Bio 175 Exam #1

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

1. connective tissue proper 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood

What is stomach lining made up of and why?

Columnar cells because they have to make and secrete mucucs

In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, what letter is pointing to the nail matrix (the area where the nail arises from)?

E

In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the hyponychium (nail bed)?

G

Horizontal cut through the body

Horizontal/Transverse

Basal side

Inner surface tightly attached to the basement membrane and anchors it to the connective tissue

What is epithelial tissue for?

It lines our body cavities and organs, covers and protects our body

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

stratified epithelium

Multiples tiers of cells like bricks

What is a gland?

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

Vertical cut down the middle of the body

Sagittal/Medial plane

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

Several layers of closely packed flat cells - This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss.

What is edema?

Swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in cells

What is histology?

The study of tissues

T/F The shape of each kind of epithelial cell correlates with its function

True

What is stratified columnar epithelium?

Two layers of cells; upper layer is columnar

Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? a. protein synthesis b. cell-cell recognition c. receptors for signal transduction d. transport e. intercellular joining

a. Protein synthesis

The following statement best describes what strata: Single row of stem cells that are actively mitotic and produces two daughter cells that will ultimately migrate upwards. a. basale b. corneum c. lucidium d. spinosum e. granulosum

a. basale

Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue: a. chondrocytes b. adipocytes c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells

a. chondrocytes

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of the inflammatory process? a. clot formation b. heat edema c. pain d. loss of function

a. clot formation

The visceral pleura would represent a serous membrane _______ a. covering individual lungs b. lining the abdominal cavity c. covering the heart d. separating the abdominal region from the pelvic region e. lining the thoracic cavity

a. covering individual lungs

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. a. embryonic b. dense regular c. areolar d. reticular e. osseous

a. embryonic

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? a. forming acid hydrolases which are necessary to help form cell membranes b. destroying worn-out or nonfunctional organelles c. fusing with a phagosome within phagocytic cells d. digesting particles taken in by endocytosis e. breaking down larger structures into simpler ones

a. forming acid hydrolases which are necessary to help form cell membranes

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. a. its primary function is nutrient storage b. mature adipose cells are highly mitotic c. most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus d. two types of adipose tissue exist - white adipose and red adipose e. it is composed mostly of extracellular matrix

a. its primary function is nutrient storage

What strata is only found in thick skin, like the palms and soles : a. lucidum b. granulosum c. corneum d. basale e. spinous

a. lucidum

Reticular connective tissue is mainly located in which of the following organs: a. lymphoid organs b. respiratory organs c. endocrine organs d. nervous organs e. digestive organs

a. lymphoid organs

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. a. pseudo stratified columnar b. stratified cuboidal c. simple cuboidal d. stratified columnar e. transitional

a. pseudo stratified columnar

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome to assist in protein synthesis is ________. a. tRNA b. dDNA c. mtDNA d. rRNA e. mRNA

a. tRNA

What best describes what occurs in Metaphase: a. the chromosomes align along the equatorial plane b. chromatin is uncondensed and the cell goes about it normal metabolic function the phenomenon of chromosomal crossing over at the chiasmata d. the identical daughter cells separate e. the chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles assisted by the centrioles attached to the chromosome kinetochore

a. the chromosomes align along the equatorial plane

The lungs are located in which of the following cavities? a. thoracic cavity b. abdominal cavity c. pelvic cavity d. cranial cavity e. vertebral cavity

a. thoracic cavity

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? a. to maintain homeostasis b. to regulate excretion via the kidneys c. the keep the body blood sugar level high d. to control body movement e. to regulate metabolism

a. to maintain homeostasis

Which statement best describes connective tissue? a. usually contains a large amount of matrix b. typically arranged in a single layer of cells c. primarily concerned with secretion d. lines majority of hollow organs in digestive tract e. usually lines a body cavity

a. usually contains a large amount of matrix

_____________ is another name for anterior a. ventral b. dorsal c. posterior d. caudal e. superior

a. ventral

This disorder arises from a lack of the amino acid tyrosine, which is used to synthesize melanin, this results in the clinical manifestation of the disorder shown below, where the patient does not have any pigment anywhere on their body: a. cyanosis b. lupus c. albanism d. vitiligo e. hyperkeratosis

albanism

selectively permeable

allowing for some level of absorption, filtration and excretion of substances

What is distal?

