Bio 156
When you mix an acid and a base together, what ATOMS and MOLECULES will you get?
Water and Salt
Tentative
We can only say what we think the data supports and why we believe it is the best explanation
Meniscus Rule
While measuring volumes, read the bottom of the curve of the meniscus at eye level (to avoid errors that occur if you read above or below eye level)
What is the basic structure of an amino acid [AA] ?
**DRAW -- what differs for each AA is the "R" space
What relationship only applies to pure water?
1 cm^3 = 1mL = 1g
What relationship applies to any substance?
1 cm^3= 1mL
How many English Pounds do you weigh if your metric weight is 60 kilograms?
1 kg = 2.2 lbs 60kg = 132 lbs
5 Mechanisms of evolution
1) Mutation: Random change in gene that happens without need 2) Migration: Over time species migrates away 3) Genetic drift: only occurs in small population; random chance occurrence 4) Natural Selection: Proposed by Darwin; at a certain point there would be an adaption/ability to survive 5) Assortative Mating: Female choice, internal pressure
Why do living things constantly need to get certain chemicals from their environment? (List the 2 reasons)
1) To replenish atoms and molecules 2) To keep constant supply of energy
Which fat do nutritionists think is the most healthy? Why?
Unsaturated, because it is easier for the body to absorb
What is the PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein? WHY did we discuss HEMOGLOBIN?
-A linear sequence of amino acid, and is the most important -When ONE amino acid is exchanged in hemoglobin, the entire function of the protein is altered and complicates health
Why should you make sure that your Research Question is clear and precise?
-Can be easily communicated -Allows for better peer review -Can be retested
How are CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS different? If you know the molecular formula for a carbohydrate or lipid, how can you determine which one it is?
-Carbohydrates are sugars, lipids are fats and solids. -Carbohydrates have high oxygen numbers that are almost equal to carbon; lipids have low oxygen numbers and high carbon numbers
Predictions require...
-Critical Thinking -If...then... statement
What is an ION? Carefully list 2 ions we have discussed in class:
-Electrically charged element -Na+; Cl-; H+; OH-
What is a MENISCUS and what is the "MENISCUS RULE"?
-The concavity a liquid forms when confined in a container -A liquid must be measured at the bottom of the meniscus at eye level
WHY are proteins sometimes called 'polypeptides"? What exactly is a PEPTIDE bond?
-They have many peptide bonds -When C-N connects one amino to an0ther
Describe 2 properties of a GOOD/USEFUL hypothesis.
-Valid: Does is make sense and account for known facts -Testable: Can it be used to generate predictions about the countable/ measurable/weighable world
List TWO (2) important functions of the lipid CHOLESTEROL
-an important precursor molecule -part of all animal cell membranes; provides strength and support
LIST 2 variables that had to be controlled in your ALKA-SELTZER experiment:
1. Type of water 2. Exposure to same type and amount of light 3. Type of container
In the Centigrade temperature scale, what is the BOILING POINT of water?
100 centigrades
Label the following terms from smallest/least complex (#1) to largest/most complex (#6): ____cell ____population ____atom ____organelle ____molecule ____tissue
1: Atom 2: Molecule 3: Organelle 4: Cell 5: Tissue 6: Population
How many AA are found in human proteins? How many are "essential"?
20 in human proteins; 8 are essential
What is the APPROXIMATE weight of a 2- liter bottle of DIET coke?
2kg
What is human body temperature in centigrade degrees?
37 degrees
HOW MANY covalent bonds does Carbon usually form?
4 covalent bonds
What is the "standard" definition for EVOLUTION?
A change in allele frequencies in a population over time
What does a BUFFER do?
A combination of chemicals that resist changes in pH
A COVALENT BOND is generally considered relatively WEAK or STRONG and it is created by SHARING ELECTRONS or the ATTRACTION OF OPPOSITE CHARGES
A covalent bond is generally considered strong and it is created by sharing electrons
What is a milliliter?
