BIO 176

In grasslands, the short grass association is near to which topographic feature?

Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

Adaptations of tropical plants

Buttressed tree trunks and roots Thick cuticle Drip tips Shallow roots Cauliflory

Vertical stratification of vegetation is?

Horizontal layers resulting from plants of different heights

The desert with the greatest diversity of plant types and plant communities is also the...?

Hottest

Anthropogenic biomes (anthromes) were identified primarily using what data?

Human population density Land use Land cover

Betwixt the Ponderosa pine forests of the Rocky Mountains and desert or shortgrass lies?

Pinyon pine - Juniper woodland

What term is used to describe species that are abundant early in succession?

Pioneer species

Growth associated with making plants taller and branches longer is called?

Primary growth

Which type of succession would occur following volcanic eruption?

Primary succession

Lowland tropical rainforest extends as far north as...?

Southern Mexico

Boulding (1966) refers to an economy that is closed to material inputs or outputs as a(n)?

Spaceman economy

What structure allows plants to regulate water loss and retention, and its oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange?

Stomata Guard cells Specialized epithelial cells

Relative to today's climate, climate in North America 65 mya was?

Warmer

Adaptations for grasslands include...?

low shoot:root ratio meristem near the soil surface narrow leaves wilting hairs on leaves

The Phosphorous cycle has no...?

Atmospheric compartment

What do beetles use to attract pollinators?

Scent and pollen as a food resource

Which mountain range has a Mediterranean climate, with wet wet winters and dry summers?

Sierra Nevadas and Cascades

Since the Wisconsin glaciation, both pines and hickories are associated with dry periods. Why did the pines show up toward the bottom of the pollen record, and hickories appear higher up in the pollen record?

Pines appeared earlier in time, before hickories

Which type of succession would occur if all the trees in Bachelor Reserve or some other patch of forest were cut down, and the forest allowed to re-grow?

Secondary succession

Which mountain range is home the one of the largest organisms on Earth, the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)?

Sierra Nevadas

The Nitrogen cycle has no...?

Sedimentary compartment

The alpine tundra has...?

more intense solar radiation more extreme temperatures higher precipitation more UV-light exposure

The change in topography over the past 65 my resulted in what change to the climate?

1. Increased heterogeneity in temperature 2. Increased heterogeneity in moisture a greater variety of environments

The Palouse Prairie is in the rain shadow of which mountain range?

Cascades

Entropy is a measure of?

Disorder

Select the processes that turn nitrogen in consumers into nitrate in the soil.

Excretion and nitrification

The factors contributing to the widespread occurrence throughout the western US of cheat grass include...?

Fire and Transport & introduction by humans

Desert soils are characterized by...?

Lack of developed profile Low organic matter High salt concentration

Whorled, alternate & opposite

Leaf arrangements

Entire, lobed, serrate, parted

Leaf margins

The which species in the Rockies often has serotinous cones (requiring fire to open and germinate)?

Lodgepole pine

What factor is most important in making tropical rainforest the biome with the greatest annual primary production?

Longest growing season

The boreal forest is characterized by?

Low diversity Dominated by conifers, mosses and lichens Includes different habitat types The boreal forest is characterized by cold temperatures

The single biggest determinant of desert is...?

Low precipitation

Tree leaves that develop the shaded understory are _________________ compared to tree leaves that grow up high in the canopy?

Thinner and broad (wide)

The boreal forest is bounded by?

Tundra and Rocky Mountains

How does vegetation change as you travel north through the arctic tundra?

Vegetation gets shorter Fewer willows and birches More mosses and lichens More desert-like conditions

What is the southern extent of the coastal coniferous forest?

Central California

What do flies use to attract pollinators?

Scent

The process by which vegetation recovers after a disturbance is referred to as?

Succession

Which trees are characteristic of forests in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky?

Sugar maple Red oak American beech

Find the geographic feature that does NOT border the arctic tundra?

Deciduous forest

Stabilizing selection causes which of the following?

Decreasing variation in a population

What are adaptations to low precipitation in the desert?

Deep roots that reach the water table Shallow roots of cacti Water storage Metabolic water

Which of the following is (are) an adaptation(s) to conditions in the tundra?

1. short stature (dwarfness) 2. succulent stems 3. cushion growth form 4. drought resistance

Boreal forests are how much more or less productive than temperate deciduous forests?

1/2

How many miles from the ocean is the coastal coniferous forest?

100 miles

In the arctic tundra, total annual precipitation ranges approximately from?

