Bio 171 - Module 3 (Pre-Class & In-Class Q)
Which of the following is the most current system used to classify viruses?
the Baltimore system, which relies on the way that the virus produces mRNA.
The hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts were transferred to eukaryotes and plants by the uptake of free-living prokaryotes is known as
the endosymbiont theory.
Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell ___.
wall
Which of the following models incorporates the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution?
web of life
What causes the red color found in some populations of red aphids?
by eating fungi that transfer genes to them so they can make their own carotenoids
Viruses that incorporate their genome with that of the host cell have what type of replication?
a lysogenic cycle
What is a clade?
a monophyletic group of organisms
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Natural selection...
selects for more perfectly adapted individuals in each successive generation.
Kermode bears (aka spirit bears) are a light morph of the American black bear that are common on Princess Royal Island. Their white color stems from being homozygous for a white allele of the Mc1r gene that has an allele frequency of 0.45. Assuming Hardy Weinberg conditions are met, what is the frequency of spirit bears in the overall population?
0.20
A population of plants has two different alleles for seed color. If the frequency of one allele in the population is p = 0.4, what is the frequency of the other allele q?
0.6
The 50 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers evolved from how many founding species?
1
Review One Staphylococcus aureus cell gets into a wound on your foot and immediately divides by binary fission. S. aureus divides by approx. once every 30 minutes. At the end of 12 hours, how many S. aureus cells will exist in the wound if uncontrolled? Hint: population size can be calculated 2^(#generations))
16,777,216
How many alleles for each gene does an organism carry?
2
Which of the following statements about the structure of all viruses is true?
A - Incorrect because not all viruses have a membrane envelope B - Incorrect because it is the capsid that is made up of small protein subunits called capsomeres. C - Incorrect because viruses do not have ribosomes. D- Incorrect because only some attach to the host membrane by glycoproteins in the capsid whereas others us proteins in the capsid. (see page 515 in Ch 21)
Which of the following is the best definition for evolution?
A mechanism for how species change over time on planet earth.
The frequency of allele a is 0.45 for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What are the expected genotype frequencies in this population?
AA = 0.3025, Aa = 0.495, aa = 0.2025
Bonobos (red) and Chimpanzees (blue) appear to have speciated across the Congo River. This is an example of
Allopolyploidization
What is a hybrid zone?
An area where closely related species continue to live together and reproduce.
Which of the following lists shows the correct order of a taxonomic hierarchical sequence?
Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Who was responsible for formalizing the modern concepts of evolution?
Darwin, Wallace
Which of the following is a NOT a misconception about the process of evolution.
Evolution works at the population level.
Evolution is a theory that can be applied to different species, but cannot be directly tested.
False
Several scientific studies have reported results that reject the process of evolution.
False
Unlike bacterial infections, populations of pathogenic viruses do not evolve resistance to antiviral drugs.
False
Which of the following is TRUE about a phylogenetic tree?
It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between living and extinct species.
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other internal membrane bound organelles.
What is the first form of life thought to inhabit planet earth?
Prokaryotes that formed microbial mats near hydrothermal vents and obtained energy from nearby chemicals.
The genome of a virus is contained in the virus core which is made up of
RNA or DNA.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding taxonomic classification?
Subspecies are the most specific category of classification.
Which of the following is TRUE about the wings of a bird and a bat?
They share structures and genes that were inherited from a common ancestor.
A crab and a human share a common ancestor.
True
Evolution often produces species that appear to have imperfect characteristics.
True
Two species of birds that are closely related have evolved from an extinct common ancestor species.
True
Two species of closely related frogs live in the same habitat but breed at different times of the year. This is an example of
a prezygotic barrier that blocks reproduction from taking place.
Vaccines
a are most commonly used to control viral diseases. b consist of a weakened solution of virus components, viruses, or other agents that produce an immune response. c are most commonly made using a killed virus or a molecular subunit of the virus. (d. all of the above.)