A milliter is a unit of volume in the meter system which is equal to 1/1000 of a liter
What is Science?
A systematic search for truth through observation and experimentation
What exactly is a HYDROGEN BOND? Name one molecule forms H-bonds which is important to organisms .
A weak electromagnetic attraction between two polar molecules
A) What exactly is an ACID? B) What will its pH be? C) List one common household acid.
A) A compound that donates protons and increases concentration of hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution. B)0-Less than 7 C) Aspirin
Which of these pH values indicates a HIGHER [H+]? A) pH 6.5 or pH 2.1 B) pH 11 or pH 7
A) pH 2.1 B) pH 7
I read somewhere that Albert Einstein loved ice cream! Would he rather have 1 kilogram of rocky road or 10,000 milligrams? Express both in grams.
A.) 1 kg B.) 1000 grams vs 10 grams
mcdAst
ADHESION: Property of water which makes the molecules stick to polar surfaces. Important b/c: It is the reason we can wash our cars, dishes, wash ourselves, etc.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
All theories were born a hypothesis, but they become theories when they're continuously supported by research, widely accepted, and nobody denies it.
What is an atom? Why do biologists need to know about Atoms?
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Biologists need to know that some things have matter, but are no living things
IN GENERAL, PLANTS build their bodies out of ________ while ANIMALS build their bodies from __________. a. soil, air b. carbohydrates, proteins c. proteins, carbohydrates d. lipids, nucleotides
B. carbohydrates, proteins
Giga-
Billion (10^9)
What is a BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE? How do they link organisms together?
Bio Cycle: Predictable pattern of matter recycling in the biosphere. The cycle ties us to natural environment and unites all living things
CAREFULLY and COMPLETELY describe one technique to gather information about the pH of a solution:
Use pH meter; pH strips
Define Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life and living things (organisms)
Which of the following "word endings" is typical for carbohydrates? a. -ase b.-ide c.-ose d. -ate
C. "ose"
mCdast
COHESION: Ability of water molecules to stick to one another. Important b/c: it allows us to create large bodies of water, water to get water up large trees, etc.
What do biologists mean when they use the term "HOMEOSTASIS"?
Capacity of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment while living in a constantly changing external environment
How does water get from the roots to the leaves of a very tall tree?
Capillary Action (water will use cohesion and adhesion properties to climb upwards in a tube and carry water inside the plant)
How do the terms "specialization" and "differentiation relate to the phrase "Form Follows Function"?
Cells differentiate to develop best possible shape to perform functions
Which of each of the following word-pairs that best relate to THIS word-pair: MONOMER-POLYMER. a. Relatively SMALL-Relatively LARGE b. Relatively LARGE-relatively SMALL c. Glucose-Amylose (starch) d. simple-complex
D. Simple-complex
mcDast
DENSITY: Number of molecules by volume Important b/c: As water freezes ice is formed on the top of the body of water, instead of the bottom. This protects living organisms and prevents extinction.
What very famous molecule do ALL living things have in common?
DNA
Two bases of Nucleotide
DNA & RNA
Carefully DRAW the PLANETARY MODEL of a CARBON atom. (BE SURE TO LABEL all the important parts and indicate if any of these parts has a +/- charge. )
DRAW THIS
DRAW the STRUCTURAL FORMULA for these 2 molecules: a. Water - H2O b. Methyl Alcohol - CH3OH
DRAW THIS
Why does an ICE CUBE float in a glass of water?
Density properties. As water freezes, the ice goes up to the surface
What is an ELEMENT? How is one specific element different from any other element?
Element is a specific type of atom with specific numbers of protons. They are different because of the specific number of protons in the atomic nucleus
Isotopes
Elements that can have different number of neutrons in the nucleus, while protons and electrons remain the same
Secondary literature
Everything else, i.e. textbook, google, etc.
Null Hypothesis
First hypothesis written
WHY do animals (like us humans!) consume carbohydrates? NAME 1 carbohydrate YOU have eaten today.