away/farther to trunk

The following are examples of the vesicular transport system with the exception of: a. pinocytosis b. filtration c. endocytosis d. exocytosis e. phagocytosis

b. Filtration

The following is true of the rough ER a. it is the organelle that provides energy to the cell through cell respiration (phosphorylation) b. it is responsible for the synthesis of membrane integral proteins c. detoxicfication of chemical substances d. provides the genetic blueprints necessary for protein synthesis e. it is the site of chlosterol and steroid based horomone synthesis

b. It is responsible for the synthesis of membrane integral proteins

Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life processes? a. movement b. decay c. responsiveness d. differentiation e. metabolism

b. decay

Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers? a. reticular tissue b. epithelial tissue c. muscle tissue d. connective tissue e. nervous tissue

b. epithelial tissue

Two revolutions of DNA around this protein results in a structure that is called a nucleosome. What is the name of this protein structure? a. histidine protein b. histone protein c. DNA polymerase d. promoter protein e. holoenzyme

b. histone protein

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is characterized in the following way: a. possesses no goblet cells b. lines most of the upper respiratory tract c. are found on the rapidly diving cells of the epidermal surface d. are a subdivision of stratified epithelium e. lines most of the upper digestive tract

b. lines most of the upper respiratory tract

The organelle that is chiefly responsible for the neutralization of free radicals within the cell are the: a. lysosomes b. peroxisomes c. Golgi apparatus d. ribosomes e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

b. peroxisomes

The transport of glucose from the lumen of the intestine to the interior of the epithelial cells of the small intestine that occurs through the SGLT1 receptors, best describes what transport mechanism: a. facilitated diffusion b. secondary active transport c. osmosis d. primary active transport e. simple diffusion

b. secondary active transport

Kidney tubules are composed of _____epithelium a. stratified squamous b. simple cuboidal c. simple columnar d. simple squamous e. stratified cuboidal

b. simple cuboidal

Which of the following is not considered a survival need in humans? a. atmospheric pressure b. sunlight c. temperature d. nutrients e. oxygen

b. sunlight

immature cells

blast - which all means forming - to secrete ground substance and fibers that form its unique matrix

Which of the following is true of epithelia a. Three principal shapes of cells exist; squamous, cylindrical, and cuboidal. b. Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. c. Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. d. Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. e. Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.

c. Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

The correct order of events that occur in the Mitotic phase of the cell cycle is: a. Cytokinesis, Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase b. Prophase, Anaphase, Interphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis c. Anaphase, Prophase, Cytokinesis, Telophase, Prophase d. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Cytokinesis, Telophase e. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

c. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Microfilaments that are found inside cells and are composed of thin, filamentous strands of a protein are called______: a. tubulin b. myoglobin c. actin d. albumin e. myosin

c. actin

A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be: a. blood pressure b. body temperature c. childbirth d. blood sugar e. heart rate

c. childbirth

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called _______ anatomy a. pathological b. developmental c. gross d. cellular e. microscopic

c. gross

The following is not a subclass of connective tissue proper: a. dense regular b. areolar c. hyaline d. elastic e. reticular

c. hyaline

The first step in tissue repair involves ________. a. replacement of damaged tissue by the same kind of cells b. coagulation c. inflammation d. formation of scar tissue e. proliferation of fibrous connective tissue

c. inflammation

rRNA synthesis and the 60S ribosome subunit assembly occur in what organelle ______ a. ribosome b. nucleus c. nucleoli d. rough endoplasmic reticulum e. cytoplasm

c. nucleoli

_______ is the study of the function of the body a. organic chemistry b. histology c. physiology d. anatomy e. metabolism

c. physiology

Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of the alveolar membranes? a. pseduostratified columnar b. stratified squamous c. simple squamous d. simple columnar e. simple cuboidal

c. simple squamous

What is stratified epithelia?

contain two or more layers of cells

Macrophage

control your connective tissue, eat bacteria, foreign materials and even your own dead cells (guards)

Cuboidal cells are

cube shaped, as tall as they are wide, nucleus is wide, absorb nutrients and produce secretions

Which cells do you use that need more room for taking care of business such as brewing up hormones or mucus

cuboidal or columnar

mature cells

cyte - maintain health of matrix built by the blasts

The organelle that is responsible for post-translational peptide modification and ultimately the packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids: a. rough ER b. nuclei c. ribosome d. smooth ER e. Golgi apparatus

d. Golgi Apparatus

The main function of cholesterol within the cell membrane is to________ a. increase membrane permeability regarding lipid soluble substances b. allow the cell to hydrolyze ATP c. function as integral membrane transporters d. increase membrane stability e. to assist in cell - cell recognition, specifically glycolipids

d. Increase membrane stability

Which of the following best describes/defines the plasma membrane? a. a triglyceride bilayer surrounding the cell b. a double layer of protein enclosing the cell c. a double layer of triglycerides enclosing the cell d. a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell e. a double layer of cholesterol that surrounds the nucleus of the cell

d. a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________ a. the lowest possible energy usage b. a static state with no deviation from preset points c. a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances d. a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

