BIO 175 WTCC Chapter 10. Antimicrobial Treatment

Microorganism Susceptibility

Before beginning antimicrobial therapy the nature of the ........... causing the infections, its degree of ........ to various drugs and overall medical condition of the patient should be known

Cardiac and urinary Catheter Prostate and middle ear

Biofilm infections are found in/on which of the following?

...more than one group of bacteria

Broad- Spectrum drugs are effective against...

Reversible

Epigenetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in fungi are ....

True

Exposure of microbial Population to antibiotics leads to the selection of organisms that are able to resist the antibiotic.

If the pathogen commonly shows resistance to the antibiotic

For which of the following reasons would antimicrobial susceptibility testing be performed?

1. Inhibiting nucleic acid structure or function. 2. Inhibiting Protein synthesis 3. Interference of cell membrane structure and function. 4. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis

General Mechanisms of antimicrobial drug actions

Effective

Glycylcyclines are ______ against bacteria that have become resistant to tetracyclines.

Broad

If a particular antimicrobial drug is effective against a variety of different bacteria, it would have a ___ spectrum.

Interfering RNA

In some fungi, a small RNA known as _____ binds a genetic sequence to silence a gene. This can provide a temporary resistance to the antibiotic.

Penicillinase

A ___ is an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin and thus provides for resistance against the antibiotic.

Penicillinase, Beta-Lactamase

A ___ is an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin and thus provides for resistance against the antibiotic.

CRIPR

A bacterial system that can be used to cause very specific cuts in genes is termed.

Semisynthetic

A laboratory-modified drug that originated from a natural source is referred to as a(n) ___ drug.

R (resistance)

An ___ factor is a type of plasmid that confers antibiotic resistance.

Synthetic

An antimicrobial drug that is chemically synthesized in the laboratory is called a ___ drug

Colitis

Antibiotic-associated _____ is due to the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile an endospore forming bacterium.

Eukaryotic

Antifungal agents are often toxic to host cells because the fungal and the host cells are both .....

Persisters

Bacteria that slow or stop their metabolism so that they cannot be harmed by an antibiotic are called

Bacitracin

Bacterial cell wall inhibitor found in over the counter medication

protein and tRNA

Tetracycline inhibits _______ synthesis by blocking the attachment of _____ on the A acceptor site

Ivermectin and praziquantel

Newer antihelminthic drugs for use in humans are

Therapeutic index

The ___ ___ is the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose that is used to assess the safety and reliability of the drug.

Kirby-Bauer

The ___ ___ technique is an agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic susceptibility of a particular bacterial strain.

Beta-lactum

The active part of the penicillin and cephalosporin structure is the ____ ring.

Sweet wormwood plant

The antimalarial drug artemisinin derives from ......

Wall

The bacterial cell _____ is an excellent target for selective drug toxicity.

- Different geographic areas have Plasmodium strains with varying drug susceptibilities. - Plasmodium has several stages to its life cycle, with varying drug susceptibilities.

which of the following represent challenges to chemotherapy for malaria..

Human cells do not synthesize peptidoglycan, the target of penicillins.

Penicillins exhibit low toxicity fro human cells because ---

- When the microbe produces an antibiotic - When the microbe does not have the molecular target of the antibiotic

Under which circumstances might a microbe be intrinsically resistant to an antibiotic?

Anaphylaxis

When an allergic reaction to antigen develops rapidly and can result in shock and death, this is referred to as ___.

superinfection

When an infection is caused by an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms during antimicrobial therapy, this infection is referred to as a ___.

C

Which is beta- Lactum penicillin

Normal flora disruption Allergic reactions Toxic damage to tissue

Which of the following are the categories of major drug side effects?

Human cells do not have peptidoglycan, and cell wall synthesis inhibitors are selectively toxic to bacteria.

Peptidoglycan in the bacteria cell envelope is an ideal target for antibiotics because

Allergy

Some drugs can cause an ___, reaction that occurs because the drug stimulates the immune system.

