 91.2) egg c (80.3 to 77.6) egg c was placed in a _____________ solution

hypertonic

hypotonic

why did we determine the wavelength of maximum absorbance for our stock solution of methylene blue in last week's lab

in order to follow the law you must have all three aspects: monochromatic, measured at max absorbance, and absorbance of less than 3.

isotonic

what does a plant do with the product of photosynthesis

it makes glucose and oxygen it then releases the oxygen into the atmosphere which animals use for respiration and it uses the glucose for its own cellular respiration

lab 5

leaf discs

The difference between these two types of microscopes is the number of _________ they possess.

lenses

Photosynthetic reactions in plants occur in two separate reactions, the ______________ reactions and the _______________________ reactions.

light dependent light independent

volume unit

liter (L)

step one of the scientific process

make an observation (my plants are dying)

step six of the scientific process

make conclusions

The layer of cells within a leaf that houses most of the chloroplasts is called the

mesophyll

length unit

meter (m)

What amount of volume does the symbol "µl" designate?

microliters

for each of the following amounts of liquid, suggest the appropriate size and type of pipette to use .3 ml

micropipette

for each of the following amounts of liquid, suggest the appropriate size and type of pipette to use 25 microliters

micropipette

how should you go about choosing the correct pipette for the amount of liquid you need to measure

micropipettes measure between 1 and 1000µl serological pipette measures from 1ml to 50 ml

What organelle must be present in an organism for it to conduct respiration to create ATP?

mitochondria

carbohydrates in a cell

mitochondria used for signaling and energy

characteristics of life

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

nucleic acids in a cell

nucleus

Order of scientific process

observation, hypothesis, design experiment, collect data, analyze data, conclusion, repeat

In lab this week, you will be studying various environmental effects on the performance of peroxidase, an enzyme that breaks hydrogen peroxide into two separate molecules: _________ and __________.

oxygen water

Factors that affect enzyme activity

pH, temperature, and concentration of enzyme or substrate, salt concentration

enzyme from this lab

peroxidase

what are two factors that can affect the activity of an enzyme

ph level temp

The main molecule that makes up a cell's plasma membrane is the

phospholipid

The cellular structure involved in controlling the concentration of solutes within the cell is the

plasma membrane

lipids in a cell

plasma membrane

what are the four levels of protein structures? use your own words and write a sentence describing each level

primary- sequence of amino acids secondary- interactions of r-groups, alpha helic and b sheets tertiary- the interaction of two or more secondary structures quatrinary- the grouping of several subunits folded together

when you blank the spectrophotometer what is usually put in the cuvette

pure water

analyze data

put data into graphs and tables then using your knowledge on the topic explain why the results of the experiment were the ways that they were.

form a conclusion

putting everything together write what happened, why it happened, and how it could be improved in the future

Graphing data often helps you understand experimental results in a way that staring at a column of numbers never could. Trends, outliers, and gaps in the data are all easier to detect graphically. In addition, variables that cannot be measured directly in the lab may also be determined from a graph of the measured variables. When presenting data in a lab report or research article, you never present ______________ , but rather an analyzed, summarized form that is more easily understood.

raw data

never present...

raw data, this includes numbers and math

step seven of the scientific process

repeat (if you get the same results over multiple attempts, then your data is more reliable)

Which is more efficient (i.e. creates more energy for the cell), respiration or fermentation?

respiration

how to calculate the rate of reaction for an enzyme using spectrophotomoetry

seeing how the absorbance differs over a period of time

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

what is a protein

sequence of amino acids

for each of the following amounts of liquid, suggest the appropriate size and type of pipette to use 6.8 ml

serological pipette 10ml pipette

what is the difference between a serological pipette and a micropipette?

serological pipette: Used to measure medium-small volumes of liquids micropipette: A laboratory instrument used to measure, dispense, and transfer very small amounts of liquid.

The two types of microscopes you will learn about in this lab are called _________ and ____________ light microscopes.

simple compound

diffusion is the movement of _________ from an area of _______ concentration to an area of ________ concentration

solute high low

osmosis is the movement of ________ from and area of ________ concentration to an area of ___________ concentration

solvent (water) low high

Solutions, by definition, are made up of two components:

solvent solute

what does the white on the HMIS mean

special properties

The instrument that is used to measure the amount of light absorbed by a substance in solution is called a

spectrophotometer

where do light independent reactions occur

stroma

As you learned in week one, most experiments focus on two variables at a time, the independent variable (the cause) and the dependent variable (the effect). The dependent variable is the one the researcher is interested in, and the independent variable is often one that the researcher controls. For example, suppose that a researcher feeds several mice different meals. Each meal is identical, except for the amount of sugar present. Then, the researcher measures the blood sugar levels of the mice one hour later. In this case, the ________ in the meals is the independent variable and the ________________________ is the dependent variable.