d. a relatively stable internal environment

What type of connective tissue/connective fibers are not part of the dermal layers: a. collagen fibers b. elastin fibers c. lose areolar connective tissue d. adipose connective tissue e. dense irregular connective tissue

d. adipose connective tissue

Which of the following organs or structures most likely represents what would be found in the lower right quadrant (LRQ)? a. liver b. spleen c. gallbladder d. appendix e. stomach

d. appendix

The following dynamic does not influence diffusion: a. temperature b. diffusion distance c. surface area d. availability of glucose as an energy source e. steepness of the concentration gradient

d. availability of glucose as an energy source

What is another term for "arm"? a. cranial b. carpal c. cervical d. brachial e. ante brachial

d. brachial

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. a. osseous b. muscle c. reticular d. collagen e. elastic

d. collagen

Which term means toward or at the back of the body or behind the body? a. lateral b. anterior c. distal d. dorsal e. ventral

d. dorsal

Which feedback system structure receives output from the control center? a. receptor b. efferent pathway c. stimulus d. effector e. response

d. effector

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. a. sebaceous b. exocrine c. eccrine d. endocrine e. apocrine

d. endocrine

The simple columnar epithelium that forms absorptive cells of the digestive tract has which characteristic? a. micro-flagella b. cilia c. cyto-cillia d. microvilli e. fibroblasts

d. microvilli

Transcription of DNA into mRNA occurs in what organelle/structure: a. cytoplasm b. endoplasmic reticulum c. nucleoli d. Golgi apparatus e. nucleus

d. nucleus

Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures? a. histology b. immunology c. anatomy d. physiology e. endocrinology

d. physiology

The Na+/K+ pump is a prime example of what type of transport mechanism a. facilitated diffusion b. passive transport c. voltage gated channel transport d. primary active transport e. hormonal transport

d. primary active transport

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a. detoxification of medications and toxins b. steroid based hormone synthesis c. breakdown of store glycogen to from free glucose d. protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes e. storage and release of calcium

d. protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

The main function of the mitochondria is to______ a. provide the cell with the creation of lipids and cholesterol b. provide the cell a bench-work for ribosome synthesis in order to create proteins c. provide the genetic blueprints for protein synthesis d. provides energy to the cell through cell respiration e. to assist in the translation of DNA to RNA via mtDNA

d. provide energy to the cell through cell respiration

A single-layered epithelium with cuboidal cells would be classified as: a. stratified squamous b. pseudo stratified c. transitional d. simple cuboidal e. simple squamous

d. simple cuboidal

Which term defines a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function? a. organ b. compounds c. organism d. tissue e. molecules

d. tissue

Histoloy would best be defined as a study of _________? a. chemical interactions b. cells c. cell chemistry d. tissues e. the gross structures of the body

d. tissues

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? a. median b. transverse c. oblique d.frontal e. sagittal

d.frontal

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

The replication of DNA and centrosomes occurs in what phase of the cell cycle? a. G3 phase b. G0 phase c. G1 phase d. G2 phase e. S phase

e. S phase

Crenation is most likely to occur in red blood cells immersed in ________. a. blood plasma b. an isotonic solution c. hypermeric solution d. a hypotonic solution e. a hypertonic solution

e. a hypertonic solution

Edema occurs under the following setting: a. adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis b. dense connective tissue soaks up excess fluid in inflamed areas c. collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape d. reticular connective tissue invades the area e. areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

e. areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess a high number of ________. a. elastic fibers b. areolar fibers c. reticular fibers d. hydroxyapatite crystals e. collagen fibers

e. collagen fibers

The following organ system is responsible for achieving physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorb nutrients, eliminates solid waste: a. endocrine b. urinary c. reproductive d. cardiovascular e. digestive

e. digestive

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. a. a blend of elastic and hyaline cartilage b. adipose tissue c. fibrocartilage d. hyaline cartilage e. elastic cartilage

e. elastic cartilage

Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy. a. simple cuboidal epithelium b. transitional epithelium c. mesothelium d. serous membran e. endothelium

e. endothelium

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? a. left lumbar b. umbilical c. left iliac d.hypogastric e. epigastric

e. epigastric

Ligand gated channels are best classified as type of: a. simple diffusion b. primary active transport c. filtration d. secondary active transport e. facilitated diffusion

e. facilitated diffusion

A collection of epithelial cells interspersed with melanocytes. This is one of the fastest growing cell populations in the human body. Trichocytes are the specialized epithelial cells from which hair is formed. What best describes this region: a. follicle wall b. hair root c. internal root sheet d. external root sheet e. hair matrix

e. hair matrix

A transverse cut is one that is cut ______ a. vertically right and left b. diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes c. perpendicular to vertical and horizontal planes d. frontal - anterior and posterior e. horizontally - superior and inferior

