Bio 156 Chap 6
During ____________, the energy in cellular molecules is used to make molecules of ATP.
cellular respiration
An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)
autotroph
According to the video, what can we assume about the artificial sweeteners found in food today?
They are safe, and have been thoroughly tested on human subjects.
Which of the following is NOT required for our survival?
This looks like a trick question: Oxygen, food, and energy are all required for our survival!!
Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________.
are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
Which stage of cellular respiration converts organic polymers into carbon dioxide?
the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + sugar The process of photosynthesis uses the energy from sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to O2 and sugars.
Scott, the doctor in the video, had fatty liver disease. What was the cause of the fat in his liver?
He had a higher number of calories in his diet than what he burned through exercise.
In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as _________ picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.
NAD+
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space The energy released as electrons, which have been donated by NADH and FADH2, is passed along the electron transport chain and used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.
An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n)
heterotroph
What is being pumped through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, as indicated by the green arrows
hydrogen ions Oxidative phosphorylation begins in the mitochondria with the donation of electrons by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. As the electron carriers in the chain pass electrons down the "energy staircase," energy released from the electrons allows pumping of H+ into the intermembrane space. This creates a gradient of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
ATP
is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work.
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
oxygen Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
photosynthesis
During ___________, the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules.
photosynthesis
Which statement describes glycolysis?
process that splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.
Oxygen is critical in cellular respiration because it:
readily accepts electrons at the end of cellular respiration.
In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes ________ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.
reduced
Anything that prevents ATP formation within a cell will most likely:
result in cell death
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10 For each glucose molecule that enters glycolosis, a total of 10 NADH are produced -- 2 are produced in glycolysis, 2 are produced in acetyl CoA production, and 6 are produced in the citric acid cycle.
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2 It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.
Aerobic cellular respiration generates approximately ___ ATP from one molecule of glucose.
38
Aerobic cellular respiration is about ___ efficient, while anaerobic respiration is about ___ efficient.
40%, 2%
Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during aerobic exercise?
60% of the energy from food produces body heat instead of ATP.
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
Oxygen Oxygen is combined with electrons and hydrogen to form water
The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make ________.
ATP
What compound directly provides the energy for cellular work?
ATP
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation
Structure A is _____.
ATP synthase ATP synthase attaches phosphate groups to ADP molecules to generate ATP.
imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations?
ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle).
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose (C6H12O6) to produce smaller energy packets (ATP).
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2 (It is a product of the citric acid cycle.)
Based on the comparison in the video between cola, fruit-flavored soda, and fruit juice, what can we assume about the processed non-diet drinks we purchase at the grocery store?
Sodas and fruit juices may have large amounts of added sugar
According to the video, what is often true about low-fat diet foods?
Sugar is often added to low-fat diet foods to help boost the taste.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.In the electron transport chain, electrons move from one electron carrier to another, eventually reaching oxygen. The released energy is used to make ATPs.
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
Two NADH molecules are produced by glycolysis.
Which stage of cellular respiration uses the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane to convert ADP into ATP?
electron transport
The transfer of ____________ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.
electrons
In the video, what is the primary sugar being pulled out of the hole high in the tree?
glucose
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?
glucose
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient Concentration gradients are a form of potential energy.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+ These are the products of fermentation as it occurs in muscle cells.
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation This process utilizes energy released by electron transport.
In cellular respiration, glucose becomes _____________ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).
oxidized
NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, oxygen.
oxygen
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
What process occurs in Box A?
glycolysis glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for nearly all the ATP produced in your body. Select the three true statements about oxidative phosphorylation.
Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
During glycolysis, a 6-carbon molecule of glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, outside of the mitochondrion. In glycolysis, the net energy gain from one molecule of glucose is only 2 ATP and 2 NADH. (That is NOT much energy!) Our body can use the ATP right away, but the energy in NADH must be transferred to ATP in the electron transport chain (the third stage of cellular respiration).
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
NOTE: Your textbook describes Acetyl-CoA production and the citric acid cycle as two separate steps, but we are going to keep it simple, and describe them together as the citric acid cycle.] In the citric acid cycle (also known as Krebs cycle), each carbon in the 3-carbon pyruvic acid (or pyruvate) is split off and released as carbon dioxide. (That makes a total of six molecules of carbon dioxide for each molecule of glucose.) The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) takes place in the matrix (the inside) of the mitochondrion. In the citric acid cycle, the net energy gain from one molecule of glucose is again only 2 ATP, but we get 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
What process occurs within Box B?
The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2.
electron transport
The electron transport chain is a series of molecules that can receive electrons from NADH and FADH2 (created during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle), and convert ADP into ATP. The molecules of the electron transport chain are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. These molecules convert ADP into ATP by pumping hydrogen ions from the mitrochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion (the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion). This creates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. As the hydrogen ions diffuse back into the matrix through special ATP synthase channels, the ATP synthase molecules in the inner membrane convert ADP into ATP.
In the video, in the experiment on mental agility after tasting (but not swallowing) sweet liquids, the reporter got the highest score after tasting glucose. According to the reporter, what does the boost in mood and brainpower from tasting glucose illustrate?
This boost ensures that we will continue to seek foods high in glucose
Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring:
a phosphate group
Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration?
a sunflower a shark a honeybee a palm tree a mushroom all of them Virtually all living organisms on Earth perform cellular respiration, including plants.
The stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell is:
glycolysis
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made
Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP The process of cellular respiration uses the energy from sugars and O2 to produce CO2, H2O, and ATP, which is used to power cellular work.
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain
The burning sensation in the muscles associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to:
the presence of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration by muscle cells
NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.
three ... two