- Resistance genes can be transferred from viruses to bacteria. - Transposon are a way for resistance sequences to be moved between bacteria.

Statements about the Sharing of resistance genes are

inhibiting protein synthesis inhibiting cell wall synthesis inhibiting nucleic acid structure or function interference of cell membrane structure and function

Which of the following is a general mechanism of antimicrobial drug actions?

Prebiotics

___ are nutrients used to stimulate the growth of favorable biota in the intestine.

Probiotics

___ are preparations of live microbes used as a preventive of therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens.

Anti microbial

___ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection and diseases cause by many types of micro organisms.

Antimicrobial

___ is an all inclusive term for any drug used to fight an infection, regardless of its origin or type.

trimethoprim ; AIDS

_____ is used in combined with sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis infections in ______ patients

Chloroquine

drug used prophylactically of the prevention of malaria

Penicillinase

enzyme produced by bacteria that deactivates penicillin

probiotics

preparations of live microbes used as a preventive or therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens

- They can be helpful for managing food allergies. - They are safe to consume

which of the following are advantages to the consumption of probiotics?

Transcription, Translation, replication

which of the following are not methods of horizontal gene transfer by which resistance factors are transferred?

Microscopic examination of the urine; Examining a sore throat

which of the following methods is a rapid detect way to direct way to detect and perhaps identify the causative organism of an infection?

drug resistance

-an adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would normally be inhibitory -genetic versatility and adaptability -can be intrinsic as well as acquired

Fecal

A new technique that is gaining acceptance is the use of ______ transplants for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Antagonism

A particular microorganism produces a substance that kills another microorganism in its environment. This is an example of ___.

The term "post-antibiotic era" refers to

A situation in which some infections will be untreatable with antibiotics.

Protein coat RNA or DNA core

A virus is an acellular infectious agent composed of:

- A spontaneous mutation occurs in the organism's DNA code - Gains the genetic information for resistance from another organism - Also arise from spontaneous mutation within the chromosomes

Drug resistance arises when an organism:

spontaneous mutations

Drug resistance genes found in the chromosomes usually result from

Hazard Level - Serious

Drug-resistant organism Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Hazard Level - Concerning

Drug-resistant organism Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA)

Hazard Level - Urgent

Drug-resistant organism Clostridium Difficile

Antifungals target all fungi

Drugs susceptibility testing for fungal infections is generally not performed because .......

Antiprotozoal drugs target all protozoans

During susceptible testing for protozoan infections is generally not performed because...

Oxytetracycline and Chloramphenicol

E.Coli is resistant to

Ribosome

Most drugs that inhibit protein synthesis or translation block the action of the _____

Biota

Normal ___ are beneficial or harmless resident bacteria commonly found on and/or in the human body.

Treated

Only infection with HIV, Hep B and C, and herpesvirus are ____ with antiviral drugs.

allergic

Patients taking penicillin may experience ______ reaction

Ribosomes, Cell membrane, Cell wall, Nucleic acids

Primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

Malaria

Quinine is a drug used to treat...

The perfect antimicrobial drug does not exist.

The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is difficult to achieve because ....

Minimum inhibitory

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic needed to inhibit bacterial growth in a test system is called the ___ ___ concentration.

Interfere with sterol synthesis

The mode of action of azoles as antifungals is to ......

Selective

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less rock to the cells of the host organism is called ___ toxicity.

- Preventing virus maturation - Blocking virus transcription and translation - Barring virus penetration into host cell

The three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

Prophylaxis

The use of a drug o prevent imminent infection of a person at risk is called ___.

phenotypes

biofilm bacteria are not affected in the same way as their free living counterparts by antibiotics because biofilm bacteria express different _____ and therefore have different antibiotic sensitivities

Protease inhibitors

have been shown to reduce HIV to undetectable levels by specifically preventing virus particle maturation.

Antibiotic

is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

It causes diseases when patients have been treated with multiple antibiotics

the CDC considered Clostridium difficile to be an urgent hazard because