100-500 mm

Darwin first published a complete theory of natural selection in what year?

1859

The arcto-tertiary flora gave rise to which types of species?

1. Winter-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as hickories, maples and ashes 2. Evergreen needle-leaved trees such as firs and spruces.

Which of the following is or are necessary for evolution by natural selection?

1. differences among individuals in their evolutionary fitness, that is, their reproductive output. 2. genetic basis for variation in form or function among individuals 3. variation among individuals in their form or function

According to Ellis and Ramankutty (2008), out of 6.4 billion people, about how many people lived in village biomes?

2,500,000,000

How old are the oldest fossils?

3.5 billion years old

Savanna is grass-dominated vegetation with a maximum of how much tree cover?

30%

How many times more precipitation does the coastal coniferous forest get than Oxford?

4 X

In lowland tropical rainforest, hectare (100 m x 100 m), an area a little bigger than a soccer field, might contain how many different tree species?

40-100

Which of the following is a term for different forms of a single gene?

Alleles

The primary determinant of the temperature of a region is?

Angle of Earth's surface, relative to the Sun

Vankat includes which of the following mountain ranges in his section on montane coniferous forest?

Appalachians Rockies Sierra Nevadas Cascades

A spatial arrangement of a population that results in most individuals having some very close neighbors is referred to as a [blank] distribution?

Clumped

A collection of many species living in an area would be referred to as a?

Community

Boulding (1966) refers economy that is dominated by throughput, inputs, outputs, and unlimited reservoirs as a(n)?

Cowboy economy

Gross National Product (GNP) is measure of production and consumption, and so is a reasonable measure of the economy in which economic system?

Cowboy economy

The timing of leaf drop in temperate deciduous forest is controlled mostly by?

Day length

In what compartment is most of the freshwater?

Glaciers, and permanent snow and ice

The eastern deciduous forest is bounded in west by?

Grassland

The most northern desert in North America is the...?

Great Basin desert

Compared with trees in forests, trees in savannas..?

Have more branches

Which of the following inflorescences is most like a dandelion or sunflower?

Head

What are humans?

Heterotrophs

Individual flowers are arranged in groups called?

Inflorenscences

Which Canadian provinces are home to grasslands?

Manitoba, Saskatchaun & Alberta

Which one of the following is the term for mutually beneficial relations between fungi and plant roots?

Mycorrhizae

What do hummingbirds use to attract pollinators?

Nectar reward

According to Vankat, all energy in ecosystems derives originally from the sun. After being transferred to various ecosystem compartments, where does all the energy eventually end up?

Outer space

In what female flower part are the female gametes (eggs) produced?

Ovary

How tall are the trees in the coastal coniferous forest?

Over 250 ft

At what elevation is soil organic matter the greatest?

Paramo or mid-elevation

Which of the following refers to variation in structure or function of an individual in response to the environment?

Phenotypic plasticity

Fire frequency is lowest in which vegetation type?

Pinyon-juniper woodland

Which is the most extensive anthropogenic biome (most area)?

Rangelands

The Deep Ecology movement values?

Reducing pollution Partnership with other forms of life Complexity Reducing resource depletion Local autonomy

The Shallow Ecology movement values?

Reducing pollution and reducing resource depletion

What species of trees are fire resistant?

Redwood and Douglas Fir

According to Vankat, soil includes which of the following components?

Rock fragments Decaying organic matter Living organisms Atmosphere or below ground gases Soil water and dissolved minerals

Which North American Mountain range spans the greatest range of longitudes (which is the longest)?

Rockies

The grassland-deciduous forest boundary region is referred to as?

Savanna

Temperate deciduous forest can be found in many states and provinces, including which of the following?

Texas Florida Minnesota Ontario Maine

Important determinants of boreal soils include?

The acidity of soils helps slow decomposition Build up of organic matter helps create acid soils High moisture helps create acid soils Cold temperatures slow decomposition even more than they slow plant growth

The range of conditions under which a species can grow may be referred to as?

The tolerance limits

Reed argues that which of these are true regarding intrinsic value?

There is no way for us to determine whether anything has more or less intrinsic value & We can not simply add separate intrinsic values to get the additive sum of two different intrinsic values

Our tendency to not value things in the future as much as things in the present can be referred to as?

Time discounting

Relative to today's climate, climate in North America 65 mya was?

Wetter

Natural vegetation in Vankat refers to vegetation that?

Would be present if Europeans had not settled permanently on the continent

Vessel tissue that function to carry water from roots upward through the plant is called?

Xylem