In a phylogenetic tree, what do we call the point where one species (or taxon) evolved into another species (or taxon)?
a branch point
A characteristic found in all the organisms in a clade that also appeared in the extinct common ancestor is an example of
a shared ancestral character.
Which of the following is false about the Human Immunodeficiency Virus?
a. Patients usually die within about 10 years if not treated. ((b. The low mutation rate of the virus makes it relatively easy to select an optimal treatment with a single drug.)) c. The high mutation rate of the virus can be addressed by use of mixtures of drugs known as 'drug cocktails' that attack the virus at different stages of the replication cycle. d. The viral DNA formed by reverse transcriptase integrates into the host cell DNA, after which new ss+ RNA strands are produced.
Which of the following is NOT an example of an extremophile prokaryote?
a. acidophiles b. thermophiles c. radioresistant organisms (d. none of the above)
Viruses
a. are closely related to prokaryotes. b. are small infection particles. c. carry a genetic code but without the metabolism or machinery of a living organism. (d. b and c)
Sexual selection can occur when
a. females prefer the most brightly colored males. b. males fight each other for access to females. c. females fight with other females for access to male mates. (d. all of the above)
Prokaryotes are important members of
a. the carbon cycle. b. the nitrogen cycle. c. the ammonia cycle (d. a and b)
Which of the following are caused by bacterial infections?
a. tooth decay b. Lyme's disease c. the Black plague (d. all of the above)
The construction of phylogenies is a valuable tool for
a. understanding the evolutionary history of both very similar and very different organisms. b. finding relatives of plants that may have beneficial medicinal properties. c. understanding the evolutionary relationships among the amniotes in vertebrates. (d. all of the above)
Which of the following are known to be under the influence of natural selection?
a. viruses b. bacteria c. human blood type (d. all of the above)
What is the best estimate for how long there has been life on earth?
about 3.5 billion years
A heritable trait that helps to increase an organism's survival or reproductive success in its environment is a(n)
adaptation
After speciation occurs, what do we call the original species?
ancestor species
Which of the following cell membrane proteins is targeted by the spike protein receptors of a SARS-COV-2?
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, or ACE2 receptor"
A new species can arise when offspring wind up with two complete sets of chromosomes. One example of this is
autopolyploidy
Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria and archaea
A microbial community held together by a textured matrix is a known as a(an)
biofilm
Variations in environmental conditions
can determine the sex of incubating alligator embryos during development.
Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _.
chemotrophs
Natural selection that favors two different phenotypes that are at extremes in a population (such as black and white coats in rats) but also selects against the intermediate phenotype color is an example of
diversifying selection.
Two groups of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor into very different forms is an example of
divergent evolution
A disease that occurs in a very large number of individuals in a population at the same time is known as a(n)
epidemic
Species form through barriers to gene flow, and then
evolution and reproductive isolation.
One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ships captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of:
founder effect
The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population is known as
genetic variance
A branch point on a phylogenetic trees is where scientists that study systematics place
groups organisms that share the formation of a new character.
One hypothesis is that the SARS-COV-2 virus is a genetic chimera which
has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.
Natural selection acts upon
individual organisms.
The transfer of genes between two species that does not involve inheritance is known as
lateral gene transmission, horizontal gene transmission
An example of a dangerous bacterial infection that is resistant to several widely used antibiotics is
methicillin resistant Staphyloccocus aureaus.
Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population?
mutation and gene flow
A disease that occurs in a high number of individuals and also in a very large number of global populations is known as a(n)
pandemic.
The first organisms to convert solar energy into chemical energy were most likely
phototrophs
The ability of an individual organism to survive and reproduce in comparison to other members of the population is known as
relative fitness.
The genetic structure of a population is defined as
the frequencies of different genotypes.
Mutations of DNA are
the most common way that new genotypes and phenotypes appear in a population.
Bioremediation includes _ .
the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants
The transfer of genes from parents to offspring is known as
vertical gene transmission.
