BIO 175 CHAPTER 4 AND 8
Enzymes serve as catalysts for:
anabolic and catabolic reactions.
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical____ and the transfer of _____ from one molecule to another.
bonds, electrons
Viruses are not considered living things because they only show signs of life when they are inside a host
cell
Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life?
cell
The DNA of an organism is organized into discrete bodies called
chromosomes
Which of the following acts as a carrier to move a chemical group from one substrate molecule to another?
coenzymes
What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration?
cytocharm
An iron-containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration is
cytochrome
What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration? Multiple choice question.
cytochrome
An iron-containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration is .
cytoplasm
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary and or quaternary structure is called protein .
denaturation
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable _______
energy
Bacterial appendages that provide attachment sites or channels are called
fimbriae and pili
Bacterial appendages that provide attachment sites or channels are called
fimbriae or pilia
The basal body, hook, and filament are components of
flagella
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are
glycolysis Krebs Respiratory
In animals, the common end product of fermentation of pyruvate is
lactic acid
a tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a _____ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as _______
lophotrichous, peritrichous
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the_____matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the
mitchondria, cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and the ______ of bacteria.
mitochondrion; cytoplasm
ATP is synthesized via_______phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration
oxidative
The term "aerobic respiration" implies that Blank______ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed.
oxygen
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of
peptidoglycan
The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is Blank
using or not using oxygen
Which of the following bacteria could exhibit phototaxis?
Photosynthesis bacteria
What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes? Multiple choice question.
38
cell generate _______ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.
38
Endospore formation in bacteria takes about how much time?
6-12
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
A barrier between the internal contents and external environment of the cell Provide a site for energy reactions Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Which of the following describes the function of fimbriae?
Adhesion
Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways?
Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Which of the following are not found in all prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall Fimbriae Capsule
What is the glycocalyx?
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell
Which of the following are medically relevant endospore-producing genera?
Bacillus Clostridium
the rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax.
Bacillus anthracis
Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall of which of the following organisms?
Bacteria
Identify the stack of rings anchoring the flagellum into the cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterium.
Basal body
A(n) _____ forms from a complex association of microorganisms that grow on a surface or tissue matrix.
Biofilm
Identify the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria.
Cell wall, cell membrane
Which of the following structures is external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?
Capsule
is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism.
Capsule
Which of the following may be included in the sticky matrix formed by the colonists in a biofilm?
Capsules Pili Fimbriae Slime layers
Which of the following specifically refers to biochemical reactions that break-down complex compounds in a cell?
Catabolism
Which of the following acts as a selective barrier between the internal contents and external environment of the cell?
Cell membrane
Which of the following structures are essential to all prokaryotic cells?
Cell membrane Chromosome(s) Ribosomes
The prefix "strepto" is used to indicate that cells are in which of the following arrangements?
Chains
Which of the following is the movement towards or away from a chemical stimulus?
Chemotaxis
The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single, double stranded molecule DNA
Circle
What is a spherically-shaped bacterial cell termed?
Coccus
What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Coccus Spirillum Bacillus
Pili are typically used for which of the following?
Conjugation
The transfer of DNA between bacterial cells via pili is called
Conjugation
Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called which of the following?
Conjugation pili
The cell envelope encloses the
Cytoplasm
The cell membrane surrounds a complex solution of organic materials and salts that is referred to as
Cytoplasm
Which of the following is the intracellular gelatinous solution?
Cytoplasm
Place the steps of endospore formation into the correct order (from stimulus to mature endospore).
DNA replicationSeptation of cellSporangium engulfs foresporeSynthesis of spore layersDeposition of cortex and outer coat layersMature endospore formed
Which of the following is the major factor that stimulates endospore formation?
Depletion of nutrients
The cell membrane consists of a(n), bilaterally embedded in
Lipid, protein
All bacteria have cell walls
False
Which of the following are not internal components of a prokaryotic cell? Multiple select question.
Fimbriae Glycocalyx Pili
Identify which of the following are external structures used primarily for direct contact interactions with other cells.
Fimbriae, pili
The filament of a flagellum is composed of a protein called
Flagellin
Which appendage(s) provide motility?
Flagellum Axial filaments
Capsules and slime layers are both types of which of the following?
Glycocalyces
A polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure is the
Glycocalyx
During fermentation_______(NAD++ or NADH) is oxidized to form____(NAD++ or NADH).
NADH NAD+
How does the presence of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall affect its properties?
It increases resistance to certain chemicals and dyes.
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?
Kreb's cycle Glycolysis Respiratory chain
The movement of an organism away from a chemical repellent is
Negative chemotaxis
All bacteria possess a cell, but not all bacteria possess a cell
Membrane, wall
The combination of all reactions within a cell is termed
Metabolism
Which of the following are characteristics inherent to life?
Metabolism Heredity Growth and development
Select the oxidized compounds that can be used as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.
Nitrate Sulfate Carbonate
Which oxidized compound can be used as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate
How many chromosomes do most bacteria contain?
One
What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following are types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum?
Peritrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous
Identify the major structural component of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids
Which of the following bacteria could exhibit phototaxis?
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Bacterial pili are composed of the protein
Pilin
Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as catalysts? Multiple choice question.
Proteins
Bacterial appendages can be divided into which two functional groups?
Provide motility Provide attachment sites or channels
is a behavior of biofilms which occurs when individual species alter the expression of their genes to cooperate with other cells in the biofilm.
Quorum sensing
Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing proteins
Ribosomes
Which structure has a small and large subunit and is composed of rRNA and protein?
Ribosomes
What is found in the external covering of gram-positive cells, but not in gram-negative cells?
Single cell membrane
Which type of glycocalyx is loosely attached to the bacterial cell and protects it from dehydration and loss of nutrients?
Slime layer
The depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids, is a stimulus for
Sporulation
Which term specifically describes the square arrangement of 4 cocci?
Tetrad
Which of the following are characteristics found among both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
They have ribosomes. They possess chromosomes. They possess a cell membrane.
Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question.
Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds
Which of the following describes the make-up of mycolic acid?
Very long chain fatty acid
During fermentation, different organisms reduce pyruvate to a variety of chemical compounds including
acetic acid propionic acid lactic acid ethanol
Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen (the terminal electron acceptor) in
aerobic
Which of the following is an internal component of a prokaryotic cell?
ribosomes