sugar blood sugar levels

Sometimes, experiments are performed where the independent variable is not directly controlled by the researcher. You performed one of the most common experiments like this in the last lab (and will perform another like it in your next lab) in which time served as the independent variable. To use the example from above, suppose that rather than taking one blood sugar measurement after one hour, the researcher takes one of the mice and tracks its blood sugar level over time by taking measurements every five minutes. The researcher does not control time, of course, but the blood sugar level of the mouse is thought to depend on the time between the feeding and the measurement. In this experiment, there are two independent variables, ________ and ________ .

sugar time

what are two variables that can affect the rate of diffusion

temp concentration

what are some variables that can effect how well an enzyme functions

temp, ph, and concentration

name the feature necessary to classify a protein as an enzyme? What is this structures function?

the active site. the function of the active site is to have a specific shape as to ensure that its catalytic properties are only utilized in the presence of the correct substrate.

what did we do in lab 1

the behavior of termites with the different pens

the color of flower

the color of flower does have an effect on a white tailed bumblebees preference

the color of flowers has no effect on a white tailed bumblebees preference

lambert beer law c

the concentration of the solution

Suggest a control treatment for each of the following experiments: Frogs are captured from polluted ponds. The investigator records the number of limb deformities.

the control treatments for this experiment could be the same species of frogs captured from non-polluted lakes.

when presenting data as a graph which variable goes on the x-axis and which goes on the y-axis

the dependent variable goes on the y axis and the independent goes on the x axis

repeat

the final step where you repeat all the previous steps to get more accurate data

hypothesis

the general statement about how you expect your experiment to go

what was the purpose of guaiacol in the experiments you did last week? why was it necessary?

the guaiacol was used as an indicator. It starts off as clear, but when oxidized turns brown. this is useful because when the enzyme breaks the hydrogen peroxide down, it releases oxygen, which turns the indicator brown

alternative hypothesis

the independent does effect the dependent

null hypothesis

the independent does not affect the dependent

lambert beer law l

the light path length (the distance the light travels through the solution)

briefly describe the main components of the reaction we evaluated in lab

the main components concisted of the reactants h2o2 which reacted with perozidase to produce oxygen and water. we were able to see thins change due to the guaicol turning brown , from clear when reacting with the product oxygen.

lambert beer law A

the measured absorbance

lambert beer law e

the molar extinction coefficient

optimal conditions picture

the peak

experimental design

the process of writing out the the design for your experiment

catabolism

the reactions that break down organic matter to harvest the energy from them are part of catabolism

anabolism

the reactions that use energy to build the components of a functioning cell

what does the standard deviation tell you about your data

the standard deviations allows you to analyze your data more clearly to see the average of all points recorded and how they compare to each other

what is meant by the term "optimal conditions"

the term optimum pH refers to the pH resulting in maximal activity of a particular enzyme

what was the real variable that affected termite behavior

the type of chemical used in the pens which reflected the trails termites use to follow

the white tailed bumble-bees attraction to the most prominent color of flower in the field

briefly, what is an SDS with regard to chemicals used in the laboratory

these are the standard information provided for every chemical in a lab (the name, properties, flammability, etc.)

why is it important to use an appropriately sized pipette

this is important because certain pipettes can only measure certain amounts of fluid. If you tried to measure .35 microliters in a serlogical pipette then the measurement would not be accurate

where do light reactions occur

thylakoid membrane

When a solution is placed in a path of light, three things may occur to the light when it hits the solution. The light may be ____________ , ___________ , or ______________.

transmitted scattered absorbed

The previous question was just a convoluted mathematical way of saying "the more stuff there is dissolved in a solution, the less light will be able pass through it".

true

The terms of tonicity are relative terms, which means you cannot simply say "This solution is hypertonic", you must say "This solution is hypertonic when compared to that solution".

true

This lab will focus on one specific group of these organic molecules, the proteins. Specifically, a subset within the proteins called enzymes. With regard to enzymes, determine whether the following statement is true or false.All enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes.

true

what does bromothymol blue indicate?

turns yellow in the presence of an acid (or in this case CO2)

type of bee flowers from the same store day the bees patterns are tracked

why did we vacuum infiltrate the lead disks before starting the photosynthesis experiment

we did this so we could remove the oxygen from within the disks. by doing this, the leaves would sink and we would be able to track the oxygen production rate by recording when and how may leaves rose

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