e. horizontally - superior and inferior

A transverse cut separates the structure to be viewed as: a. obliquely to ensure that maximal body tissues are transferred b. vertically right and left c. perpendicular to vertical and horizontal planes d. no answer text provided e. horizontally superior and inferior f. diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes

e. horizontally superior and inferior

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. a. granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection b. the clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers c. fibrinolysis means the formation of a fibrin mesh d. granulation tissue is another name for blood clot e. inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable

e. inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable

Regarding the biochemical mechanism of filtration; what organ best exemplifies its use: a. brain b. heart c. lungs d. small intestine e. kidney

e. kidney

What is the subtype of RNA that is being passed through the ribosome as it is being read and proteins are being synthesized? a. mtDNA b. rRNA c. cDNA d. tRNA e. mRNA

e. mRNA

Which of the following statements is most true concerning feedback mechanisms? a. negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus b. positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host c. blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms d. most of the body is governed by positive feedback mechanisms e. negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

e. negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) _______ a. complex cell b. complex tissue c. organ system d.molecular aggregate e. organ

e. organ

Which feedback system structure provides input to the control center? a. effector b. efferent pathway c. muscle d. response e. receptor

e. receptor

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? a. pseduostratified b. simple squamous c. stratified columnar d. stratified squamous e. simple columnar

e. simple columnar

A many-layered epithelium with flat-like square cells at its surface would be classified as: a. stratified columnar b. simple squamous c.stratified cuboidal d. simple cuboidal e.stratified squamous

e.stratified squamous

what are glands largely made up of?

epithelial tissue

What does axial mean?

everything in line with the center of the body like the head, neck, and trunk

What is adipose tissue?

fatty tissue

Kidney

filters blood to recycle important components and remove waste

Squamous cells are

flat, scaly and look kind of squished/flattened even the nucleus is flattened, reminds me of fish scales or coins that are cheap in the way that we lose a lot of these cells like skin or mouth practically disposable

What is the muscle tissue for?

for movement

What do squamous cells make easy

for oxygen to move across them side to side, we will see these cells where transportation and absorption is most important like lungs or blood vessels

referring to the lower body

inferior/caudal

What is the matrix?

innermost compartment of the mitochondria

Which cell is not found in the epidermis? a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. tactile (merkel) cells d. lamella (pacinian) corpuscles e. dendritic (langerhans) cells

lamella (pacinian) corpuscles

stratified cuboidal epithelium

layer of cube shaped cell ; lining of the ducts that leak sweat and spit

What is hypotonic?

less concentrated, solution that is more watery, cell will grow and maybe burst

smooth muscle tissue

lines the walls of most of your blood vessels and hollow organs like digestive/urinary tracts and uterus. Smooth because there are no striations

What do fibers do?

link cells together

What do dendrites do?

listens to receive messages from other cells (information)

elastic fibers

long and thinner and form a branch work in the matrix, made out of elastin which allows them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands, found in skin, lungs and blood vessel walls

connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

What is hypertonic?

more concentrated, solution that is more salty, cell will shrink

Pseudostratified

mostly just one layer and contains cells with different shapes and sizes and nuclei might look odd

diffusion

movement of particles from high to lower concentration

What is cuboidal epithelium?

one layer of cube shaped cells; secrets the hormones of the thyroid gland

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

pseudo=false: Epithelium made up of cells that reach the basement membrane and appear to be stratified because their nuclei are at different levels.

reticular fibers

short finer collagen fibers with an extra layer of glycoprotein; form delicate sponge like networks that cradle and support organs like little nets

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

cardiac muscle tissue

specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart, forms walls of heart and only has ONE nucleus

referring towards the top of the body

superior/cranial

Columnar cells are

tall and thick and look like columns and even the nucleus is stretched cushion underlying tissues

What is posterior/dorsal

the back of the body

What is anterior/ventral

the front of the body

Collagen is

the strongest and most abundant type of fiber, tough and flexible, a strand of protein. makes you look young

What is areloar tissue and what does it do?

this is the type of tissue which connects and surrounds different organs in the human body, it provides nutrition to the cells

What makes up your organs?

tissues

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

tissues formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers, especially when seen in cross section. The nuclei of these epithelial cells are at different levels leading to the illusion of being stratified.

What is the nervous tissue for?

to control and communicate

What is connective tissue for?

to provide support

What is proximal?

towards the trunk

skeletal muscle tissue

type of voluntary muscle tissue in muscles attached to bones to support you. has black striations (stripes)

Apical side

upper side

What are appendages?

what is attached to the axis like arms and legs

Do epithelial tissue regenerate quickly?

yes