For energy
Enzymes
Functional protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction
How does one analyze data?
Graphically & Statistically
Centi-
Hundredth (10^-2)
What exactly is a hypothesis?
Hypothesis is one of the MANY possible answers to your research question.
Hypothesis "Formula"
If...(my H is true)..Then...(What should I observe? i.e. count/measure/weigh?)...
What is the RESEARCH QUESTION in the "ALKA SELTZER" lab experiment?
Is there a difference in the time that it takes 1 tablet of alka seltzer (specified type) to dissolve (specified criteria) in 100 mL glass of warm vs. cold (Temp. specified) tap water?
WHY is CELLULOSE such an important CARBOHYDRATE? List at least 1 way you used this molecule today.
It is essential for structure in plants; also indigestible, and is necessary for furniture, paper, clothing, and other day-to-day items
Why is PEER COMMUNICATION [step 7] mentioned in step 1 of the H-D Scientific Method?
It is where you publicize your findings (It is hard to get to this step without the peer review that takes place in the first step)
How will I know if my predictions are true or false?
Look at all possible hypothesis and choose which one the data supports
Mcdast
MOLECULAR: The water molecule behaves ionically and covalently; is polar due to the many hydrogen bonds that affect its behavior and properties. Important b/c: Many molecules in organisms and ecosystems create acid/base problems when dissolved in water, and must maintain pH homeostasis using buffer systems
DNA
Made up of: A (Adenine) T (Thymine) C (cytosine) G (guanine) -Double stranded -Long strand -Only has one form
RNA
Made up of: A (Adenine) U (Uracil) C (cytosine) G (guanine) -Single stranded -Short strand -Has 3 forms
Mega-
Million (10^6)
Micro-
Millionth (10^-6)
What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group
When/Where does Science/Scientific Method "work" best?
Situations that are tangible and can be measured using the senses
How might you make a RESEARCH QUESTION more CLEAR and PRECISE?
Provide criteria specifying details
Primary literature
Published reports of original scientific research, peer- reviewed
mcdaSt
SOLUBILITY: Water's ability to be a dissolving agent Solution= Solvent (Dissolving agent)+ Solute (What you want to dissolve)
What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?
Saturated fat: fully saturated by hydrogen, no double bonded carbons, and solid at room temp Unsaturated fat: not completely saturated by hydrogen, double bonded carbon is present, and is liquid at room temp
What is the role of MONOMER NUCLEOTIDES in the body?
Store, release, and transport energy
What exactly is a CARBOHYDRATE?
Sugars
mcdasT
THERMAL: Water's ability yo reach unusually high heat capacities. Important b/c: Water in the air will influence the local climate and water in the body helps regulate body temp.
HOW can you quickly determine if a carbohydrate is simple (MONOMER) or complex (POLYMER)?
The amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the molecular structure
Meniscus
The concavity that liquids form when confined in a container
What defines 0 degrees?
The freezing point of water
Independent Variable
The one you deliberately change
Dependent Variable
The variable that might change in response to the changes in the IV (What scientists can measure, AKA "The Response")
What is gram based on?
The weight of 1 cubic centimeter, or 1 mL, of pure water
What do BUFFERS have to do with HOMEOSTASIS?
They allow parts of an organism to self-regulate and maintain a healthy pH (skin, blood, stomach acid, etc.)
Kilo-
Thousand (10^3)
Milli-
Thousandth (10^-3)
WHY would you use a CONTROL GROUP in a typical DRUG study?
To compare to the results of the group that used the drug to better analyze data
Why would you push the TARE button on the digital balance?
To zero out the weight of the instrument you are using to weigh the solution without the added weight of the container
EXPLAIN how this TARE technique could help you to avoid doing some MATH (!).
You do not have to account for your equipment
What is a DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTION? Describe one specific example
when water and monomers are removed to connect to a polymer
